bills, 12 tramway bills, 35 bills for the improvement of towns, and 6 for the erection of bridges and subways, the remainder being principally bills for the extension of patents, for the improvement of private estates. Two personal bills-viz., Beamish's Divorce and the Gregory Heirlooms bills-received the royal assent, as well as one under the title of the "Brighton and London Sea-water Supply Bill." The great majority of the above measures became law; but 54 failed to receive the royal assent; 23 of them, after passing the Lords, where they originated, did not reach a first reading in the House of Commons.

In July, Earl Derby decided, with a view to the reorganization of the consular service in Turkey, Persia, and Egypt, to institute a corps of student dragomans, to be selected by open competition, and instructed in Oriental languages at the public expense. The dragoman and consular services in those countries were eventually to be amalgamated; and admission to them should be obtained by passing through the grade of student dragoman. These are to be selected by open competition, after examination by the Civil Service Commissioners, who will give public notice beforehand of the subjects of such examination, and of the time when it will be held. They will proceed, as soon as possible after their appointment, to Constantinople, where they will be under the orders of the British Embassador, and of a member of the embassy specially appointed to superintend them. They will be provided, at the public expense, with lodgings in the neighborhood of Constantinople, and also with instruction in languages, and shall receive a salary of £200 a year. They are to devote themselves, in the first place, to the study of the Turkish, Persian, and Slav languages, and of Mussulman law; and, in the next place, they are to qualify themselves for the public service. They will, when qualified, be eligible for employment as dragomans and in the consular service in the East, as vacancies occur.

ishes as well as in the larger towns. About 2,600 meetings had been held in the three years, and the subject of disestablishment was now discussed in connection with other organizations. Between five and six millions of publications had been distributed. Of the £100,000 which it had been resolved to raise, upward of £42,000 had been received and expended, "and the rest would come in when it was wanted." Under the head of "Parliamentary Work," the Endowed Schools and Education acts, and the Universities and Burials bills, were referred to. The Patronage act had had the effect of stimulating the movement in Scotland, where the society was about to act with increased vigor. A resolution of sympathy was passed with Mr. Gladstone's efforts in behalf of the Christian subjects of the Porte, with a protest against the Government aiding Turkey.

The British Empire was considerably enlarged in 1877 by the annexation of the Transvaal Republic, in South Africa. The territory thus acquired embraces 114,358 square miles, with an estimated population of 315,000. (See TRANSVAAL REPUBLIC.)

GREECE,* a kingdom of Southeastern Europe. Reigning King, George I., King of the Hellenes, born December 24, 1845, second son of the reigning King of Denmark; elected King of the Hellenes by the National Assembly at Athens, March 18 (30), 1863; accepted the crown June 4, 1863; declared of age by a decree of the National Assembly, June 27, 1863; married, October 27, 1867, to Olga, daughter of Grand-duke Constantine of Russia, born August 22, 1851. Issue of the union are three sons and two daughters: Constantinos, Duke of Sparta, born August 2, 1868; George, born June 25, 1869; Alexandra, born August 30, 1870; Nicholas, born February 9, 1872; Maria, born March 3, 1876.

The area of the kingdom amounts to 19,353 square miles; the population, according to the census of 1870, to 1,457,894 persons.

In the budget for 1877 the revenue was estimated as follows (1 drachma = 19.3 cents):

1. Direct taxes...

a. Land tax, tithe..

b. Duty on cattle and pastures... c. Duty on beehives...

d. Licenses.

e. Taxes on edifices.

Indirect taxes..

a. Customs.

b. Stamp

c. Miscellaneous.

3. Produce of national property.

4. Public service.

a. Posts..

b. Telegraphs...
c. Printing-office.

6. Miscellaneous receipts.. 5. Sale of national property.

7. Ecclesiastical receipts.. 8. Arrears..

Total revenue.

*See ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA of 1874 for statistics on the

population of large cities, on nationalities, on religions deof 1876 for commercial statistics. nominations, and on education; and ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA

1. Interest on foreign debt..

Interest on internal debt..

Drachmas.

2. Pensions...

3. Civil list..

4. Salaries of deputies.

5. Department of Finance.

8,818,000

450,000

1,358,270

Foreign Affairs..

1,127,196

Justice..

8,016,043

12. Cost of general administration.. 13. Miscellaneous expenditures...

Total.....

The actual budgets of the kingdom differ, however, widely from the budget estimates. Since the establishment of Greece as an independent kingdom, there have been few financial terms without a deficit.

The foreign debt, according to Mollet and Wyndham (in reports by his Majesty's secretaries of Embassy and Legation, 1875 and 1877), amounted, at the close of 1874, to 335,513,422 drachmas; the home debt, in 1877, to 147,569,480: total debt to 483,082,902.

Every Greek subject is now liable to military service for 30 years from his 20th year: 3 years in the active army, 7 years in the reserves

MODERN GREEK COSTUME.

tillery of 12 batteries (8 field and 4 mountain batteries); 1 regiment cavalry of 5 squadrons; 1 battalion of sappers of 6 companies; and 2 companies of nurses. These troops form 2 divisions, each of 2 brigades. According to the expectations of the Minister of War, 200,000 men should be in readiness in case of war, of whom 120,000 would belong to the active army and its reserves, 50,000 to the landwehr, and 30,000 to its reserves. In time of peace the active army is to consist of 24,376; of whom 20,168 are infantry, 1,959 artillery, about 1,000 cavalry, and 1,104 sappers. The general staff consists of 19 officers.

The Navy, in 1877, consisted of 1 iron-clad frigate, 1 monitor, 1 royal yacht, 8 screwsteamers, and 10 sailing vessels. It was manned, in 1876, by 71 officers and 582 sailors.

The commercial navy consisted, at the close of 1875, of 5,001 vessels of 239,134 tons. Of these, 3,908 vessels, 41,076 tons, were of less than 60 tons each, and 16 were steamers of 6,048 tons.

Greece had, in 1877, only one railroad in operation. It connects Athens with the port of Piræus and Phalerum, was opened in 1869, and is 12 kilometres long (1 kilom. = 0.62 mile). The aggregate length of the electric telegraph lines, in 1875, was 2,565 kilometres; that of the wires, 3,165 kilometres. The number of telegraph stations was 60, and the number of dispatches, 249,673.

A change in the ministry took place in

possible steps that such an event should find Greece ready for it, he gained the popular favor to a high degree. The efforts of Kumunduros to form a ministry were unsuccessful. After a number of lists of names had been presented to the Chamber, hardly any of which survived a day, the following combination was finally effected, and sanctioned: President of the Ministry, and Minister of the Navy, Canaris; the Interior, Kumunduros; Foreign Affairs, Tricoupis; Justice, Zaimis; Finance, Deligeorgis; Public Instruction, Deligiannis; and War, Zrinbrakalis.

On July 2d the Minister of Finance submitted a bill in the Chamber of Deputies, authorizing him to obtain a foreign loan of 20,000,000 drachmas, with a home loan of the same amount. He also demanded a credit of 35,000,000 drachmas for armaments. The session was closed by a royal order on July 30th. The success which had hitherto attended the Russian arms excited the popular mind, and warlike demonstrations frequently occurred. The regular army, which had been brought up to its full number (27,000), was divided into 4 large camps, ready for duty, while numerous bodies of volunteers were formed by natives, as well as Greek subjects of Turkey. The relations with the latter country assumed a serious aspect in August. On the 12th, large crowds marched through Athens, calling for the declaration of war. As the Greek Government seemed to be preparing for hostilities, having bought 6 batteries of Krupp cannons and 16,000 breech-loaders, and was continually sending troops to the front, Earl Derby, in August, at the instance of the Turkish Government, addressed a note to the former, calling for an explanation, and, suggesting that it should engage not to make war upon Turkey in the future. In reply, the Greek Government denied the report that it had entered into an alliance with Russia. At the same time, however, it refused to make the engagement as suggested, declaring that it would be equivalent to the termination of the rights of Greece as an independent state, and of her duties to Hellenism. M. Tricoupis, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, fell back upon the Protocol of 1832, in which Lord Palmerston, and the plenipotentiaries of France and Russia, summarily rejected identical propositions which were then put forward by the Porte. In answer to a second communication from Earl Derby, M. Tricoupis declared that Greece would not renounce the privileges of the independence which was acknowledged in 1832, and that the condition and danger of Hellenism in Turkey rendered it more than ever necessary that Greece should have that liberty of action which is essential to independence.

The death of Admiral Canaris, in September, threatened to bring about another ministerial crisis. The entire ministry resigned, but afterward withdrew their resignations. The post of president remained vacant at the close

Of the population belonging to the Russian Church, 54,854,000 lived in European Russia, 34,000 in Poland, 2,072,000 in Caucasia, 2,937,000 in Siberia, and 274,000 in Central Asia.

The Procurator-General of the Holy Synod of Russia, Count Tolstoi, publishes an annual report on the condition of the Greek Church in Russia. The report for 1874, which appeared in 1877, contained the following facts: In the diocese Irkutsk, 1,935 persons were baptized. In this diocese the missionaries labor under the greatest difficulties to convince the native Buriats that, by embracing Christianity, they do not at the same time become Russians and cease to be Buriats. The Christian parents very frequently try to keep their children, and particularly the girls, from baptism. The girls are engaged and married at an early age, and the parents receive for them a certain price. One that has been baptized cannot, however, be bought or sold, while for a baptized boy no bride can be bought in advance.

Great difficulties are also experienced in converting the Mohammedan Tartars. In the government of Kasan, 470 persons returned to the Mohammedan Church during the year 1874, and, in order to put an end to this, the priests were permitted to use the Tartaric language for the services. During 1874, 2,519 pagans, 747 Mohammedans, and 427 Jews, were baptized in the government of Kasan. In the same year, 2,890 schismatics returned to the Orthodox Church. In Kasan, their principal stronghold, public discussions were held with them, which were attended by large audiences. The principal question discussed was that of the Antichrist, which is one of the fundamental doctrines of this priestless sect. 1,707 converts were received from the Roman Catholics, and 743 from the other Christian churches. In discussing the inner affairs of the Church, the report says that more and more attention was paid to preaching and catechetical instruction. With regard to elementary instruction, the report says that, not very long ago, the people avoided the schools, and tried to keep the children away, regarding learning as superfluous, and interfering with their home affairs. But these views have been

changed, in the course of years, by the beneficial influence exerted by the priests. The people are now convinced of the necessity of instruction, and not only children, but even grown persons, attend the parochial schools, which have been established in all eparchies. Of these schools there were, in 1874, 7,672, with 193,713 scholars, of both sexes. The reorganization of the theological institutions of learning, which was begun in 1866, had been completed in the higher institutions (theological academies); of the 52 secondary schools (seminaries), 41, and of the 186 lower schools (theological schools), 146 had been reorganized.

The Russian Society for the Distribution of the Holy Scriptures issued its fourteenth annual report in 1877. According to this report, it had distributed 39,473 copies of the Bible (3,459 more than in the year preceding), at an expense of 17,592 rubles. The colporteurs sent out by the society had especial success among the soldiers. By an exceptional measure, free access was given them to the barracks and camps. Of the copies distributed, 445 were given away in Servia, through the Society of the Holy Cross, to the sick and wounded in the hospitals. At the end of the year 1876 the society numbered 514 members. The general meetings of the society were 13; the directors met weekly, under the presidency of N. A. Astafess. Since the society was founded, in 1863, it had distributed, through its colporteurs, or by sale at its depositories, 487,795 copies of the Holy Scriptures.

A new and revised Russian translation of the Bible was completed in 1877, after twenty years of patient labor. It was prepared under the superintendence and with the cooperation of the Holy Synod, and was fully authorized by it.

The latest information on the mission of the Russian Church in Japan (see ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA for 1876) is given in the Missioner, of Moscow. Its correspondent at Hakodadi writes as follows: Up to this time the propagation of the gospel in Japan has gone on most successfully in one of the provinces formerly called Sendal, in the principality of Sanuma. In 27 places in this province the teaching of Jesus Christ has been given. Paul Savabe has been laboring there. During the last three months about 180 persons have been baptized, and about 200 are preparing for holy baptism at Easter. The Christians here support their priest, and the greater part of their religious teachers, of their own means. They have erected.chapels in three cities. Father Paul, on his return, will celebrate the holy Eucharist there, the Archimandrite Nicholas having recently sent thither all things needful therefor."

In Austria proper there is one ecclesiastical province with a metropolitan, at Czernovitz, and two bishops in the Bukowina and Dalmatia. There were besides, in 1875, 343 parishes: 2 in Vienna, 1 in Austria above the Enns, 3 in the Littoral, 242 in the Bukowina,

and 95 in Dalmatia. The number of the secular clergy, together with the candidates for the priesthood, was 454; of whom 2 were in Vienna, 2 in Upper Austria, 9 in the Littoral, 1 in Galicia, 315 in the Bukowina, and 125 in Dalmatia. The number of monasteries was 14: 3 in the Bukowina, and 11 in Dalmatia, together with 71 members belonging to them. Of the total number of students in the Austrian universities in 1876 (8,327), only 208 belonged to the Greek Church. Of these, 103 were in Vienna, 21 in Gratz, 2 in Innspruck, 8 in Prague, 13 in Cracow, and 61 in Czernovitz. A noteworthy fact in the Greek Church of Turkey is the great progress of education both among the Greek and the Bulgarian nationalities, especially among the former. A work recently published in Germany, under the title "Macedonian Sketches" ("Mittheilungen aus Macedonien "), gives some interesting information on the establishment of teachers' seminaries in Macedonia, after the model of the German schools of this class. The founder of these institutions is Dr. Demetrios Maroulis, who, after finishing his education at the German universities, was for some time director of the Greek gymnasium at Thessalonica, and subsequently (1870) of that of Serre, a town in Macedonia, which numbers among its 35,000 inhabitants about 30,000 Greeks, and has at present as archbishop the learned Bryennios, who has gained a world-wide reputation among theological scholars by publishing, early in 1876, the first complete edition of the two epistles of Clemens. Enthusiasm for the cause of general education, and the unsatisfactory condition of the elementary schools in Macedonia, induced Maroulis to resign his presidency of the gymnasium and to devote himself wholly to the cause of elementary instruction. Relying entirely on private contributions, he has succeeded in establishing a training-school for male teachers, and subsequently another one for female teachers. Already a number of the pupils of these schools are laboring with great acceptance in the elementary schools of the province, and diffusing a new interest in the cause of education among the people.

In Egypt there are now no Orthodox metropolitans, and but one bishop, who resides at Cairo, as vicar to the patriarch. The members of the Orthodox Church in Egypt intend urging upon Sophronius, the Patriarch of Alexandria, that, as soon as may be, four metropolitans be nominated and consecrated. Of the six metropolitans occupying sees in 1870, three (the bishops of Libya, Tripoli, and Cyrene) are dead; one (of Pentapolis) removed; two (Meletius, of Thebes, and Amphilochius, of Pelusium) retired, the former now residing in the island of Rhodes, the latter at the Sphigmenon monastery on Mount Athos.

GRINNELL, MOSES H., died in New York, November 24, 1877. He was born in New Bedford, Mass., in 1803, and was a brother of Henry Grinnell, whose name is well known in