670. Childeric II.; poisoning of Thierry, his brother, and of Ebroin; assassination of the king and Queen Blichilde, by Bodillon, a noble of the court

673. Thierry I.; commencement of the Fainean kings; increase of the power of the maires; hereditary mayorship 687. Victory of Testry, near Peronne, by Pepin d'Heristal; government of Pepin d'Heristal, maire of Austrasia, and of Neustria

691. Clovis III.; government of Pepin d'Heristal; defeat of the Saxons and Suabians

695. Childebert II. (reigned justly); government of Pepin

d'Heristal

711. Dagobert II.; death of Pepin d'Heristal, who left the mayorship to his grandson, Theobald; government of Charles Martel, escaped from prison

715. Clothaire IV.; government of Charles Martel in Austrasia, De Rainfort in Neustria

716. Chilperic II. ;

government of Charles Austrasia, De Rainfort in Neustria

Martel in

720. Thierry II.; De Chelles; government of Charles Martel 728. Overthrow of the Germans and Saxons

732. Overthrow of the Saracens, near Tours and Poictiers ; the origin of feudality

737. Interregnum of five years; government of Charles Martel; his death in 741

742. Childeric III.; government of Pepin le Bref, the son of Charles Martel; deposition of the king in assembly, at Soissons; overthrow of the Merovingians

THE CONQUERING RACE.

FRANK MONARCHY.-CARLOVINGIANS.

752. Pepin le Bref; first coronation; conquest of the Esarch of Ravennes over Adolphus, King of the Lombards ; Pepin makes presents to the Pope Stephen III.; origin of the secular power of the popes

753. Defeat of the Saxons and Saracens

767. Conquest of Aquitaine after a

war of seven years;

division and misintelligence between Charles and Carloman, the son of Pepin

768. Charlemagne

771. Death of Carloman; Charles king

772. War against the Saxons; revolt under their chief Wittikind, it lasted thirty-three years

774. Conquest of Lombardy over Didier, their last king 778. Conquests in Spain; defeat of Rondeaux; limits of the empire extended as far as Raab, in Hungary

800. Crowning of Charlemagne in Rome, by Leo III., as Emperor of the West; provincial assemblies; protection accorded to letters

814. Louis le Debonnaire; fresh division of the monarchy 818. Revoltment and chastisement of Bernard, King of Italy; fresh divisions; revolt of the children of Louis; battle of Fontenay

820. Progress of independence and of the temporal power of the Popes; decided decline of the Carlovingians

840. Charles le Chauve

841. Invasion of the Normans; fresh division of the monarchy; treaty of Verdun

842. The German Franks separate themselves from the French Empire, and form an independent empire.

FEUDALITY.

843. Menacing irruptions of Normans; establishment of the feudal system

855. Death of the Emperor Lothaire; kingdom of Lorraine 866. Death of Robert le Fort, Duc d'Anjou, grandfather of Hugues Copet; he was killed on the borders of the Loire in combatting the Normans

877. Louis le Begue; loss of the royal domains; authority of the nobles; continuation of the decline of the Carlovingians

879. Louis III. and Carloman; remarkable union of two kings on the same throne; repression of the ravages of the Normans: war against Boson, Count of Provence and founder of the kingdom of Arles; authority of the nobles; decline

884. Charles le Gros (Charles le Simple, enfant); reunion of all the empire of Charlemagne

887. Siege of Paris by the Normans; fresh incursions by the Normans; shameful peace made with the barbarians; deposition of Charles

888. Eudes de France (Charles le Simple enfant); division of the kingdom with Charles le Simple, enfant

898. Charles le Simple; ravages of the Normans during the space of eleven years; definitive division of the Empire of the Franks; Kingdom of Burgoyne Transfurane 912. Establishment of the Normans in France under Rollo, their chief; the Kingdom of Germany took its root from the house of France

923. Robert, the brother of Eudes, King of France; Charles kills Robert in a combat; captivity of Charles in the Chateau of Peronne; Raoul, Duke of Burgoyne (Louis IV., d'Outremer, en Angleterre); depression of the Normans; William Longue-Epeé, son of Rollo, rendered homage to the King of France; alienation of the domain of the crown; the over-great authority of the vassals, particularly Hugh le Grand

936. Louis IV., l'Outremer; conquest of Normandy over young Richard, the son of William

945. Hugh le Grand makes the king prisoner; increasing authority of the vassals

954. Lothaire; the Franco-Roman language becomos a natural

idiom

956. Conquest of Lorraine over Otho II., Emperor of Germany, who retakes it, and retains it as a fief of the crown of France

978. Death of Hugh the Great: authority of his son, Hugh Capet; the royal domain reduced to the town of Lyon 986. Louis V. Increasing authority of Hugh Capet. Charles of Lorraine, the last descendant of Charlemagne, falls from the Throne. The family of Robert le Fort, in the person of Hugh Capet, mounts the Throne. Fall of the Carlovingians

OBSERVATIONS DRAWN FROM THE TWO FIRST RACES. EXERCISE.

Manners, usages, justice, clergy, science, national assemblies, armies, fiefs, nobility, officers of the Court, remarkable personages, state of the arts and sciences, parallel between the races.

RESEARCH.

A rapid coup d'œil of the state of the world at large during the second dynasty, from 752 to 987

K

FRENCH.

NATIONAL RACE. FRENCH MONARCHY.

CAPETIANS.

987. Hugh Capet. Pretensions of Charles of Lorraine 991. Charles a prisoner at Laon. Institution of the House of Peers. Hugh crowns his son and successor, Robert. Paris becomes the residence of the kings of France 996. Robert. Excommunication of Robert by Gregory V. Repudiation of Bertha Constance. The refusal of the empire and of the kingdom of Italy. Gerbert, afterwards Pope, under the name of Sylvester; charity of the king

1031. Henry I.; revolt of Robert, the brother of the king; foundation of the Duchy of Bourgoyne, Robert first duke; assistance given to William, the son of Robert le Diable

1041. Establishment of the Treve Dien

1060. Phillippe ; first regency of Baudoin, Court of Flanders 1066. Conquest of England by William the Conqueror; the commencement of the rivalry between France and England

1

1087. Excommunication of the king; increase of pontifical power under Gregory VII.

STATE OF THE WORLD BEFORE THE CRUSADES.

1095. First Crusade

1099. Foundation of the kingdom of Jerusalem by Godfrey de Bouillon; religious and military orders; chivalric tournaments; surnames of families; armories; influence of the crusades

1108. Louis VI. called Le Gros; submission of several vassals, Minister Segur and the four brothers Garlande

1119. Battle of Brenueville in Normandy; establishment of the commons; freedom of the serfs; Henry V., Emperor of Germany, repulsed; Oriflamme; the royal domain at this time comprehends Paris, Orleans, Melun, Etampes, Compiegne, and their territories

1137. Louis VII., called the Younger; revolt of Thibault, Count of Champagne

1143. Saide Vitri

1145. Second Crusade; enterprise with Conrad III.

1152. Repudiation of Eleanor; loss of Guyenne and of Poitou; Pope Alexander III., who was chased from Rome Thomas a Becket, who sought shelter in France; Saint Bernard; Sager, Abillard, and Heloise

COMMENCEMENT OF THE CENTRALISATION OF SOCIAL MOVEMENT.

1180. Phillip II. ; regency of Philip of Alsace

1187. Third Crusade, undertaken with Richard and Frederick Barbarousse; rivalry of Philip and Richard

1200 to 1204. Re-union of Normandy

1204. Fourth Crusade; the Latin empire at Constantinople; war against the Albigeois

1214. Battle of Bouoine against John's sons, Terre and Otho IV.; the king's son recognised King of England

1216. Louis, the son of Philip II., was chased from England by the barons; works and embellishment under Philip Augustus; extent of the domain of the Crown at his death

1223. Louis VIII, called the Lion; crusade against the Albigeois ; the king, on his return from the crusades, died

1226. Louis IX., called the Saint; regency of Blanche of Castile; suppression of the revolt of the vassals

1242. Battles of Saintes and Taillebourg

1248. Sixth crusade; the king made prisoner; battle of Missoury; pragmatic sanction; sage administration of Blanche Herdeath; return of Louis IX.

1266. Conquest of Naples by Charles of Anjou, brother of the king

1270. Sixth crusade; death of the king; the different establishments of St. Louis; the Grunzeving Inquisition 1270. Philip III., called le Hardi; victory over the Barbarians 1272. Reunion of the county of Toulouse to the Crown 1282. Sicilian vespers; invasion of Arragon; taking of Girone ; letters of the nobility; Pierre De la Brosse minister 1285. War of Arragon; Mary of Brabant; Philip IV., called the Bel, King of France and of Navarre; confiscation of Guyenne by Edward III., King of England

1302. Defeat at Courrai

1303. Disputes with Boniface V.; Convocation of the States

General

1304. Victory of Mons en Puelle over the inhabitants of

Flanders