following projected railroads: Extension of the Northern Central via Jujuy, between the Cabeza del Buey, Santa Rosa, and the southern extremity of the Lerma valley, through Salta; from Chumbicha to Tinogasta, Fuerte de Andalgala, via Punta del Negro or Quebrada de Sebilla; from Mendoza to San Rafael, via San Vicente, Iujan, Tupungato, and San Carlos; from San Juan to Jachal, and from Albardon to Cancete; from Cajamarca to the Northern Central Junction via the Totoral; and finally, from Rioja to Santa Rosa or Cholo. Concession has been applied for for the construction of a railroad from the Paraná river at a point opposite the city of Corrientes to Tartagal on the Bolivian frontier via Oran, the Government to guarantee 5 per cent. interest and make the company a land-grant of 360 square leagues in alternating lots, with a two-league frontage on both sides of the line.

In April the railroad company that is building the Villa Maria-Rofino (Pacific) Railway applied to the Government for authority to extend it to Bahia Blanca, the southern port of great promise. Another important project is the one that is to connect by rail Buenos Ayres and Montevideo. From Buenos Ayres, Las Conchas would be reached over the Northern Central Railroad. The total cost of this line is estimated at $12,500,000 in gold. One third would be on Argentine territory, and the remainder on Uruguayan.

New Steamer Lines.-Under the auspices of the Argentine Government two new lines of fast steamships for European traffic are to be established, and the projects were submitted to Congress in July. One is to ply between Buenos Ayres and Bordeaux, carying the mails gratis, the Government guaranteeing the 5 per cent. interest for a term of twenty years, and whenever the annual net profit of the company exceeds 12 per cent., such surplus to accrue to the Government till it shall have recouped the 5 per cent. interest disbursements. Another line proposed is to be called "La Argentina, and to consist of eight first-class steamships of 3,500 tons, carrying the Argentine flag. These steamers are to be furnished with refrigerating chambers for the conveyance of fresh meat, and to carry immigrants from Liguria, Piedmont, Lombardy, the Romagna, Tyrol, and Switzerland. The Government to have the privilege for a suitable compensation to use these boats as transports in time of war. The company to receive a suitable bonus for all immigrants it brings into the country below the age of forty.

Telegraphs. The lines in operation in 1886 were owned and operated as follows:

The goods shipped were: Wool, tons, 128,393; hides, number, 2,742,771; sheep-skins, tons, 31,337; horse-hides, number, 373,365; other skins, value, $1,986,000; tallow, tons, 23,260; horse-hair, tons, 2,009; jerked beef, tons, 32,056; cattle, head, 159,664; minerals, value, $1,682,000; bones, tons, 35,424; linseed, tons, 69,426; wheat, tons, 78,493; Indian corn, tons, 197,860; horns, tons, 1,261; ostrich feathers, kilograms, 34,710. During the wool-clip of 1886-'87 the export from Buenos Ayres from Oct. 1, 1886, to July 31, 1887, was 226,614 bales, against 262,116 the previous season. During the first quarter of 1887 the import into the Argentine Republic amounted to $30,322,467, including $2,765,716 specie, against, respectively, $30,642,681 and $6,455,495 during the corresponding period of 1886. The export reached $27,580,500, inclusive of $1,000,327 specie, as compared with, respectively, $36,124,753, and $5,138,371 the previous year. The American trade with the Argentine Re public is shown in the following table:

$4,354,880 4,775,616

Domestic exports to the Argentine Republic.

$5,020,825 8,984,190

Education. In 1886 there were 2.415 schools, 1,804 of them being primary public schools and 611 private; 180,768 pupils were attending them, and the number of teachers was

5,348, the increase since 1885 being 63 public schools, with 12,390 pupils and 612 teachers. The national territorial educational establishments had an increase of pupils, in 1886, of 262, as compared with the previous year. The national capital counts 54 educational establishments, 40 of which, ready to receive 22,000 children, were opened on Oct. 3, 1886. During the year $3,500,000 were spent on the schools, which is an average of about $1 to each inhabitant of the country.

Immigration. — The number of immigrants landed at Buenos Ayres in 1886 was 93,116, and 19,293 cabin-passengers; total, 112,409. During the thirty years from 1857 to 1886, 1,098,220 immigrants arrived. During the past seventeen years, 1870 to 1886, there landed from Europe 605,533 immigrants, and from Montevideo 328,003. It has been decided to build eleven hotels for the reception of newcomers, each to have a capacity for boarding and lodging from 500 to 1,000 individuals; one to be located in the suburbs of Buenos Ayres; two in the province of Buenos Ayres; and two in each of the provinces of Córdoba, Santa Fé, Entre-Rios, and Corrientes. The Argentine immigration law secures the newcomer, during the first days after landing, board and lodging. But the Bureau of Labor immediately busies itself about procuring them work on the spot, dispatching them to a colony, on the Government, if able to utilize their labor anywhere, causes them to be conveyed thither at its own expense. In the new colonies the Government makes the first twenty-five families a land-grant of thirty hectares each. More land is at the disposal of such families at $2 per hectare, and advances up to $1,000 are made to each family, if desired, in the shape of provisions, seed for the first crop, animals, tools, and agricutural implements. The liberal credit of ten years is allowed settlers on such land purchases and advances, within which to refund the Government, but a title is given them after two years of cultivation.

New Industries. The Argentine Congress passed a bill in 1886 incorporating the sugarrefinery to be founded by Messrs. Ernest Tornquist & Co., at Rosario, and guaranteeing for the term of fifteen years 7 per cent. per annum interest on the actual capital to be invested therein, the refinery to work none but domestic cane-sugar, the capacity of the refinery to be at the least 15,000 tons annually of refined sugar. All machinery and material to be admitted duty free, and the refinery to enjoy immunity from any kind of taxation. The new refinery is expected to be in full operation within two years. The production of canesugar in the republic has reached 40,000 tons per annum. The Provincial Government of Buenos Ayres in April sold to Lorenzo Pascual Cortada a large plot of land, at the low price of thirty centimes the square yard, on which he is to erect a factory for the weaving of wool, silk, linen, and cotton, at a cost of

$500,000, the factory to be finished within twelve months. The exportation to Europe of carcasses of sheep, on board refrigerator steamers, has become an important item of trade. In 1883, 17,160 carcasses were shipped; in 1884, 108,800; in 1885, 190,600; and in 1886, 361,200. A company was formed at Buenos Ayres in the summer, with a capital of $2,000,000, incorporated for a term of thirty years, for the purpose of exporting live cattle, chiefly to Europe. Another company was in the course of formation, with a capital of $2,000,000, having for its object the export of frozen meat. It proposes to acquire from three to four leagues of grazing-land of superior quality, seed 1,500 cuadras, thereof with clover, and buy cattle enough to have at all times a ready supply of 20,000 head for slaughtering. A similar stock of sheep is to be kept, and the slaughtering is to take place not far from the harbor of Buenos Ayres, so as to faciliate the rapid transfer of meat to be shipped to the -re frigerator steamers. A project is on foot in the province of Córdoba, to create an experimental viticultural station, combined with a model establishment for wine-making, under the superintendence of practical viticulturists, who engage to superintend the building of cellars and to furnish all that is necessary for the manufacture of wine in accordance with the most approved modern Bordelais style, the station to be called the Château Córdoba. The province makes them a land-grant covering an area of fifty hectares, thirty-four of which are to be planted with vines; eight hectares are to be set aside for the instruction of apprentices intending to become viticulturists. The Provincial Government will, at its own expense, erect the school-buildings adjoining the station.

Coal and Oil.-Under an offer of a prize of $25,000, scientific men have been scouring the country for deposits of coal, and are said to have found large beds in the northern part of the republic. The Department of Public Works, which has had the direction of the explorations, is so well satisfied with the genuineness of the discovery that the prize has been awarded, and operations to develop the mine have been begun.

Petroleum.-Petroleum-wells have been discovered thirty-two miles from Mendoza in the Cachenta mountain district.

ARIZONA. Territorial Government.-The following were the officers of the Territory during the year: Governor, C. Meyer Zulick; Secretary, James A. Bayard; Treasurer, C. B. Foster; Auditor, John J. Hawkins: Superintendent of Public Instruction, Charles M. Strauss; Commissioner of Immigration, Cameron H. King. Chief-Justice of Supreme Court, James H. Wright; Associate Justices, William W. Porter, Willliam H. Barnes.

Legislation. The fourteenth Territorial Legislature convened January 10, and was in session till March 11. One of its first acts was to create a code commission to collate and perfect

the Territorial laws, and much of the time of the session was given to changing or enlarging the fundamental law, as the following captions of acts will indicate: Trial of title to real propperty. Concerning juries and jurors. Forcible entry and detainer. Trial of right of personal property in certain cases. Abolishing the distinction between sealed and unsealed instruments. Attachments and garnishments. Concerning frauds and fraudulent conveyances. Concerning bills, notes, and other written instruments. Concerning registration. Recorders and their duties. Concerning husband and wife. Concerning executions. Concern ing partnerships. Concerning evidence. Limitations of actions. Concerning wills, descent, and distribution of real property. Concerning principals and sureties. Concerning homesteads. Concerning judgments and liens. A new penal code and a code of civil procedure were also adopted.

The license law passed at this session repeals all licenses for general merchandising, and imposes a double tax on saloons. Persons holding a wholesale liquor license are forbidden to retail on the same license. The retail tax was fixed at $200 a year. The following are captions of other acts:

Repealing telegraph tax law.

Custody and distribution of public moneys.
Stock quarantine.

valuation for 1887 is $26,313,500, which shows an increase in one year of nearly $6,000,000, notwithstanding the fact that by the present system of assessinent and taxation much of the real and personal property is undervalued, and a large portion of the personal property is not listed for taxation. The last legislative assembly created a Territorial Board of Equalization with power to revise the assessments of the different counties.

There are 1,050.04 miles of railroad in the Territory. Two trunk lines, the Southern Pacific and the Atlantic and Pacific, traverse the Territory from east to west, the former representing 383 miles and the latter 392 miles. During the past year 137.8 miles of the new road have been built-the Maricopa and Phonix, connecting Phoenix, the county seat of Maricopa County, via Tempe, with the Southern Pacific_road, at or near Maricopa station, 34.5; the Prescott and Arizona Central, connecting Prescott, the capital of the Territory, with Prescott Junction, on the Atlantic and Pacific road, 73.3 miles, and 30 miles of the Mineral Belt road.

The United States Land Office certifies that there are 2,000,000 acres of arable land in the valleys of the Colorado, Salt, and Gila rivers. Irrigation alone is needed to reclaim these tracts, and a beginning has been made in the construction of canals. There are now about

Marks and brands.

Entry of town-sites.

Funding county indebtedness.

School law.

To encourage the destruction of wild animals.

Act amending election laws.

Granting power to the Governor to veto sections in an appropriation bill.

Territorial prison and county jails.
Concerning mines.

Concerning injuries resulting in death.
Territorial funding act.

The Legislature was composed of twenty-five Democrats and eleven Republicans, both houses being Democratic.

Educational.—From the report of the Superintendent of PublicSchools, made at the beginning of the year, it appears that there was an increase in the enrolment and average attendance during the preceding year. Twelve school districts were created, making a total of 130, and thirteen additional school - houses were built. There were maintained in the Territory 25 grammar and 125 primary schools. These were kept open on an average only 124 days during the year. The Normal School at Tempe, in Maricopa County, has been in operation during the year, and a Territorial University at Tucson, in Pima County, is in process of establishment.

Statistics and Growth.-According to the report of the Governor for 1887, there has been a steady addition to the population of the Territory, which was 40,440 in 1880, and may now be estimated at 90,000. The aggregate assessed

senting a cost of over $1,000,000, and reclaiming about 215,000 acres. Most of the stock in these is owned by the holders of the lands under them. The farmer pays for the number of inches he uses to produce his crop, the amount used varying from three eighths to one half an inch per acre.

The product of Arizona in precious metals for 1886 was $6,103,378. It would be safe to add at least 20 per cent. for chlorides and ores shipped for treatment in Colorado and San Francisco, which are constantly being transported and not reported.

The Mogollon forest, near the center of the Territory, is nearly 200 miles in length, and its average width is about 50 miles, making 10,000 square miles, or 6,400,000 acres. Outside of the pineries of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Washington Territory, there are few portions of the republic that contain such an extensive body of timber. The Arizona Lumber Company, at Flagstaff, sawed in the past year 5,976,493 feet, and shipped 8,305,093 feet of lumber.

Indians. The principal tribes of Indians in Arizona are the Apaches, the Pimas and Maricopas, the Papagos, the Yumas, the Mohaves, the Moquis, the Navajos, and the Hualapais. The Navajos are most prosperous, intelligent, and enterprising, and doubtless the wealthiest tribe in the United States. They number 15,000 and are increasing. It is estimated that the tribe owns at least 20,000 horses and 1,000,000 sheep. They occupy the Navajo reservation, in the extreme northeast corner of

the Territory, which also takes in a portion of New Mexico and covers about 5,000 square miles. All the other tribes, except the Apaches, are peaceable, and chiefly engaged in agriculture. The latter are lazy, murderous, thievish, and seemingly incapable of civilization.

ARKANSAS. State Government.—The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, Simon P. Hughes, Democrat; Secretary of State, Elias B. Moore; Treasurer, William E. Woodruff; Auditor, William R. Miller; Attorney-General, Daniel W. Jones; State Land Commissioner, Paul M. Cobbs; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Wood E. Thompson; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Sterling R. Cockrill; Associate Justices, W. W. Smith, B. B. Battle.

Railroads.-The Legislature, which was in session from January 10 till March 31, devoted much attention to railroad problems, and passed several acts restricting the power of railroad corporations, and protecting the public from possible injustice at their hands. After the rejection of a measure that involved the creation of a special State railroad commission, a bill known as the Smith railroad bill, was adopted. The leading provisions of this are:

That no railroad shall consolidate with, or lease or purchase, or in any way control, any otlier railroad owning or having under its control a parallel or competing line, nor shall any officer of such railroad act as an officer of any other railroad owning or having control of a parallel or competing line; that no discrimination in charges or facilities for transportation shall be made between transportation companies and individuals, or in favor of either by abatement, drawback, or otherwise, and no railroad shall make any preferences in furnishing cars of motive power; that it shall be unlawful for any railroad in this State to enter into any combination with any other parallel or competing line of railroad for pooling of freight, by dividing between them the gross or net earnings of such railroads, or by dividing the property or passengers carried by said railroads; that all railroad corporations in this State shall keep posted up at every depot freight-office under the control of any such railroad corporation printed schedules showing the rates of fare, and the kinds and classes of property carried.

Another act regulates the rate of charge per mile for the carriage of passengers. Still another prohibits any State officer, whether executive, legislative, or judicial, from accepting a free pass on any railroad in the State, or any railroad from issuing such. A fourth provides that no foreign corporation shall be permitted to lease, build, maintain, or operate any railroad within the State. Doubts were raised regarding the constitutionality of this last act, on the ground that it did not accord to citizens of another State the privileges and immunities of citizens of Arkansas; but the Attorney-General has interpreted it to mean, in accordance with the probable purpose of the Legislature in passing it, but scarcely in harmony with its letter, that all railroad corporations owning property in the State shall ipso facto be considered citizens of the State, amenable to its laws, and subject to its taxes. The measure was framed to prevent any further claims by certain large

railroads whose lines ran into the State, that they could not be legally taxed as its citizens. In 1884 the property of all the railroads in the State, other than lands not connected with the roads, was valued at $6,352,985; in 1885 at $9,612,773; in 1886, at $13,704,638; and in 1887, at $15,323,472.

State Debt.-The Governor in his annual message says:

The bonded debt of the State amounts to $5,103,563, including interest to the first day of October, 1886. Of this $22,000 are State bank bonds, and bear 5 per cent. interest; $2,057,000 are real-estate bank bonds, bearing 6 per cent. interest; $1,000 are a Loughborough bond, bearing 6 per cent., and $100 are a BrooksBaxter war-bond bearing 10 per cent. interest; but upon the two last named interest has ceased to run. Of the whole amount of the State debt $2,080,100 are principal, and $3,023,463 accrued interest.

For meeting this long-standing debt the following measure was passed by the Legislature: First, it was provided that in order to create a" sinking fund" with which to liquidate the valid and undisputed bonded indebtedness of the State, there shall be levied and collected, and paid into the treasury annually a tax of one mill on the dollar on all taxable property, to be denominated "sinking-fund" tax; second, a State-debt board, consisting of the Governor, Secretary of State, and Auditor, was created to superintend the debt settlement. This board was authorized whenever there should be in the treasury, to the credit of the sinking fund, the sum of $25,000 or more, to advertise for proposals for the sale to the State of any of the State bonds with accrued interest, and to accept any such proposals at its discretion, and to pay the amount so agreed upon to the bondholders on surrender of the bonds. For this purpose of purchasing bonds during the two years next ensuing, the sum of $800,000 was appropriated out of the sinking fund. Provision was also made to enable holders of bonds to exchange them for certificates of indebtedness receivable for certain taxes. Under this act bids were made and accepted in July for the sale of bonds at prices ranging from 713 to 72 cents on the dollar.

Legislation. Among the acts passed by the Legislature were the following:

To provide for the reorganization of the Arkansas Industrial University.

To abolish public executions.

To regulate the practice of dentistry.

To provide for allowance for widows and children out of estate of deceased persons.

To provide for the collection of overdue taxes from corporations doing business in this State.

To fix the time for holding elections in cities of the second class.

To give effect to the constitutional provision against

usury.

To prevent minors from playing cards or pool in dram-shops or other public places.

Fixing the price of State lands at $1.25 an acre. To authorize the several counties of the State to issue bonds in lieu of their indebtedness existing prior to 1874.

To make appropriations for the support and maintenance of the Branch Normal College at Pine Bluff. To limit the time of bringing suits on mortgages. To provide for the assessment and collection of a public highway tax from corporations, companies, and individuals running sleeping-cars over railroads in this State, and for other purposes. The rate fixed is $3 per mile for each car per annum.

holding a convention to frame a new constitution. To submit to the people of the State the question of

To encourage sheep-raising by providing against the ravages of dogs.

To provide for the donation of forfeited lands. To compel railroad companies to build and maintain depots, and to stop their trains within certain limits of cities and incorporated towns.

To amend the law relative to Sabbath-breaking, allowing "Seventh-day Adventists," and other sects observing as the Sabbath another day than Sunday to labor, but not to keep open shop on that day.

To protect employés and other persons against railroad companies giving such employés a lien for services and material furnished.

There were 73 Democrats in the lower house, 14 Republicans, 4 members of a semi-political organization, known as the Agricultural Wheel, 1 Independent, and 1 Greenbacker; the Senate was composed of 29 Democrats and 2 Repub

licans.

Education. For the year ending June 30, 1885, $1,199,005.82 were received from all sources for school purposes, and of this sum $729,168,31 were expended in maintaining the free schools of the State. For the year ending June 30, 1886, $1,327,710 were received, and $866,892.45 paid out for school purposes. A large number of school-houses have been built in the State within the past two years, and many of them cost from $3,000 to $20,000 each.

Finances. The annual expenses of the State government, including charitable institutions, are about $300,000, this being about one third of the total amount raised by State taxation. In 1887 the sum of $315,403 was apportioned from the State treasury among the counties for the use of the common schools. As the whole school population numbers 358,000 the amount per capita would be $0.88. A poll-tax of $1 is also applied to school purposes, besides the tax of about 5 mills levied by each school district for its own purposes of education.

In the case of the State vs. ex-State Treasurer Churchill, the Supreme Court on appeal sustained the decision of Chancellor Carroll rendered at the beginning of last year, by which the sureties of the treasurer's first and third bonds were discharged, but found their liability on the second bond to be $26,000 instead of $3,000, and the entire liability of Churchill to the State was adjudged to be $115,000. As the expenses of litigation will equal the amount of judgment rendered against the sureties, the State will practically lose the whole sum originally misapplied.

ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. American.-The thirty-sixth annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science was held in the buildings of Columbia College, New York, beginning Aug. 10, and adjourning Aug. 16, 1887. The following were the officers of the meeting: President, Samuel P. Langley, of Washington. Vice-Presidents: Section A, Mathematics and Astronomy, John R. Eastman, U. S. Navy, elected in place of Prof. William Ferrel, of Washington, who was unable to be present. Section B, Physics, William B. Anthony, of Ithaca, N. Y. Section C, Chemistry, Albert B. Prescott, of Ann Arbor, Mich. Section D, Mechanical Science, Eckley B. Coxe, of Drifton,

Pa. Section E, Geology and Geography, Grove K. Gilbert, of Washington, D. C. Section F, Biology, William G. Farlow, of Cambridge, Mass. Section H, Anthropology, Daniel G. Brinton, of Media, Pa. Section I, Economic Science and Statistics, Henry E. Alvord, of Amherst, Mass. Permanent Secretary, Frederick W. Putnam, of Salem, Mass. General Secretary, W. H. Pettee, Ann Arbor, Mich. Assistant General Secretary, J. C. Arthur, Geneva, N. Y. Treasurer, William Lilly, of Mauch Chunk, Pa. The meeting derived additional importance from the fact that it was held in the metropolis. The Buffalo meeting of 1886 had been attended by a comparatively small number, and it was felt that something should be done to increase the attendance. The selection of New York had the desired effect, and 711 members registered as being present. The high character of the officers of the meeting guaranteed an important series of papers, and this promise was well carried out. Opening Proceedings. On August 9, the Standing Coinmittee met for the transaction of routine business, and during its sessions three hundred and fifteen new members were elected, including many well-known names.

The meeting formally opened on Wednesday, August 10, at 10 A. M. The meeting in general session in Library Hall organized, and was called to order by the retiring president, Prof. Edward S. Morse, of Salem. The public had been invited to attend the meeting, and had responded so that the large room was crowded with auditors. On the stage with Prof. Morse sat President F. A. P. Barnard, of Columbia College; Prof. Langley, the new president of the Association; Prof. Pettee, the general secretary; and Bishop Potter. Pres. Barnard addressed the meeting, reviewing the list of distinguished deceased members of the Association who had done good work in the scientific field. Bache, Henry, Agassiz, Torrey, Pierce, Mitchell, Hare, and other illustrious names were cited. He ended his address by welcoming the Association as representative of the trustees of the college.

Prof. Langley gave a short address in reply. In it he described the mission of the society, and while saying that too much indulgence should not be exercised in admitting every one to membership and a hearing, yet pleaded for liberality in these regards. Truth sometimes comes to us in an unfamiliar dress, and a large tolerance of errors of speculation should be indulged in, where accompanied by a faithful original study of facts. As a short exposition of the true scope of the society the address was as timely as eloquent, and it met with much appreciation.

The members then left the Library Hall, and at half-past two assembled in the different section-rooms to hear the addresses of the vicepresidents of the sections.

Vice-Presidents' Addresses. — Owing to the change of vice-president there was no address