1877.

Considerable excitement was caused throughout the country by the attack of a mob upon Judge W. W. Chisolm, at De Kalb, in Kemper County, on the 29th of April. There had been a political and personal feud of long standing between Judge Chisolm and certain of his associates and an opposing faction headed by John W. Gully. It had broken out in exhibitions of personal violence more than once, and on the 26th of April Gully was waylaid and murdered by some unknown person. His friends believed that Chisolm and his associates had been instrumental in procuring his death, and warrants were obtained on the evidence of two negroes for the arrest of W. W. Chisolin, J. P. Gilmer, Charles Rosenbaum, and two men by the name of Hopper. The arrest of Chisolm and the Hoppers was made on the morning of April 29th, and at that time a mob of about 200 men entered the village of De Kalb. They insisted that Chisolm, who was in his own house in the custody of the sheriff, be lodged in the jail, and his wife, daughter Cornelia, and son John, a mere boy, accompanied him. When Gilmer and Rosenbaum entered the village in charge of a deputy sheriff, they were set upon by the mob and the former was killed. An attack was afterward made on the jail, during which Judge Chisolm and his daughter received wounds, which proved fatal, and the boy and a man named McClellan, one of the guards, were killed. The deed was very generally condemned, although the local feeling seems to have been strongly on the side of the Gully party. Governor Stone visited the locality a few days after the tragic event, and found everything quiet. He visited the judge of the district and requested him to hold a special term of the circuit court in Kemper County for the purpose of making a thorough judicial investigation. In a letter on the subject, written May 18th, he said:

No one justifies the act by which Judge Chisolm lost his life. Everything that is possible shall be done to arrest and punish the guilty parties. I do not hope to silence the misrepresentations of men who are making political capital out of the unfortunate affair. The South has been too long a victim of misrepresentation for your people to become willing suddenly to hear both sides before condemning. The recent telegrams and articles that have appeared in Northern papers are based solely upon my refusal to consent to an invasion of Kemper County by a body of men from other counties. The folly of consenting to such a proposition, when no trouble was apprehended, must be apparent to every reasonble person.

No special term of the court was held, but in September the grand jury of the county found indictments against 31 persons as alleged participants in the assassination, six as principals and 25 as accessories. No trials had taken place before the end of the year.

An organization of citizens "for the sup pression of lawlessness was formed in Amite County in December, and a vigilance committee was appointed. Among the "outrages which it avowed its determination to "put down," were "killing, burning, whipping, orwise destroying the material interests and civil dering off of plantations, intimidating, or otherrights of any person, of any color, age, sex, or lessness in "two or three of the Southwestern condition." Speaking of complaints of lawcounties of the State," the Governor, in his message to the Legislature of 1878, said:

The better class of the citizens-who are greatly lawlessness, but are powerless to prevent it in many in the majority in these counties-are opposed to instances. The lawless persons operate secretly, and at night; and before their deeds have become known to those who might pursue them and bring them to justice, they have dispersed, and no trace in sparsely settled communities. Although in the of them can be found. These persons generally act minority, and composed mostly of irresponsible persons, yet these lawless elements should be made to feel the strong arm of the Government, and the guilty parties should be punished with the utmost proach upon the Government, and cause more harm severity. A few evil, lawless men can bring reto its reputation than the entire law-abiding element can repair. I ask the attention of the Legislature to the complaints from the localities mentioned, and suggest rigorous measures to bring the lawless persons to a sense of their duties. The ordinary remedies have, thus far, been inadequate to meet the emergency. It is due, not only to the State's fair name, but to the people in the immediate neighborhoods-who necessarily suffer in person and property-that the lawless bands be broken up, and that such punishment be administered as will force them hereafter to obey the laws and deport themselves as good citizens.

MISSOURI. A census was taken in 1876 1875, except for the county of St. Louis, where by the county assessors, under a law passed in the assessor declined to act, on the ground that the compensation provided for was inadequate. The returns were made in April of this year, so that the general result was announced to the Legislature, by the Secretary of State, in the following words: "The enumeration was carefully and correctly taken, except in a few of the counties. In these the difference between the returns and the actual population may be estimated at 10,000 less than the returns show. The population of the 113 counties returned is 1,547,080, to which add the deficit of 10,000 and 33,000, the estimated population of St. Louis County, thus making the population of the State, outside the city of St. Louis, 1,590,030. Assuming the population of the city of St. Louis to be not less than 450,000, or more than 500,000, the total population of the State in August, 1876, was between 2,050,000 and 2,100,000." Calculations based

except by druggists on the written prescription of a regular practising physician in good standing. The office of State Entomologist was abolished.

The Southern Hotel, in the city of St. Louis, was destroyed by fire, on the morning of the 11th of April, and a number of the guests lost their lives, while many more were injured. The establishment was one of the largest and most expensive in the country. An inquest was held on 11 bodies, occupying 10 days, and involving an inquiry into the causes of the fire, and the means of preventing such disasters. The following suggestions were made in the verdict of the coroner's jury:

1. We should recommend that no hotel, or other public building, be unprovided with means for promptly extinguishing fire.

NEW COURT HOUSE, ST. LOUIS.

2. That a sufficient number of watchmen be employed to detect fire in its incipient stage, and drilled in the use of the means for extinguishing it. 3. That in all large hotels gongs or bells of sufficient power be placed in such positions as, when sounded, to be heard in every room in the house, and, on the first notice of fire, to be continuously used until every guest and employé's safety is assured.

4. That stairways and elevators be placed as far apart as possible, and that the latter be closed on every floor, either automatically, as the platform goes up and down, or at least every night after the elevator ceases running, and that said hatches be made, when practicable, of iron. Had the baggage elevator of the Southern Hotel been so provided, there is no question but that the fire would have been confined to the basement.

5. That the store-rooms, wine-rooms, laundries, carpenter-shops, and other rooms containing inflammable materials, when placed in the basement or first stories of such buildings, shall be rendered as nearly as possible fire-proof, and be closely watched

by men especially detailed for the purpose, night and day. buildings, and that none of such size as the large one 6. That no gas-meter be allowed inside of such destroyed at the Southern Hotel be permitted. Each meter should supply a set of burners, extending from top to bottom of the building, so that, should it become necessary to turn off the gas from any point then endangered, the balance of the house would not be left in darkness.

7. That, in all large cities, the building-inspectors' duties should include the regular inspection of all appliances for extinguishing fires, and that the men and be empowered to enforce the laws adopted for employed in their management are efficiently drilled, the protection of life and property from fire.

The general strike of railroad workmen in July extended to the city of St. Louis, and was the occasion of considerable disorder. On the 24th of that month, the mayor of the city issued

a proclamation, warning all persons against the "commission of acts calculated to excite disturbances and violate the public peace," and inviting "the cooperation of all good citizens in the maintenance of law and order." A Committee of Public Safety was appointed, and a special force organized for police-duty. Meetings of workingmen were held, and violent demonstrations made in the streets during the two following days, but vigorous measures and a display of armed police and military forces led to a suppression of the disorders, and the arrest of the leaders on the 27th of July, after which there was no further disturbance.

The decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in regard to the issue of township bonds under the act of 1868, made in 1876, in what was known as the Bates County case, was virtually reversed this year by the same tribunal in the Cass County case. The constitution of the State in 1868 contained the following section:

ARTICLE XI.-SEC. 14. The General Assembly shall not authorize any county, city, or town, to become a stockholder in or to loan its credit to any company, association, or corporation, unless twothirds of the qualified voters of such county, city, or town, at a regular or special election, to be held therein, shall assent thereto.

The act of that year, authorizing townships to loan their credit in aid of railroads, required the approval of two-thirds of the qualified voters "voting on the proposition," and not

At the election in November, 1876, Martin Maginnis, Democrat, was elected over E. D. Leavitt, Republican, by a vote of 3,827 to 2,980.

MONTENEGRO, a country of Southeastern Europe: reigning Prince, Nicholas I. (see NICHOLAS I.), born October 7, 1841, declared Prince on August 14, 1860, upon the death of Prince Danilo I.; married, in 1860, to Milena, daughter of Petar Vukotitch. Issue of this marriage are one son, Danilo Alexander, born June 30, 1871, and six daughters. According to the official account, the country has an area of 1,614 square miles, and a population of 196,329; according to Goptchevitch the area is 1,666 square miles, and the population 170,000. The entire population, with the exception of about 22,000 Roman Catholics, belongs to the Orthodox Greek Church. The number of Montenegrins living abroad amounts to about 2,000. They are chiefly in Austria, Russia, and Turkey. There are also small Montenegrin colonies in Alexandria, Egypt, and in San Francisco. The largest cities are the capital, Cettigne, with 1,400 inhabitants; Njegos, with 4,000; and Danilograd, with 2,000 inhabitants.

Nothing official is known of the finances of the country, and its condition can only be approximately estimated. The Prince has an income of 3,000 ducats, to which are added a Russian subvention of 80,000 rubles, and an Austrian of from 20,000 to 30,000 florins. The revenue of the country amounts to about 300,000 florins, of which 100,000 are indirect taxes, 20,000 are receipts from the convents, 15,000 from the salt monopoly, 5,000 fines, and 160,000 subventions. The expenditures are estimated at 130,000 florins, of which 35,000 are for the civil list, 14,500 for the chiefs of the tribes, 6,600 for the Senate, 42,000 for education, and 31,900 for miscellaneous expenditures. In 1876 Montenegro contracted a debt of about 400,000 francs in Russia. There is no standing army, but every Montenegrin is liable to military service in one of the three classes which form the army, and which comprise the cntire male population. The first class includes all men between the ages of 17 and 48, and numbers about 17,000. The second class comprises all others between the ages of 14 and 60,

and has about 8,000 men; while the third class, including all others from 12 years of age upward, is about 5,000 strong. As every boy carries arms from his tenth year, 3,000 boys can be added in an emergency. The exports are estimated at 2,000,000 florins. Office is in charge of the Austrian Government, which has a director in Cettigne. There are 114 kilometres of telegraph, besides 60 kilometres of field telegraph.

The Post

The state of education is still very low as compared with the other countries of Europe, but great progress has been made during the reign of Prince Nicholas. The first schools were established by Danilo I., who ruled from 1852 to 1860. But even he did not open more than three. His successor, however, Prince Nicholas, completely reconstructed the school system of Montenegro, and at present there are 71 public schools, one higher school for girls, and one teachers' seminary. School-attendance is compulsory for both boys and girls, and books and all other school material are furnished by the Government. The schools are attended by 3,000 boys and 300 girls, and cost annually about 22,000 florins, which sum is taken from the income of the convents. Besides the above, there is also an agricultural school in Danilograd.

For an account of the war with Turkey, see TURKEY.

MORAVIANS. The statistics of the American Province of the Moravian Church, as published at the beginning of 1877, show the following totals: For the Northern Provincenumber of churches, 64; of communicants, 8,025; of non-communicants over 13 years of age, 1,349; of children, 4,770; total number of persons connected with the Church, 14,144; number of Sunday-school scholars, 6,372; of officers and teachers in Sunday-schools, 837; number of ministers, 63. For the Southern Province-number of churches, 11, besides 3 mission Sunday-schools; number of communicants, 1,187; of non-communicants over 13 years of age, 208; of children, 541; total number connected with the Church, 1,936; number of Sunday-school scholars, 674; of officers and teachers of Sunday-schools, 106; of ministers, 7. Total for the Province-number of churches, 75, and 3 mission schools; of communicants, 9,212; of non-communicants over 13 years of age, 1,557; of children 5,311; total number connected with the Church, 16,080; number of Sunday-school scholars, 7,046; officers and teachers in Sunday-schools, 943; of ministers, 70. A table of condensed statistics of the communicant membership of the Northern Province of the Church, from 1861 to 1876, shows that, during the period of 15 years, the number of the churches in that Province has increased from 36 to the present number, 64; and the number of communicants, from 4,679 to the present number of 8,025. In 1861 the Province included, according to a note appended to the table, 22 churches entitled to lay