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Prague, one of the earliest in Germany, into a bilingual establishment; or, leaving the University of Prague in its old position, to establish a new Czech university. The efforts of the Czech party were directed in 1880 to getting its teachers gradually introduced, and a resolution was passed by the House authorizing the Government to ask from it the grant of money necessary for this purpose. In the estimates presented for 1881 no such grant was asked for. Upon the demands of the Czech party, the Government appointed a commission to investigate the feasibility of the plan. The matter was settled by an imperial order in April, providing that henceforth two separate universities should exist under the common name of "Carolo-Ferdinandea," in one of which the medium of instruction shall be the German, and in the other the Czech language. The two faculties of Philosophy and Law were to be in readiness by October 1st. On May 15th the Government presented to the Chamber two bills relating to this matter. One related to the legal status and the course of study, while the other provided for the necessary credits for creating the two Czech faculties. The sum necessary for this purpose was set down at 23,000 florins for the current year. The first bill provided, among other matters, that all property belonging to the university, or to any of the faculties, should in future be regarded as the common property of both universities, or of the respective faculties. A student can not be immatriculated in both universities, but a student of one shall be at liberty to attend the lectures of the other, and these lectures are to be credited to him as if he had attended them in his own university. The bill was passed on May 31st, after a motion making it compulsory upon every student at the new Czech university, who should intend entering a public profession, to have a perfect knowledge of the German language, had been rejected.

In the early part of the year a bill was introduced in the Lower House by Herr Lienbacher of the Clerical party, providing that in future any provincial Diet should have the power of decreasing the term of compulsory school at tendance, which heretofore had been eight years. The bill was supported by the Autonomist party, who thought in this way to increase the autonomy of the several crown-lands, and was strongly opposed by the Constitutional party. It passed the Lower House with a majority of 13, but was rejected by the Herrenhaus by the decisive vote of 74 to 32, a vote which was entirely unexpected, as it was thought that the recent creation of new lifemembers had given the ministry who support ed the bill a majority in this House.

On March 11th Count Coronini, the President of the Lower House of the Reichsrath, resigned his seat in that House. In his letter of resignation, Count Coronini, who belongs to the Constitutional party, declared that he had endeavored to do his duty according to his best

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belief, but that the conscientious fulfillment of duty did not insure success. He did not think that he could interpret the events that had taken place in the House of late, otherwise than by concluding from them that he no longer possessed the confidence of the House. He had become painfully aware that, in these circumstances, he could no longer be of service to the House, and he had, therefore, decided to give up his position. As the rules of the House did not allow of his resignation, and as he was not certain that the House would accede to his request to relieve him from the office, he had chosen the only course open and had resigned his seat. His seat was filled by the election of Dr. Smolka, the First Vice-President, while Prince Lobkowitz was elected to fill the latter post, so that the presidency, as well as both vice-presidencies, had now passed into the hands of the majority.

The session of the Reichstag was closed by the Government in June.

The continual anti-German policy of the Government brought about a union of the two factions of the Liberal and Constitutional parties into a German party, a union which was heartily approved by Dr. Herbst, the leader of the Constitutional party.

In April the Emperor sanctioned a measure empowering the Cisleithan ministry to raise a 5 per cent loan of 50,000,000 florins, which amount was required to make up the deficit in the last budget of this half of the empire. The loan was at once subscribed, and twentyfive times over, the amount actually offered being upward of 1,250,000,000 florins. The real amount of the issue was 54,347,800 florins, the price being at 92.

The foreign relations of the empire during the year were of the most friendly character. In August the Emperor met Emperor William of Germany at Gastein, and the usual demonstrations of friendship were made, while the meeting was said to be without any political significance.

On October 27th, King Humbert and Queen Margharita of Italy arrived in Vienna on a visit to the imperial family. It did not transpire what occurred at this meeting, but it was generally agreed that the greatest political significance was to be attached to it. It was regarded as marking the admission of Italy to the Austro-German alliance, while it was thought that at the same time questions relating to the estates of the deposed princes of Naples and Parma, who were closely related to the imperial family of Austria, were definitely settled. They were received with great demonstrations of friendship, and on their return the Emperor accompanied them as far as Venice.

The era of good feeling between the empire and Italy, which seemed to have been brought about by the visit of King Humbert, was threatened by some remarks made during a debate in the Hungarian delegation. At a committeemeeting, which was held with closed doors,

after Baron von Kallay, a chief of department in the ministry of foreign affairs, had stated that, in spite of the Irredenta movement, Austria entertained the most cordial relations toward Italy, Count Andrassy, who was at the time looked upon as the probable successor of Baron Haymerle, was thereupon reported to have stated, in the course of a speech, that he no longer feared the Irredenta movement, since the bond between the monarchy and Germany had become so strong. If the movement should lead to a war between Austria and Italy, and the latter country should be defeated, it might bring about serious consequences for the royal house of Italy. These remarks caused considerable excitement, and it was even stated that the Italian embassador was about to ask for his passports. In the full meeting of the Hungarian delegation of November 8th, Baron von Kallay declared the report of the meeting with these remarks to be incomplete, and added that he had laid particular stress upon the friendly relations brought about by the late visit of King Humbert, which seemed to have been received with satisfaction by all classes of the Italian population. Count Andrassy called to mind the fact that he had accompanied the Emperor to Venice, and that during his term of office he had kept up friendly relations with Italy.

The meeting of the Emperors of Germany and Russia at Dantzic, in September, called forth considerable surprise in Austria. But the prevailing feeling was that it would tend to strengthen the Austro-German alliance, and the Government hastened to give expression to this feeling in a dispatch to the Emperors at Dantzic, declaring its satisfaction at the meeting.

The assassination of the Emperor of Russia called forth expressions of sympathy from the Emperor. In the Upper House of the Reichsrath, the President gave expression at its first session to the feelings of abhorrence of the House at the crime. He said the event was the more painful, on account of the indication it gave of the existence of a dark but wide-spread conspiracy, threatening to undermine the principles of society, which the Upper House was bound to stand in the front rank to defend. The President, in conclusion, called upon the members present to rise from their seats in order to testify to the sorrow they experienced at this event, as well as to the sympathy they felt with the grief which filled the heart of the Austrian monarch, who in the Emperor Alexander II had lost a true friend. The President's remarks were warmly applanded. In the Lower House, however, the Poles declared that they could not vote for any resolutions of regret, and the new President, Smolka, a member of the Polish party, refused to permit any resolution of the kind to be discussed.

The monarchy suffered a severe loss in the death of Baron Haymerle, who died suddenly on October 10th, of apoplexy (see HAYMERLE).

He succeeded Count Andrassy as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1879, and had continued to hold the office. This vacancy was filled by the appointment of Count Kalnoky, the former embassador to Russia.

The victory of the Czechs in the university question was followed by excesses in Prague. Attacks were made on several occasions by the Bohemian students upon the Germans, and it was necessary for the authorities to interfere in behalf of the latter. The Ministry of Education, upon the recommendation of the senate of the university, ordered a suspension of the lectures for the summer, and a strict investigation. A number of Czech journals, which attempted to continue the agitation, were confiscated. Other excesses took place later in the year, in consequence of which the administration of the crown-land was placed in the hands of Field-Marshal Kraus, who had been up to that time the military governor.

The Czech excesses in Prague called forth the greatest indignation among the German population of the empire, notably in Vienna, where the Common Council passed resolutions condemning those excesses, while the language employed by the Liberal journals of that city was so strong as to cause the suspension of the latter.

A demand was made by the Czechs, that as Vienna was the capital of a state containing many different nationalities, of whom the Czechs formed a large part, that Czech teachers be employed in the public and industrial schools of that city. This demand was promptly met and denied by the Town Council.

The City Council of Prague, which is entirely in the hands of the Czechs, ordered that the children of Bohemian parents who were attending German schools should be removed from them. The councils of other communities passed similar resolutions, and, in consequence of the troubles arising therefrom, the matter was brought before the Provincial School Council. This body annulled the order of the city councils, and declared that it rested entirely with the parents to which school they wished to send their children.

On August 12th the Czech National Theatre in Prague was completely destroyed by fire a few days before it was to be opened. This conflagration called forth the deepest sympathy in all parts of the monarchy, and the Germans particularly tried to show, by their sympathy and their contributions to the collection which was taken up for its restoration, that they bore no ill-will to their Bohemian neighbors, and that it was their earnest desire to do away with the struggle between the different nationalities.

The marriage of the Crown Prince Rudolph to Stéphanie, the second daughter of the King of the Belgians, took place on May 10th, in Vienna. The ceremony was performed by Cardinal-Prince Schwarzenberg, Archbishop of

Prague, in the chapel in the Burg, the Imperial Palace, in the presence of the King and Queen of the Belgians, the Prince of Wales, the Prince and Princess of Prussia, and many others of high rank. The day was given up to public festivities, and the wedding called forth the greatest demonstrations of joy, not only on the part of the Viennese, but throughout the empire. After the ceremony, the bridal pair set out on a tour of the provinces, and were everywhere received with demonstrations of affection.

The Archduke Rudolph Francis Charles Joseph, Crown Prince Imperial of Austria, Crown Prince Royal of Hungary and Bohemia, was born August 21, 1858. He is the son and second child of the Emperor Francis Joseph and of the Empress Elizabeth, who was a daughter of Duke Maximilian of Bavaria.

Princess Stéphanie Clotilde Louise Marie Charlotte, second daughter of King Leopold II of the Belgians, and Queen Marie, a daughter of the Archduke John of Austria, Palatine of

Hungary, was born at Laeken, Brussels, on
May 21, 1864.

Vienna was visited on December 8th by one of the most disastrous conflagrations on record. The Ring Theatre was completely destroyed by fire, during which nearly one thousand persons were supposed to have lost their lives. The fire broke out at ten minutes before seven, when the theatre was already comfortably filled, and spread rapidly. In the rush for escape which ensued, the passages and doors became blocked, making exit an impossibility, especially from the galleries, and when the firemen entered the building they found heaps of dead bodies everywhere.

The Austrian census is taken at irregular intervals. The last census was taken on December 31, 1880, the one previous to that in 1869. It contains, as in almost all other European countries, only statistics of population. The population of Vienna, according to the last census, was 707,532, an increase of about 100,000 upon the population of 1869.

B

BACON, LEONARD, D. D., a distinguished scandal, well known throughout all the counAmerican Congregationalist clergyman, born try. Dr. Bacon was an active worker in periin Detroit, Michigan, February 19, 1802; died odical literature as well as in the special duties in New Haven, Connecticut, December 24, of his profession. From 1826 to 1838 he was 1881, having nearly completed his eightieth one of the editors of "The Christian Spectayear. His father was a missionary to the In- tor," a religious magazine published in New dians in the then "great West," and died in Haven. In 1843 he aided in establishing "The 1817, leaving three sons and four daughters. New-Englander," a bi-monthly, and kept up Leonard's preparatory education was at the his connection with it to the end of his life. Hartford school, and in 1817 he entered the He was also one of the founders of "The InSophomore class in Yale College. Among his dependent," in 1847, in company with Drs. classmates was Theodore D. Woolsey, after- Storrs and Thompson. For sixteen years he ward President of Yale, and a life-long friend was one of the regular working editors, but in and fellow-worker. Having been designated 1863 he retired from the active management of for a minister from the first, he entered An- this journal, though frequently contributing to dover Seminary in 1820, where he prosecuted its columns. Besides his industrious labors in bis theological studies for four years. In connection with journalism, Dr. Bacon pubMarch, 1825, he was ordained after the Con- lished a number of books: "Life of Richard gregational pattern, and invited to the pasto- Baxter" (1830); "Manual for Young Church rate of the First Congregational Church of Members" (1833); "Thirteen Historical DisNew Haven, the oldest society of this denomi- courses, on the Completion of Two Hundred nation in that city. Among his predecessors Years from the Beginning of the First Church had been Moses Stuart, professor at Andover, in New Haven" (1839); "Slavery discussed in and Dr. Taylor, professor in the theological Occasional Essays from 1833 to 1838" (1846); seminary at New Haven. The position thus "Christian Self-Culture" (1863); "Introducentered upon by the young and ardent minis- tory Essay" to Conybeare and Howson's St. ter was retained by him for forty-one years, Paul (1868); and a large number of addresses, when (in 1866) he was made Professor of The- etc., before colleges, which have been sepaology in Yale College. He was also appointed rately published. Dr. Bacon was an admirable lecturer on ecclesiastical history and American type of the American Congregationalist in both Church history. In March, 1874, he was mod- theory and practice. He was a man thorougherator of the council which met in Brooklyn, ly in earnest, and entirely settled and certain New York, and took part in pronouncing a in his convictions. Consequently, he was at rebuke to Henry Ward Beecher's society for times rather dogmatic, and very severe upon expelling Theodore Tilton without a formal his opponents, especially prelatical" folks, trial. In February, 1876, he was moderator whether Episcopal or Presbyterian. of the advisory council called by the Plymouth was an inherent love of polemics in him, and society in regard to the not altogether savory he enjoyed hugely the giving some people a

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good hammering with his pen. Few topics escaped his attention, and he took an active interest in political and social questions, quite as much so, in fact, as in those usually considered to belong to the ministerial profession. This was shown in his opposition to the early abolitionists of the Lloyd Garrison type, his earnest advocacy of the colonization scheme, his joining the Free-Soil party, his strong siding with the Union cause when secession became decided, his vigorous support of the movement which secured the repeal of the "omnibus clause" of the Connecticut divorce law, etc. Leonard Bacon will hold an honorable place in the records of the nineteenth century, and it may be doubted if there be any one in the Congregationalist body who can adequately supply his loss.

BAGLEY, JOHN J., ex-Governor of Michigan, died in San Francisco, California, July 27, 1881, having gone to the Pacific coast in pursuit of health. He was born in Medina, Orleans County, New York, July 24, 1832, his father being a native of New Hampshire and his mother of Connecticut. His school education was obtained at Lockport, New York. At the age of thirteen he went with his father to Michigan, settling at Constantine, in St. Joseph County, where for a brief period his time was divided between a clerkship in a village store and farm-work. At the age of fifteen he found his way to Detroit, and secured employment in a tobacco-factory, and when twenty-one years old engaged in the same line of business for himself, continuing therein, either as sole proprietor, partner, or stockholder, until his death, accumulating a large property. He was also largely interested in other manufacturing corporations, and for some years was vice-president of a national bank. He served Detroit as a member of the Board of Education, as alderman, and as a member and president of the Board of Police Commissioners. In 1868-'69 he was chairman of the Republican State Central Committee, gaining great credit in conducting the campaign of the former year. In 1872 he was nominated as the Republican candidate for Governor, and was elected by a large majority, running ahead of the Grant electors. He was re-elected in 1874. During his administration he was the firm friend of the charitable and educational institutions of the State, and urged legislation for the promotion of their interests -which he regarded as the interests of the State-while his words of official commendation were supplemented by liberal contributions, especially to the university and to the State Public School for Dependent Children. To his recommendation as Governor the State owes the change in its method of dealing with the liquor-traffic-from a dead-letter constitutional and statutory prohibition to effective taxation and restraining legislation. In January, 1881, he was a candidate for United States Senator for the term commencing March 4th, but was defeated in the Republican legislative

caucus by a single vote. In 1855 he was married to Frances E. Newberry, daughter of a pioneer missionary, who, with six children, survives him. Governor Bagley was a liberalist in religion, and was actively identified with the Unitarian Church at Detroit.

BANK SHARES, NATIONAL, SALE AND TAXATION OF. A provision of the National Banking Act makes it unlawful for a national banking association to loan money upon, purchase, or acquire its own stock, except to prevent loss on a debt previously contracted. A shareholder, who has parted with his shares to the bank, can in the event of subsequent insolvency be proceeded against the same as the other shareholders. The question whether an innocent person who has sold his shares, without suspicion that the bank was the purchaser, is held under that clause of the law, was before the courts for two years, and was finally decided by the Supreme Court at Washington in May. One Laffin sold shares of the National Bank of Missouri to a broker, to whom he delivered the certificate with a transfer power signed in blank, as is customary in stock-sales. The broker was the agent of the president of the bank, who received the certificate and paid for it with his individual check. He was acting for the bank, and the shares were entered on the books in the name of a clerk, and paid for out of the bank's funds. Two months later the bank failed. The receiver applied to the court to have the sale declared void. It was argued that, notwithstanding the good faith of the seller, the transfer was void because there was no legal purchaser, and also that as shareholder he had constructive notice of the bank's part of the transaction and of its insolvency. Justice Field's opinion states that the same rules hold in the case of national-bank shares which govern the sales of other corporation stocks. The delivery of the stock certificate, with blank transfer power indorsed, and the receipt of the price, completed the sale. The transfer on the books was not needful for passing the title. The validity of the sale, without the fraudulent complicity of the seller, was not affected by the subsequent illegal transaction.

A number of Federal court decisions have been made relative to the State taxation of national-bank shares which favor the State side of the question. In the German National Bank vs. Kimball, in Illinois, the Supreme Court refused an injunction against the tax, ruling that the person who wishes to resist a tax as unequal, must first tender so much of the tax as is just. In the same State a suit was brought in the Circuit Court, complaining of the law of 1880 under which the assessments were made as granting exemptions to stockholders of corporations other than banks. The court held that it was not the true effect of the law to discriminate against bank-shares. In Ohio the Circuit Court ruled that compulsory process may be issued by the State courts, requiring the officers to make an exhibit of the accounts

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I. REGULAR BAPTISTS IN THE UNITED STATES. -The statistics of the regular Baptist churches in the United States, as given by the "American Baptist Year-Book" for 1881, will be found in the table at the head of the next column.

The number of additions during the year by baptism were 102,724; number of Sundayschools, 13,492, with 116,355 officers and teachers, and 926,979 scholars. Total amount of benevolent contributions, $4,389,752.

The "Year-Book " gives lists of seven theological institutions, with 37 instructors and 430 students for the ministry; thirty-one colleges and universities, with 280 instructors and 4,609 students; forty-eight academies, seminaries, institutes, and female colleges, with 350 instructors and 5,522 students in the United States; and sixty-eight weekly, semi-monthly, monthly, and quarterly periodicals in the United States and Canada.

The anniversaries of the Northern Baptist societies of the United States were held at Indianapolis, Indiana, beginning with the meeting of the American Baptist Publication Society, May 19th. The receipts of this society for the year had been $326,820 in the business department and $94,317 in the missionary department, making a total of $421,137, and showing an increase in both departments of $71,573 over the receipts of the previous year. Fifty-seven new publications had been issued during the year, making the present number of publications on the society's cata

26,060 16,596 2,296,827

logue 1,326. Arrangements were in progress for the preparation of a series of commentaries on the New Testament under the supervision of Professor Alvah Hovey, D. D., of Newton Theological Seminary. In the missionary department, thirty-seven colporteurs and thirty-two State Sunday-school missionaries had been at work in forty-three States and Territories. Increased attention had been paid to the circulation of the Scriptures, of which 13,481 copies had been given away and many thousand copies sold. The German Baptist Publication House employed, with the aid of the National Bible Society of Scotland, twenty-two colporteurs, and had circulated 37,000 Bibles and Testaments, besides large quantities of tracts and other publications, in Germany. A Sunday-school Institute was held in connection with the anniversary of the society, at which efforts were resolved upon for establishing Sunday-schools among the colored people of the Baptist churches.

The forty-ninth annual meeting of the American Baptist Home Mission Society was held May 24th. The total amount of the receipts for the year had been $235,032, or $69,580 more than had been received in the previous

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