V. DOCUMENTS AND REQUISITES FOR VESSELS ARRIVING IN
THE UNITED STATES.

Manifest.-No goods shall be brought into the United States in any vessel unless the master shall have on board a manifest, signed by him and containing the respective names of her place of sailing and destination, the name, description and built of such vessel, her true admeasurement, the place to which she belongs and by whom owned, according to her register, likewise a just and particular account of her cargo, in words at length with the marks and numbers on each package, by whom shipped and to whom respectively consigned, adding a detailed list of the names and baggage of all cabin-and steerage passengers, together with an account of the remaining sea stores, if any. This manifest to be prepared in triplicate and a copy to be delivered to the first officer of the customs, coming on board within four leagues of the coast.

Deposit of Register, &c.-The register or other documents in lieu thereof, together with the clearance and other papers granted by the officers of the customs to any foreign vessel, at her departure from the port of her sailing, shall, previously to entry in any port of the United States, be produced to the collector, with whom such entry be made. It shall also be the duty of the master within forty-eight hours after such entry to deposit such papers with the consul or vice-consul of the nation to which the vessel belongs, and to deliver to the collector the certificate thereof, under a penalty of not less than 500, nor more than 2000. No foreign consul shall return to the master such documents, until he shall produce to him a clearance.

Report.-Within twenty-four hours after the arrival of any vessel from foreign parts, at any port of the United States established by law, the master shall make report to the chief officer of the customs, of the arrival of his vessel, and within forty-eight hours after, shall make a further report in writing, to the collector of the district, which report shall contain all the particulars required to be inserted in the manifest.

Distilled-Spirits, Wine, and Tea, if any on board, must be specifically declared, within forty-eight hours after arrival. The packet-ships of foreign governments are however exempted from this regulation.

Ship-letters-No vessel arriving, shall be permitted to report, make entry or break bulk, until the master shall have delivered to the postmaster all letters addressed to persons residing in the United States,

under the penalty of a sum not exceeding $100. The master to receive from the postmaster 2 cents for each letter so delivered.

VI. DOCUMENTS AND REQUISITES FOR VESSELS CLEARING OUT FROM THE UNITED STATES.

Manifest.-The master of any vessel, bound to a foreign place shall deliver to the collector of the district from which such vessel shall be about to depart, a manifest of all the cargo on board, and the value thereof, subscribed by him, and shall swear to the truth thereof, whereupon the collector shall grant a clearance for vessel and cargo. Penalty for offending against this regulation $500.

Clearance-can neither not be obtained, until the master or other proper persons shall have produced to the collector a certificate, that all goods, which may be on board, subject to the inspection laws of the States have been duly inspected, and receipts for the payment of all legal fees. The owners, shippers or consignors of the cargo shall also deliver on oath to the collector previous to his granting a clearance, manifests in writing and subscribed by them respectively, of the goods shipped by them.

Passport or Sea-Letter-for American vessels. First cost 10. There shall moreover be paid on every vessel of the United States sailing to any foreign country, other than some port or place in America, for each or every voyage the sum of 4, to be received and accounted for by the collector, at the time of clearing outward, if such vessel be bound direct to such foreign country, or at the time of entry if such vessel shall have sailed to such foreign country, from any port in America, other than of the United States. Unregistered vessels to pay the same.

VII. REGULATIONS FOR PASSENGERS' VESSELS.

If the master of any American or foreign vessel shall take on board at any foreign place, or shall bring into the United States, or shall carry from thence a greater number of passengers, than two for every five tons of such vessel, according to custom-house measurement, he shall with the owners, severally, forfeit and pay the sum of 150, for every such surplus

passenger; and if the number of the same shall exceed twenty in the whole, the vessel shall be forfeited to the United States. The complement of men required for navigating the vessel is not affected by the foregoing.

Every vessel bound on a voyage from the United States to any port on the continent of Europe, at the time of leaving the last port, whence she shall sail, shall have on board, well secured under deck, at least sixty gallons of water, one hundred pounds of salt provisions, one gallon of vinegar, one hundred pounds of wholesome ship's bread for each passenger on board, over and above such other provisions, stores and live stock, as may be put on board by the master or passengers for their use, or that of the crew; and in like proportion for a shorter or longer voyage; and if the passengers on board of such vessel, in which the proportion of provisions herein directed, shall not have been provided, shall at any time be put on short allowance, in water, flesh, vinegar, or bread, during any such voyage, the master and owner shall severally pay to each passenger who shall have been put on short allowance, the sum of three dollars for every day, they may have been on such short allowance,-to be recovered in the same manner as seaman's wages.

The master of any vessel arriving in the United States or any territory thereof from any foreign place, shall at the time he delivers a manifest of the cargo, or if there be no cargo, at the time of making the entry of the vessel, deliver to the collector a list of all the passengers on board, designating particularly, the age, sex, and occupation of the passengers respectively, the country to which they severally belong, and that of which it is their intention to become inhabitants, together with the number, if any, that have died on the voyage, to which list he shall swear.

VIII. THE TARIFF.

I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

With the inhabitants of a country like the United States of America, whose geographical situation and happy constitution secure to them, perhaps more than to those of any other, the blessings of permanent peace at home and the improbability of ever becoming embroiled in the political commotions of neighbours; who, therefore, look upon foreign politics with an eye of comparative indifference, thus reserving all the disposable energies of their minds for the duty of jealously

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guarding and maintaining their republican institutions and rights;-with a nation so located and inspired it is not to be wondered at, that the utmost excitement is constantly kept alive on the subject of the means and regulations affecting their supplies of those articles of comfort and luxury, for which the industry of the old world has not as yet, either with respect to cheapness or excellence, lost its preponderating importance. Next to the election of a President, the Tariff question has ever been one of the most weighty matters in the catalogue of American politics, and a bone of contention between all parties, for some years past. With the view of providing for the payment of the interest on, and the eventual liquidation of, the national debt, contracted chiefly during the wars with Great Britain, Congress obtained the power of regulating the imports by a scale of duties. Under the shield of the protecting influence of these duties, whose gradual increase weighed more and more heavily upon foreign commerce, a number of manufactories have sprung up in the northern, and more particularly in the New England States,-all more or less thriving in proportion to the magnitude of the tax imposed upon the article produced by their respective competitors abroad. It must be admitted that those who are desirous of rendering the United States of America as much a manufacturing country, as their territorial extent and physical resources have marked them out for agricultural purposes, cannot but wish for the extension of the National Debt to an indefinite period, inasmuch as, so long as it exists, domestic industry could not, at least in some essential branches, become deprived of the necessary degree of fostering protection. However, matters have been decided otherwise by the course of events. The importance itself of the revenue, which is derived chiefly from the duties on importations, powerfully assisted by the rapid increase of the national prosperity, has contributed to produce a consummation of the original object much sooner than could have been anticipated. By a notice from the Secretary of the Treasury dated 21st July, 1832, it appears, that after the 1st January, 1833, the whole funded debt of the United States will be reduced to 6,962,660 dollars, 27 cents, and at no distant period after that, be entirely extinct, in the event of the 7,000,000 dollars, vested in the United States Bank, with the profits accruing therefrom, becoming, as there is no doubt they will, available.

It is further to be observed, that in proportion as the population and relations of the United States have extended themselves, the local interests of the different states have become more distinctly marked out, and more deeply felt. Thus, some of the southern States, which, by their climate, soil, and preponderating black population, are essentially

agricultural, without a hope of ever, or at least, not for centuries, becoming manufacturing States, now advocate the principle of "nullification," or abolition of all Tariff laws;-showing by the opinions of political economists, that it was, not the foreign manufacturer, nor the consumer at home, but the grower of the domestic produce which was given in exchange for foreign commodities, who is sacrificed by the effects of the Tariff, to the benefit of the manufacturers in the northern States; and moreover, that congress had by the extinction of the national liabilities lost its legislative powers respecting imports. The northern States on the other hand, as clamourously insist, not only upon the continuance of the late protections, but even upon a further increase of duties, claiming their right of being protected from utter ruin, and demonstrating that, in acceding to their wishes, government would render the United States truly independent of foreign nations. It cannot be denied that the Tariff has become a question of the utmost difficulty and delicacy, and certainly of a very ungrateful nature for those who are called upon to legislate respecting it. A committee appointed in 1832, for the purpose of investigating its merits and bearings, could not agree upon a report. An able report was however drawn up by Mr. Adams, and submitted by him to congress. The views therein stated form the basis of the new Tariff of 14th July, 1832, which will come into force on 3d March, 1833. For an alphabetical arrangement of this Tariff, and an official comparison of the same with the results of the former imposts, the reader is referred to the following pages. It will be observed that, with a view to conciliate all parties, a middling course has been adopted in the modifications allowed to take place after the period mentioned, which, as it does not fully meet the wishes of any, seems to incur more or less the dissatisfaction of all.

It is of course not the purport of the present work to venture an opinion on the merits of the American Tariff in its present modified form, nor to examine the probability of its duration. After all, it might be as premature to risk a decided opinion on these points now, before its provisions have come into operation, as it would be to surmise, that the Tariff question will eventually lead to the breaking up of the federative system in America.

The following particulars, explanatory of the customs' regulations of the United States, as they will be in force from 3d March, 1833, will not be deemed superfluous by the shipper abroad.

When goods are imported into the United States in foreign vessels,— except those having a special treaty with the United States, which places