negotiations with the Khan of Kelat, in order to watch the wild mountain tribes during the winter; while the strengthening of the Mitri post had for its object the cutting off of supplies from the marauding tribes north of Kelat.

Among the works of the year containing information on Beloochistan is A. W. Hughes's "The Country of Beloochistan: its Geography, Topography, Ethnology, and History," London, 1877.

BOGY, LEWIS V., United States Senator, died in St. Louis, September 20, 1877. He was born in St. Genevieve, Mo., in 1813, graduated at the Lexington (Ky.) Law School in 1835, and began practice in St. Louis. He was several times elected to the State Legislature, and in 1867-'68 was Commissioner of Indian Affairs. He was interested in the development of the mineral resources of the State, and was one of the original projectors of the St. Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad, of which he was president for two years. In 1873 he was elected to the United States Senate. In politics he was a Democrat.

BOLIVIA (REPÚBLICA DE BOLIVIA), an independent state of South America, situated between latitude 10° to 24° south, and longitude 57° 25' to 70° 30' west. It is bounded on the north and northeast by Brazil; on the south by the Argentine Republic and Chili; and on the west by the Pacific Ocean and Peru.

No census or survey having taken place since 1872, we have to refer to the ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for that year for particulars concerning the territorial division, area, and population of the Republic.

The President of Bolivia is General Hilarion Daza, who was installed on May 4, 1876. The ministers of the various departments were as follows: Interior and Foreign Affairs, *; Finance and Public Works, Señor Don Agustin Aspiaru; Justice and Public Worship, Dr. J. M. Del Carpio; War, General Cárlos De Villegas.

The Bolivian Consul-General in New York is Señor J. Pol; and the Consul in San Francisco, Señor F. Herrera.

The American Minister of the United States in Bolivia is the Hon. R. M. Reynolds, residing at La Paz.

The Metropolitan Archbishop is Dr. P. J. Puch y Solona (elevated in 1861), and there are the following bishops: La Paz, Dr. Juan de Dios Borgue (1874); Cochabamba, F. M. del Granado (1872); and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, F. X. Rodriguez (1870).

The standing Army of Bolivia comprises 8 general, 359 superior, and 654 subaltern officers, with, at most, 2,000 rank and file. The annual cost of the Army is $2,000,000, approximately.

The minister of this department was Dr. J. Oblitas, until August, 1877, when, consequent upon a quarrel with the President, he was compelled to resign.

The best information on this subject will be found in the following extract from the fourth 1876: report of the Corporation Bondholders for

During the past year the council and committee have directed their attention chiefly to negotiations Fund, which formed the subject of the long-pending having for their object the distribution of the Trust chancery proceedings, in the event of the suit instituted by the Republic resulting in the liberation of the fund, which now amounts to about £700,000. Señor Quijarro, who, in January, 1876, arrived in A preliminary arrangement having been made with England as the accredited Minister of Bolivia, a public meeting of bondholders was held on May 24, 1876, when the following resolution was passed: Bolivian Bondholders be received and adopted; and "That the fourth report of the Committee of that this general meeting of Bolivian bondholders request the committee to support the Government of Bolivia in obtaining the funds in court, on condition that the said funds be applied (subject to such dedivision among the bondholders, according to the duction as the committee may deem expedient) for plan approved in the original letter of Señor Quijarro of the 28th of March last, and that the committee be requested to continue their efforts to effect a settlement on this basis.'

A more definite arrangement was subsequently made with Señor Quijarro, which provided for the payment out of the Trust Fund, when liberated, of

32 per cent. cash of the amount of the outstanding principal of the bonds. The suit came on for hearing in November, but resulted in the dismissal of the bill. It is, however, not impossible that terms of compromise between the several parties to the suit may be agreed upon; and an agent has been sent to Bolivia, charged with the duty of obtaining, if possible, the execution of a convention by the Bolivian Government. The Trust Fund is still under the control of the court, and continues to receive half-yearly increments by the accumulation and investment of current interest upon the securities in which it is invested.

The chief articles of export are guano, hides, Peruvian bark, tin, silver, etc.

The total value of the exports for 1875 was $5,000,000, and that of the imports, $5,750,000. The foreign trade by sea is, for the most part, carried on through the Peruvian port of Arica. In regard to railways, and especially the long-projected line to connect the stations of the National Bolivian Navigation Company's steamers on the Rio Mamoré, at either end of the portion of that river rendered unnavigable by rapids, a satisfactory solution appears at last to have been arrived at. The following is an extract from a notice published on the subject, in Philadelphia, in the latter part of 1877:

The subject of increased trade between this port and Brazil, by the establishment of a line of steamers, lately received a new impetus by the news cabled from London in reference to the Madera Railroad contract. This contract is between "The Madera & Mamoré Railroad Company" and "The National Bolivian Navigation Company,' and Messrs. P. & T. Collins, of this city, and foots up an outlay for the road of $6,000,000. The Philadelphia contractors agree to complete the gradation, masonry, and superstructure, and furnish the equip nient of a road 180 miles along the eastern shore of the Madera River, in Brazil, from the point of navigation below the rapids of that river to the point of navigation on the Mamoré River, a branch of the Madera. The Madera River, rising in the immense water-shed of Bolivia, is navigable for steamers as far up as Balramao, but just above that town are the Catarata del Inferno and a series of falls which ren

der the river useless for 180 miles. The Mamoré River is the chief branch of the Madera, and joins the latter above the falls, on the borders of Bolivia. On the Momoré are the Bananeira Falls. The railroad is to be run from the Bananeira Falls to the head of navigation on the Madera, a distance about twice as great as from this city to New York.

When it is constructed, the trade of Bolivia, which now has no convenient outlet, will flow easily down the Madera and Amazon to the Atlantic. The aggregate lengths of the affluents of the Madera, with their tributaries, is 5,500 miles, and 3,000 miles navigation by steamers would open the unequaled mineral wealth and agricultural products of the country to the commerce of any nation energetic enough to bid for such a great trade.

In 1868 the Brazilian Government sent to the United States for an engineer to devise means of

getting round the rapids, either by canal or railway. The services of Colonel George Earle Church, of New York, were secured, and he decided that the railway scheme was more feasible. He then contracted for the establishment of the "National Bolivian Navigation Company." The Government issued bonds to defray the expense of constructing the proposed road, and sent Colonel Church to London to negotiate their sale. Finding that the

Bolivian Government had no credit in London, he endeavored to negotiate with the English capitalists on the credit of Brazil, but was told that no treaty existed between that empire and Bolivia.

To obviate these difficulties, a decree was issued by the Brazilian Government, opening the Amazon River to all flags; and the Emperor agreed to grant Colonel Church a charter for the road, and a concession of 1,300,000 acres of land. Dom Pedro was induced to this action because Matto Grasso, an immense Brazilian province, rich in mines and plantation lands, will be placed in communication with the sea by the road. The Matto Grasso diamond tracts and gold mines in the Cordillera del Norte and Geral Mountains equal those in Bolivia in wealth. In addition to the charter, Dom Pedro issued $2,400,000 worth of debenture bonds to raise funds for the road. These bonds have found eager purchasers, so that the projectors of the great scheme are enabled at this moment to push it through.

The payment to the Messrs. Collins will be about is now in hand. The debentures guaranteed by the three-quarters in cash, and the money to pay them Brazilian Government stand for the femainder.

The road is to be of narrow-gauge construction, the iron rails being 45 pounds per yard. The materials will be furnished by the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, according to an agreement with the contractors, and the cash for the materials ($5,000,000) will be paid upon shipment from this port.

The spirit of revolution and civil strife still rages unremittingly in this distracted country. A rebellion which was to have broken out at Potosí on March 4, 1877, in favor of Dr. Corral, was discovered in time for its prevention. The leaders were all arrested, and probably shot. Another rebellion, which began prior to the former, at Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and was headed by one Ibáñez, continued until August, under the command of President Daza in perwhen it was put down by the national troops, son. Lastly, in September, an attempt was made to overthrow the Government, during the absence of General Daza in the district of Yumgas. On being apprised of the conspiracy, the President repaired immediately to La Paz, and succeeded in frustrating the plans of the revolutionists. Among those implicated in the conspiracy were Colonel Daria Medina and Dr. Julio Mendez, who, with a number of their associates, were imprisoned. All were, however, released in October, and Colonel Daria Medina set out for the Argentine Republic.

A decree of September 13th ordered that the meeting of the National Assembly should take place in La Paz, the shortness of funds in the National Treasury rendering it difficult for the Government to assemble in the capital of the Republic at that time, and its presence being required for the maintenance of public order. The election of depin November, began on September 15th. The uties for the Assembly, which was to meet opposition was to abstain from voting, so that the elections, according to the lists, would be governmental.

A decree was issued in October, 1877, granting freedom of transit to the ports of the Bolivian coast, so that all merchandise for

The exportation-tax on smelted silver and silver ores had been sold at auction for one year, for the sum of $386,164, to be paid by monthly installments, in advance.

BRAZIL (IMPERIO do Brazil), an Empire of South America, and the only country with a monarchical form of government in the New World. It is situated between latitude 5° 10' north and 33° 46' south, and longitude 34° 47′ and 74° 7' west. It is bounded on the north by the United States of Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and the Atlantic; on the east by the same ocean; on the south by Uruguay, the Argentine Republic, and Paraguay; and on the west by Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. The only two countries with which the question of boundaries still remains unsettled are Bolivia and the United States of Colombia. In May, 1875, a new Brazilian commission was appointed to pursue the work of deciding the boundaries; a similar appointment was made by the Bolivian Government, and the two commissions met at Corumbá, for the purpose of determining upon the most convenient course to be pursued for the prosecution of the labor from the northern extremity of Lake Cáceres, at which point the previous commission had left off. Unexpected incidents supervened, however, which ultimately led to a new postponement of operations. Before setting out from Corumbá, General Mujía applied to the Brazilian Government, stating that he was in want of funds to carry on the work, and petitioning an advance. The Imperial Government, in view of the official character of the petitioner, as Bolivian appointee, and in order to prevent any further cause of delay, unhesitatingly yielded to his request, supplying him with money to the amount of $12,816. Meantime, the Bolivian Government, having been apprised by the Bolivian Minister at Rio de Janeiro, manifested its indignation at the commissioner's conduct, directing, at the same time, that no further advances should be made. In the course of diplomatic correspondence, the affair assumed a character which bade fair to be, and may still become, prejudicial to the project. On October 6, 1876, the Bolivian Minister of Foreign Affairs informed the Brazilian Foreign Minister that his Government had resolved upon recalling General Mujía, adding that, if the latter should give a satisfactory explanation of his conduct, he should at once return to the discharge of his duty, and, if not, an effort would be made to appoint another in his stead. It was afterward proposed by Brazil, and acceded to by Bolivia, that the Brazilian commission should proceed alone, and that Bolivia should, when most convenient, send out a commission to verify the accuracy of the demarkation. Lastly, on November 28, 1876, the Bolivian Government manifested its readiness to appoint a new commission, so that the work should be carried on to completion simultaneously on each side; but the appointment was not made, owing, most probably, to the troubled condi

tion of affairs in the Republic in the year just past.

The Colombian Government, with which no agreement has yet been made respecting the common boundary-line, protested, under date of March 15, 1875, against the demarkation of limits between Brazil and Peru. The protest, however, was not received in Rio de Janeiro until September of the same year, "long after its publication in the Lima newspapers, as had already occurred on other occasions." The renewal by correspondence, and at so great a distance, of a discussion which could lead to no practical result, was by the Brazilian Governiment decreed useless; Brazil's right to the territory claimed by Colombia had been "abundantly proved" by Señor Conselheiro Azambuja, during his mission as Minister to Bogotá. So the only reply elicited by the protest was a reference to the correspondence between Azambuja and the Bogotá Government, and the confirmation of the imperial resolution to adhere to the boundaries marked out.

Statistical details relating to the territorial division, the area, population, etc., of the Empire, will be found in the volumes of the ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1872 and 1876.

The results of the new census take up 23 printed volumes, containing an aggregate of 8,546 statistical tables.

The population is set down at 10,110,090, of whom 1,419,966' were slaves; but if the estimated number of the uncivilized Indians be added, the total population will stand at 11,110,090.

The ethnological proportions would appear to have been as follows: Caucasian race, 3,787,289; African, 1,954,452; hybrids (mulattoes, cafuzos, etc.), 3,801,782; and the remainder, of the American race, comprising 386,955 civilized Indians.

In regard to sex, the equilibrium is almost perfect, the proportion being approximately as 20 to 19 in favor of the males.

The number of Roman Catholics was given at 9,902,712.

Of the free population, 8,176,191 were set down as Brazilians; 121,246 as Portuguese; 45,829 as Germans; 6,108 as French; and 44,580 as Africans; and of the slaves, 1,372,246 were of Brazilian birth.

In the year 1875 there were 159 cases of naturalization, and 148 in 1876 (up to November 15th); the original nationality of the new citizens being: Portuguese, 210; Italian, 43; German, 18; French, 11; British, 6; Spanish, 5; Russian, 3; Austro-Hungarian, 3; Moorish, 2; Belgian, Uruguayan, Paraguayan, United States, and Swiss, 1 each. The number of the children of the naturalized was 232, of whom 126 were males, and 33 had attained their majority.

Concerning the subject of immigration, the Governments of the European countries which

*On December 31, 1875: report of the Minister of Public

Works, Commerce, and Agriculture, 1876.