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by the same court to have been illegally issued. The vote on the Fishback amendment, which repudiates the bulk of the debt of Arkansas, was about 61,000 for, to 41,000 against. It was declared not carried, because it lacked 4,000 of a majority of all the votes cast. The liabilities, considered not binding by so large a proportion of the citizens of the State, consist of about $2,000,000 of levee bonds, $5,000,000 of railway-aid bonds, and other disputed liabilities, aggregating about $4,000,000. There is an admitted debt amounting to some $5,000,000, over half of which is funded. The ground on which the levee and railroad subsidy were outlawed by the courts, and on which they are disclaimed by the people, is principally that the acts authorizing their issue were not passed in the manner provided by the State Constitution. The other class of bonds which it is sought to exclude, known as the Holford bonds, were a part of the whole series issued under the funding act in 1870-'71. They are objected to on the ground of general fraud. The other funded bonds of the State are recognized as valid by all parties. The Legislature in the early part of the session of 1881 passed an act directing the Auditor and Treasurer to drop from their books the levee, railroad-aid, and Holford bonds.

The settlement of the debt question in a way which shall be understood to be final, whether by the acknowledgment of the entire debt, or the repudiation of a portion of it, would probably promote the commercial progress of Arkansas. The cessation of lawless license and the universal observance of legal methods would have a much more powerful effect in attracting capital and immigration. The recent extension of railroads is already leading to the establishment of new industries, and the enlargement of the agricultural area. Although its develop ment has been slower than that of any other State, the natural resources of Arkansas are scarcely excelled. Nearly the entire area of the State is cultivable land of high average quality. The soil is seven to ten feet in depth, and contains potash, soda, magnesia, ferrous oxide, lime, and phosphoric acid in favorable quantities. The greater part of the 10,000,000 acres donated by Congress as "swamp-lands," need no reclamation whatever. Timber-land in this State is easily brought under cultivation, as stumps rot thoroughly in three years. The crops of the prairie States and of the Gulf States thrive equally. The yield of cotton is as large in proportion to the labor applied as in any part of America. It is a surer crop in Southern Arkansas, probably, than in any other district. Sugar-cane, tobacco, and all the cereals are cultivated with profit. The planting-season lasts from February till August, so that, if a crop does not promise well, a second one can be planted and harvested the same season.

Arkansas is one of the richest timber States in the Union, though this source of wealth has been as yet but little developed. The abundant VOL. XXI.-3 A

growth of excellent black-walnut will doubtless come into requisition as the supplies of that valuable wood fail in Indiana, Upper Canada, and other northern districts, while the demand still increases. There are seventy varieties of useful timber in Arkansas. Besides black-walnut, there are numerous other highly-prized timber-trees, which attain large proportions, and grow in abundance. There are several varieties of the oak. The cherry, the boisd'arc, the holly, and the maple furnish choice qualities of timber. The cedar, the beech, the poplar, the cypress, the hickory, and the ash are common. The yellow pine grows to large size, and its forests take up one tenth of the area of the State. With 2,500 miles of navigable rivers, with a greater length of running water than any other inland State, the facilities for driving logs render the wealth of valuable lumber, which clothes a greater part of the State's surface, easily accessible. Walnut logs have already been shipped in large quantities to Eastern manufactories and to England. The price of this favorite wood is constantly rising. The lumber was at first floated in rafts, buoyed up by intermingled cypress logs, to New Orleans, and thence shipped on cars to the East, but is now transported directly by rail.

Arkansas is also a State of extraordinary though undeveloped mineral wealth. The coalfields, covering 12,000 square miles, and containing more than those of Great Britain, afford anthracite and cannel as well as bituminous coal, deposited in strata of four to nine feet in thickness. The semi-anthracite quality characteristic of these beds renders the coal excellent for smelting and manufacturing purposes. The iron-ores are as rich as those of Missouri, and nearly as abundant. Specular and hematite ores both abound. The lead-ores of Arkansas are of remarkable richness, containing, not only a large percentage of lead, but a considerable proportion of silver associated with it. Veins have been found yielding 70 per cent of pure lead and 200 ounces of silver per ton; and assays of 6 per cent of silver have been known. Perhaps the largest zinc deposits on the continent are found in this State, and stores of manganese unexcelled in any part of the world. Among the other prospectively valuable mineral resources are mines of salt, antimony in abundance, gypsum in greater quantities than the other States contain together, and, in Pike County, near the Little Missouri River, a whole mountain of fine alabaster. Silver-mining operations are being started in the Mount Ida district, in Montgomery County. The ores are as rich as many which are profitably worked in districts where the business has been long established, but where the facilities are far inferior. In Pulaski County, just out of Little Rock, there are other ledges of ore which assay from 50 to 1,200 ounces a ton. Zinc is found in vast, easily accessible beds of calamine, or carbonate, which is the most easily worked of the zinc-ores, and also in the form of the

sulphuret or blende. Works established in Lawrence County for converting the calamine into metallic zinc have been abandoned, probably from want of capital. In the northern counties there are vast quantities of marble of many varieties, and of admirable texture for building and monumental purposes.

COUNTIES.
Calhoun
Carroll.

Chicot..
Clark.

Clay..
Columbia.
Conway.
Craighead.
Crawford

Crittenden

Cross..
Dallas.

Desha

Drew.

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Faulkner..

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Franklin..
Fulton....
Garland.
Grant...

Greene
Hempstead..
Hot Spring.
Howard.

Izard

Independence.
Jackson....
Jefferson..
Johnson...

La Fayette.

Lawrence.

Lee..
Little River..
Logan....

Lincoln

The great extension of railroad facilities, which is in prospect, will contribute largely to the material development of Arkansas. Railroad companies contemplate the building of Dorsey. some 2,000 miles of new railroad within the State lines. They do not expect any assistance from the State, since the constitutional limit of 850 miles of railway altogether for which the State, county, and city credit may be pledged, was reached several years ago, the aid award. ed amounting to $9,900,000 in all. The Iron Mountain Company, which has already done much to build up the State, contemplates building 900 miles of branch lines. One will reach from near the Missouri line to Vidalia, opposite Natchez. The second will run from about 30 miles south of the north line of Arkansas straight west 150 miles. Another will extend from Little Rock southeast to the Louisiana line. The fourth will extend from 85 miles southeast of Little Rock to Alexandria, Louisiana, on the Red River. The extension of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé to the Mississippi will enter Arkansas at Fort Smith, and pass across the State from side to side, 200 miles. The St. Louis and San Francisco is completing the section from the north State line to Texarkana, 200 miles long, whence it will follow the course of the Red River to a point opposite Natchez, 150 miles farther. The Memphis and Charleston intends crossing the State from the east. The line being built by the Texas and St. Louis Company intersects the State diagonally from the southwest to the northeast corner, 300 miles. The same railroad company is adding a branch, 120 miles long, running from Little Rock to Shreveport. The Fort Scott, Southeastern and Memphis Railroad is building a line from Springfield, Missouri, to the Mississippi, opposite Memphis, traversing the State for 200 miles. Besides these, various shorter lines and branches have been surveyed, and some are under construction.

The pro

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9.255 Yell
6.404
14,555

Total......... 802,525

The result of the presidential election in the State was-Hancock, Democrat, 60,775; Garfield, Republican, 42,436; Weaver, Greenback, 4,079: total vote, 107,290. Hancock's majority over Garfield, 14,260.

The vote for State officers was as follows:

FOR SECRETARY OF STATE.
Jacob Frolich, Democrat..
C. E. Tobey, Greenback.

FOR TREASURER.
W. E. Woodruff, Jr., Democrat....
W. A. Watson, Greenback..

FOR AUDITOR.
John Crawford, Democrat
C. E. Cunningham, Greenback

FOR ATTORNEY-GENERAL.

86,782 27,630

86,937

26,443

86,997

26,270

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The vote for members of Congress was as follows:

District.

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15,753

Johnson, Republican..

10,407

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12.146

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6,255

Peel, Independent Democrat..

5,731

Population.

20.858

The State Legislature was divided as follows: Apaches are held as prisoners for trial. Some

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ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. The military divisions and their departments, with the names of the commanding generals, are as follows:

Military Division of the Missouri, Lieutenant-General Sheridan.

A. Department of Dakota, Brigadier-General Terry.

B. Department of the Platte, Brigadier-General Crook.

C. Department of the Missouri, BrigadierGeneral Pope.

D. Department of Texas, Brigadier-General Augur.

Military Division of the Atlantic, Major-General Hancock.

A. Department of the East, Major-General Hancock.

B. Department of the South, Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General Hunt.

Military Division of the Pacific and Department of California, Major-General McDowell. A. Department of the Columbia: 1. Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General Wheaton; and, 2. Brigadier-General Miles.

B. Department of Arizona, Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General Willcox.

The Department of West Point is under General O. O. Howard, and the artillery-school at Fort Monroe, Virginia, is under command of Brevet Major-General Getty.

The total enlisted force of the army in October, 1881, was 23,596 men. There were 120 companies of cavalry, 60 of artillery, and 250 of infantry.

For a short time, viz., from January 31, 1881, to May 9, 1881, a Military Division "of the Gulf" was constituted by President Hayes, embracing Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and the Indian Territory, with Major-General Schofield in command; but, as this division was found to fulfill no useful military end, it was discontinued by President Garfield, leaving boundaries as they existed before.

While the troops have been kept very busy during the past year, no serious Indian or other war has occurred, but great progress has been made in collecting and locating Indians, hitherto hostile, on their proper reservations. Sitting Bull and his adherents, who had fled into British territory, are now held at Fort Randall, Dakota, as prisoners of war, and the Utes have been moved to a new reservation in Utah. A sudden outbreak of a part of the Apaches occurred in Arizona. In this case it was found necessary to re-enforce for a short time the usual garrisons in Arizona by a strong detachment from New Mexico under Colonel Mackenzie of the Fourth Cavalry. Some of the guilty

have escaped into Mexico, while the greater part of the tribe remains on their reservation at San Carlos, under their proper civil agent.

The actual expenditures under the War Department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1881, were $42,122,201.39.

The appropriations for 1882 were $44,889,725.42.

The estimates for 1883 are $44,541,276.91. The estimates presented to the Secretary for revision included

For armament of fortifications...

Fortifications and other works of defense..
Improving rivers and harbors...
Improving Mississippi River, by commission..
Public buildings and grounds in and near Wash-
ington
Surveys of lakes..

Total.....

$720,000

4,186,500

29,101,300

4,323,000

749,000

20,000

$89,099,800

This amount was reduced, on his revision, to aggregate $10,689,000.

The remainder of the estimates includes salaries and expenses of the departmental civil establishment and amounts for the support of the army, for armories and arsenals, and for miscellaneous objects. For these purposes the estimates for 1883 were $33,852,276.91, being $296,321.37 in excess of the estimates for 1882, and $2,082,851.49 more than the appropriations for the current fiscal year. While the estimates of expenses for this class show an increase, there is in the estimates of expenses for improvements, including rivers and harbors, a decrease which overbalances the difference, and makes the estimates for 1883 $348,448.51 less than the appropriations for 1882.

The report of the General of the Army calls attention to the public necessity of legislation authorizing the army to be recruited to a strength of thirty thousand enlisted men. There are in the army four hundred and thirty companies, which are necessarily widely scattered over the vast domain, to guard property and to prevent, as far as foresight can, complications and troubles of every variety and kind; at one time protecting the settlers against Indians, and again Indians against the settlers. When these occur, re-enforcements have to be hurried forward from great distances, and always at heavy cost for transportation of men, horses, wagons, and supplies. This cost in the aggregate is estimated more than sufficient to supply an increase of twenty per cent of private soldiers.

The number of deaths of soldiers was 130 from disease and 67 from wounds and injuries, being 9 per 1,000 of mean strength, the fatal results in cases treated being as 1 to 190.

The number of new official demands upon the record and pension division during the fiscal year, for information as to the cause of death in the case of deceased soldiers and the hospital record of invalids, was 55,040. The average number of such demands, during the previous ten years, had been 22,245 annually, and the number during the fiscal year termi

nating June 30, 1880, was 39,241; the number received during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1881, being an increase of 40 per cent over the previous fiscal year, and of 147 per cent over the annual average of the previous ten years.

At the commencement of the fiscal year 6,964 cases remained unanswered, making 62,004 cases to be disposed of during the year. Search was made and replies furnished to the proper authorities in 40,596 of these cases, leaving 21,408 unanswered cases on hand on the 1st of July, 1881.

ARNIM, Count HARRY VON, ex-embassador of Prussia at Paris, died at Nice, May 19th. He was born of an influential family of the Prussian aristocracy in Pomerania, in 1824. His uncle, who had adopted him, was Minister for Foreign Affairs. He embarked in a diplomatic career at an early age. In 1864 he first won celebrity as envoy to Rome, gaining special credit by his attitude toward the Ecumenical Council. He was summoned to Versailles in 1871 to aid in settling terms of peace with the French, and took a leading part in the negotiations which resulted in the Treaty of Frankfort. In June, 1872, he was appointed embassador to Paris. Differences of opinion, which had long existed between him and the German Chancellor, led to his recall and assignment to Constantinople in April, 1874. The publication of his Roman dispatches caused his dismissal from the service. The polemical discussion to which he challenged Prince Bismarck was answered by his prosecution and sentence to imprisonment on the charge of having filched state documents from the archives of the German embassy at Paris. He had previously removed himselt beyond the jurisdiction of the German courts. A pamphlet published anonymously, in which he sought to trace evidences of the personal spite of the Chancellor in his former prosecution, led to a new indictment, and his sentence to five years of penal servitude for leze-majesty and insults to the Chancellor and the Foreign Office. In pamphlets published in 1878 he criticised in a calm and dignified tone the aggressive policy of the German Government against the Catholic Church, arguing that Prussia should have aimed to establish a national Catholic Church in Germany. In later years he desired to return to Germany and stand his trial for high-treason, the sentence for which crime hung suspended over him; but the authorities refused to appoint a new trial.

ARTHUR, CHESTER ALLAN, elected VicePresident of the United States in 1880; succeeded to the presidency on the death of James A. Garfield, September 19th. He was born in Fairfield, Franklin County, Vermont, October 5, 1830, and was the eldest of a family of two sons and three daughters. His father, the Rev. William Arthur, was a Baptist clergyman, who had emigrated at the age of eighteen from the county of Antrim, Ireland. He was a man of some prominence in his denomination,

having been pastor of Calvary Baptist Church in New York city from 1855 to 1863, and was the author of a work on "Family Names," which displayed great erudition of a peculiar kind. He died in Newtonville, near Albany, New York, October 27, 1875. The President's early education was acquired in the schools of Vermont, and at the age of fifteen he entered Union College at Schenectady, New York, graduating high in his class in 1849. During his college course he supported himself in part by teaching, and after his graduation he continued in that occupation for about two years, being for a time Principal of the Pownal Academy in Vermont. Meantime he had also devoted himself to the study of the law, and, having saved a few hundred dollars from his earnings as a teacher, he set out for New York, where he entered the office of ex-Judge E. D. Culver. Having been admitted to the bar, he formed a partnership with his intimate friend Henry D. Gardiner, and the two set out with a view to settling in the West. After searching about for some time, they returned to New York, and settled down to practice there, rapidly acquiring a good degree of success. Early in his professional career Mr. Arthur married a daughter of Lieutenant Herndon, of the United States Navy, an officer who had gone down with his ship at sea, and whose widow was the recipient of a gold medal, voted by Congress, in recognition of his bravery. Mrs. Arthur died in 1880.

In the latter part of 1852 one Jonathan Lemmons, of Virginia, on his way to Texas with eight slaves, was awaiting the sailing of the steamer in New York, when a writ of habeas corpus was obtained on behalf of the slaves. It was held by Judge Paine that they could not be held to servitude in the State of New York, nor returned to it in the South, under the provisions of the fugitive-slave law. Their liberation was accordingly ordered. The Legislature of Virginia took up the case, and authorized the Attorney-General of the State to take action for the recovery of the slaves. Mr. Arthur was associated with Mr. William M. Evarts on the other side, and they won the case both before the court of first instance and in the Supreme Court of the United States, where it was carried on appeal, and where Mr. Charles O'Conor argued the claims of the slaveholder. In 1856 Mr. Arthur took up the case of Lizzie Jennings, a colored girl, who had been forcibly ejected from a streetcar in New York city, after paying her fare. He brought suit for damages before Judge Rockwell in Brooklyn, and recovered $500 for the girl. The result was, the abrogation of the rule of the street railroad companies which had previously forbidden colored persons to ride in the same cars with other passengers.

Mr. Arthur early took an active interest in politics as a Henry Clay Whig, and was a delegate to the convention, at Saratoga, which founded the Republican party of New York.

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