ingeniously arranged bed, designed by Mr. T. N. Ely, the fatigue incident to the transportation was reduced to a minimum. Nevertheless, as was anticipated, some signs of the disturbance produced by the journey have been exhibited since his arrival, by rise of temperature and increased frequency of pulse. At present his pulse is 124; temperature, 101 60°; respiration, 18. D. HAYES AGNEW, FRANK H. HAMILTON, D. W. BLISS, J. K. BARNES, J. J. WOODWARD, ROBERT REYBURN. The President showed signs of gratification at the change, but there was no immediate evidence of improvement. On the 8th the symptoms were regarded as promising again, and at the patient's request Drs. Barnes, Woodward, and Reyburn withdrew from the case, leaving it in the hands of Drs. Bliss, Agnew, and Hamilton. The same week a day of prayer for the recovery of the President was observed in several of the States. For two or three days the reports were hopeful, but bronchial trouble was developing, and threatening the lungs. From the 11th to the 15th the reports were fluctuating and rather dispiriting. The patient was placed for a few hours each day in a reclining chair where he could gaze from the window of the cottage upon the sea. On the 16th there was a serious relapse, with marked symptoms of blood-poisoning, including severe chills, fever, and inability to retain anything in the stomach. The last day is thus briefly described by Dr. Bliss: At 8 A. M., September 19th, the pulse was 106 and feeble temperature, 108.8°, and all the conditions unfavorable. In half an hour afterward there was still another chill, followed by febrile rise and sweating, and also with pain as before. During the periods of chill and fever he was more or less unconscious. He passed all day in comparative comfort, and at 8.30 in the evening his pulse was 108, respiration 20, and temperature evidently a little lower than normal. At 10.10 P. M. I was summoned hastily to the bedside, and found the President in an unconscious and dying condition, pulseless at the wrist, with extreme pallor, the eyes opened and turned upward, and respiration 8 per minute, and gasping. Placing my finger upon the carotid, I could not recognize pulsation; applying my ear over the heart, I detected an indistinct flutter, which continued until 10.35, when he expired. The brave and heroic sufferer, the nation's patient, for whom all had labored so cheerfully and unceasingly, had passed away. Besides the physicians there were present at the moment of death Mrs. Garfield and her daughter, Colonel Rockwell, Mr. O. C. Rockwell, General Swaim, Dr. Boynton, J. Stanley Browne and Warren Young, the President's private secretaries, and four attendants of the sick-chamber. Death was preceded by a severe pain at the heart, and the President's last words were, "O Swaim!" The announcement of his demise evoked expressions of universal grief, not only throughout this country but from the principal cities of the Old World. Messages of condolence came from representatives of authority abroad as well as at home, and from many private and unofficial sources. MRS. GARFIELD, LONG BRANCH: Words can not express the deep sympathy I feel with you at this terrible moment. May God support and comfort you as he alone can! THE QUEEN. An autopsy of the body was made on the afternoon of September 20th, Dr. D. S. Lamb, of the Medical Museum at Washington, handling the knife, and all the physicians who had taken part in the case, as well as Dr. Andrew H. Smith, of Elberon, being present. The result showed that the diagnosis of the wound, so far as it concerned the course of the bullet, had been mistaken from the start. The following is the official announcement of the result of the autopsy: By previous arrangement a post-mortem examination of the body of President Garfield was made this afternoon, in the presence and with the assistance of Reyburn, Andrew H. Smith, of Elberon, and acting Drs. Hamilton, Agnew, Bliss, Barnes, Woodward, Assistant Surgeon D. S. Lamb, of the Army Medical Museum, Washington. The operation was performed uring the right eleventh rib, had passed through the by Dr. Lamb. It was found that the ball, after fractspinal column in front of the spinal canal, fracturing the body of the first lumbar vertebra, driving a number of small fragments of bone into the adjacent soft parts, and lodging below the pancreas, about two inches and a half to the left of the spine, and behind the peritoneum, where it had become completely encysted. The immediate cause of death was secondary hemorrhage from one of the mesenteric arteries adjoining the track of the ball, the blood rupturing the peritonæum, and nearly a pint escaping into the abdominal cavity. This hæmorrhage is believed to have been the cause of the severe pain in the lower part of the chest complained of just before death. An abscess cavity, six inches by four in dimensions, was found in the vicinity of the gall-bladder, between the liver and the transverse colon, which were strongly adherent. It did not involve the substance of the liver, and no communication was found between it and the wound. A long, suppurating channel extended from the external wound between the loinmuscles and the right kidney almost to the right groin. This channel, now known to be due to the burrowing of pus from the wound, was supposed during life to have been the track of the ball. On an examination of the organs of the chest evidences of severe bronchitis were found on both sides, with broncho-pneumonia of the lower portions of the right lung, and, though to a much less extent, of the left. The lungs contained no abscesses and the heart no clots. The liver was enlarged and fatty, but free from abscesses. Nor were any found on any other organ, except the left kidney, which contained near its surface a small abscess about one third of an inch in diameter. In reviewing the history of the case in connection with the autopsy, it is quite evident that fractured, spongy tissue of the vertebræ, furnish a sufthe different suppurating surfaces, and especially the ficient explanation of the septic condition which existed. D. W. BLISS, J. K. BARNES, Dr. Bliss concluded a review of the case, published in the "Medical Record," in October, as follows: The most important points revealed by the autopsy, and which are to be considered by the profession, are: 1. Would the condition of the President, immediately after his injury, have justified a more thorough exploration of the wound, or would such a procedure have been safe at any time before primary reaction was established? 2. Was his transfer to the Executive Mansion timely and properly made? 3. Were the best and most judicious means instituted to secure prompt reaction? 4. After reaction was comparatively complete on the 3d of July, and when there had occurred spontaneous evacuations of normal urine and alvine evacuations, and an absence of any evidence of internal hæmorrhage or peritonitis, would further exploration have been necessary, especially when it is considered that the probable reopening of the lacerated vessels would induce hæmorrhage? 5. Were the surgeons then in attendance justified in deferring any further exploration until the arrival of the distinguished counsel on the morning of July 4th? 6. At the consultation, July 4th, and after it was proved to be impossible to follow the track of the ball any considerable distance beyond the fractured rib, would an operation have been justifiable, necessitating an incision through the soft parts, and a removal of a portion of the rib, so as to develop the track? 7. In the light of modern military surgery, which teaches the readiness with which leaden balls become encysted, would an operation at any time for removal of the missile have been justified unless there was some evidence of the missile being a source of irritation? 8. Considering carefully the condition of the President during the entire period of his illness, and the facts revealed by the autopsy, would not any operation for the purposes before mentioned have placed the President's life in great jeopardy, and, at best, have hastened the time of his death without affording any signal relief? limit? 9. Was the treatment of the case as presented proper, and did it or not prolong his life to the utmost 10. Was the mistaken diagnosis a natural result of the conditions present, and, to have developed a correct diagnosis, would not operative procedures have ensued? 11. If we had known the exact course and locality of the ball, and the organs injured in its passage, should the treatment have been modified in any particular? I desire to say, in a brief review of the leading facts as to the general conduct of the case, that it has been apparent to the medical reader that my prognosis was favorable, and, notwithstanding the mutations, I augured a successful termination. It is but justice to myself to state that my prognosis was based on a lesion of minor importance. Had our diagnosis been correct, modern surgery should have conducted the case to a successful termination. I believe the medical profession, whom I address, will bear me out that the prognosis was correct, if the diagnosis had been also correct. I was not always able, during the progress of the case, to account for many of the more profound symptoms, and yet could not succeed in learning of any more extensive or complicated lesions than were first suspected. I desire to make the inquiry whether more extensive explorations could have been safely made, or whether the condition presented-a knowledge of the relative position of the patient to the assassin, the character of the missile, and the condition of the lesion and symptoms which followwould have directed the investigation toward the actual track and lodgment of the ball, the track of the ball presenting a course of entrance downward and forward to the point of impingement upon the eleventh rib, and being then deflected to the left at almost a right angle, passing behind the kidney, perforating the intervertebral cartilage and first lumbar vertebra VOL. XXI.-21 A anterior and to the left of the kidney, and finding its lodgment below the left extremity of the pancreas, wounding in its track the splenic artery. I would ask if any known instrument or means of exploration has ever been presented to the profession capable of tracing before the death of said patient the course of this bullet? Also whether the conditions could have been improved or mitigated, or his life preserved longer by any other line of treatment; whether, in view of the facts, modern conservative surgery could offer anything more for the comfort or recovery of the illustrious patient? It is proper to state, in conclusion, that the most approved antiseptic dressings were used during the entire progress of the case. There was considerable lay and professional discussion of the medical treatment, the general conclusion being that, aside from the mistaken diagnosis, the wound was necessarily mortal, and it is doubtful if anything more could have been done to mitigate the sufferings of the patient. The remains lay at the Francklyn Cottage, Elberon, until Wednesday, September 21st, and the public was admitted to view the face of the dead President. After brief religious ceremonies at ten o'clock, on the 21st, the body was borne by special train from Long Branch, and, passing silent and reverent crowds at every station, reached Washington at about 4.30, where it was received by an imposing funeral escort and taken to the Capitol. It was laid in state under the great dome, previous to being taken to Cleveland, Ohio, for burial. It was exposed to view during the 22d, and crowds of people passed through the rotunda to look upon the face of the deceased. Meantime, preparations were made in Cleveland for receiving the remains, and there the principal obsequies were to take place. On the afternoon of the 23d, after impressive ceremonies in the rotunda of the Capitol, the coffin was borne to the station of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, and the funeral train started a little after five o'clock. Official representatives of the various departments of the Government, of most of the States, and many municipal corporations, accompanied or followed the remains. The train, heavily draped with mourning emblems, entered Cleveland at 1.20 o'clock P. M., on the 24th, and the body was placed in state on a catafalque beneath a pavilion erected for the purpose in the center of Monumental Park. All day on Sunday, the 25th, a great concourse of people passed the pavilion, and on the following day an impressive funeral took place, and the remains were deposited in a tomb in Lake View Cemetery, to await the preparation of the place of final sepulture which had been set apart for the purpose by the trustees of the cemetery. The procession included a military and civic pageant of unusual proportions. The day of the funeral, September 26th, was observed throughout the country as an occasion of general mourning, in response to a proclamation of President Arthur, which had been supplemented in many of the States by the recommendations of their Gov ernors. There was a general suspension of business, a draping of public and private buildings, and religious services in many churches. The day was also extensively observed in Europe, and for the first time mourning was ordered in court circles in behalf of an official of a republic. A committee was at once organized in Cleveland to take charge of the project of raising an appropriate monument over the final resting-place of the dead President, a popular subscription for the purpose being invited. Already a subscription had been started in New York for the benefit of the bereaved family, which reached the sum of over $360,000, the income to be paid to Mrs. Garfield during her life, and the principal to be divided among her children on her death. GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS AND DISCOVERY. On the 20th of December came tidings from the Jeannette polar expedition, which had not been heard from for two years and a quarter, and was almost given up as lost. The Governor of Eastern Siberia telegraphed that the Jeannette had been wrecked, and that two boat-loads of the crew had landed near the mouth of the Lena River. The Jeannette was crushed in the ice on the 23d of June, about five hundred geographical miles northeast of the Lena delta, in latitude 77° north, longitude 157° east. The officers and crew retreated with sledges and boats. They embarked in three boats, which kept together till, within fifty miles of the mouth of the Lena, they were driven apart by a heavy gale, and prevented from finding each other again by a fog. The whale-boat, containing Lieutenant Danenhower, who was disabled, Chief-Engineer Melville, who took the command, and nine men, entered the east mouth of the Lena River on the 17th of September. They were stopped by ice in the river, but found a native village, where they received succor. Melville placed himself in communication with the Russian commandant at Boloemga. They were promptly assisted by the Russian authorities, and afterward conveyed to Yakutsk. Ninderman and Noras arrived at Boloemga, October 29th, bringing the information that the first cutter, containing Lieutenant De Long, Dr. Ambler, and twelve men, had landed at the north mouth of the Lena. They were in a pitiable condition, all badly frozen, and in danger of starvation. Native scouts were sent out to relieve them. As soon as he was able, Melville conducted a search-party to the mouth of the Lena to relieve the other boat's crew. He found the spot where De Long and his companions had encamped, but they had all departed. The log-books and instruments of the Jeannette were buried in the ground, and the spot marked by stakes. Three letters by De Long were found in the deserted huts. Not withstanding the information afforded by these records of the intentions of the retreating party, a prolonged search proved fruitless. The Russian authorities took measures for continuing the search during the winter. Melville received permission from Washington to remain with two men and renew the quest in March. At the close of the year no news had been received of the second boat, containing Lieutenant Chipp with the rest of the crew. Danenhower and the other nine men of the rescued party set out for the United States. Lieutenant Danenhower was incapacitated for commanding the party or taking part in the search by reason of temporary blindness. The Jeannette expedition was equipped at the expense of the publisher of the "New York Herald," J. G. Bennett, and departed on a polar search in 1879, sailing from San Francisco, July 8th. The commander was Lieutenant G. W. De Long, of the United States Navy, an experienced Arctic explorer, who had taken part in the expedition on the Juniata in 1873, in search of the survivors of the stranded Polaris. The steam-yacht Pandora, just returning from an Arctic voyage, was purchased for the expedition, and strengthened and fitted out with every appointment for a long voyage in the polar regions. She was provisioned for three years. Captain De Long selected the route to the east of Wrangel Land. He expected that he would be obliged to resort to sledges in ascending to the pole, and chose this untried route, because the ice in the regions north of Behring Strait is of a more favorable character than about Smith's Sound, or Franz-Josef Land, where the highest latitudes had been made. There was supposed to be much land north of East Siberia, if Wrangel Land itself was not an Arctic continent, possibly the continuation of Greenland, as conjectured by Petermann. The last authentic news from the Jeannette was the letters to the "Herald," from Oonalaska and St. Lawrence Bay, before she sailed for the unexplored north, the latest dated August 27, 1879. She was last seen on the 2d of September of that year, sailing on the intended course, fifty marine miles south of Herald Island. The Jeannette was a steam-yacht, built originally for the British Government, and intended as a dispatch-boat. She was bark-rigged, with considerable rake, long and narrow, and lying low in the water. She registered 420 tons. She was sold by the Royal Navy, immediately after she was built, to Allan Young, an English yachtsman and Arctic voyager. After Captain Young had made one trip in her, she was purchased by James Gordon Bennett for the Herald expedition. Her beams and braces were re-enforced until it was thought that she could not be nipped in the ice. She already had a wedge-shaped floor, a form which was supposed to insure her against being crushed between icefloes, as is common with flat-floored or straightsided vessels, the sloping bottom being designed to raise her above the ice. Lieutenant George W. De Long was born in New York in 1844, and received his promotion as lieutenant in the navy in 1869. He was an enthusiastic polar navigator, and was bent upon being the discoverer of the north pole. He had the repu tation of being an officer of much energy and executive talent. The second officer was Lieutenant Charles W. Chipp, of the United States Navy, who had been a companion of De Long in a perilous voyage in a steam-launch to the northward from Upernavik, in Greenland, where the Juniata was stopped by the ice in the search for the missing members of the Polaris crew. The third officer was Master John Wilson Danenhower, of the United States Navy. The engineer, George W. Melville, had served on the Tigress, in her voyage for the relief of the Polaris party. Dr. James Markham Marshall Ambler, the physician, was a surgeon in the navy. Jerome J. Collins, the scientist and correspondent of the "New York Herald," was born in Cork, Ireland, in 1841; an engineer by profession, he was the organizer of the "Herald" weather bureau, which was started about 1873. Raymond L. Newcomb was the taxidermist. The ice-pilot was William Dunbar, an experienced whaling captain. The crew was composed as follows: Jack Cole, boatswain; Alfred Sweetman, carpenter's mate; George Washington Boyd, carpenter; William Ninderman, carpenter; Walter Lee, machinist; George Landertack, coal-heaver; Louis Phillip Noras, Herbert Wood Leach, Henry David Warner, James H. Bartlett, George Stephenson, Adolph Dressler, Carl August Gortz, Peter Edward Johnson, Henry Wilson, Edward Star, Hans Haelnor Erickson, Henry Hansen Kaack, Neils Ivorson, and Albert George Kaihne, seamen. There were also two Chinamen in the crew. De Long stated his intention of landing on Wrangel Land, and of leaving records in cairns on its eastern shore, and on Herald Island. No serious apprehensions for the safety of the expedition were felt until the spring of 1881. When the news came that Lieutenant Berry, commander of the Rodgers, had thoroughly explored, without finding any traces of the Jeannette expedition, the coast of Wrangel Land, which was found to be an insignificant island, thus disappointing all the theories as to the configuration of the region and the course of the Jeannette, the anxiety concerning the safety of the explorers was intensified. Rumors had come of shipwrecked white men seen by natives in different parts of the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The smoke of a steamer was reported to have been seen by Yakuts near the mouth of the Lena River, in September, 1880. A party of white sailors were reported to be making their way up the Mackenzie River, and the Hudson Bay Company was urged to institute a search in that region. A report came later that wandering Samoyeds had found the corpses of two Europeans on the Siberian coast, near the mouth of the Yenisei. Experience of the currents of the Arctic strengthened the conclusion that the Jeannette when ice-bound had been carried to the westward instead of eastward. Another conjecture was that De Long had ascended to the pole in sledges, and then made his way either to Smith Sound or The Spitzbergen, the nearest points where he would be likely to fall in with walrus-hunters. There was the possibility also of his reaching a very high latitude in clear water, and then being caught in the ice or prevented from continuing bis northward course by the ice-pack. ship might then be carried to the islands at the entrance of the northwest passage, or upon Grant Land, or the northern coast of Greenland. If there should be found to be an open polar sea, it was conjectured that the Jeannette might have sailed clear across the polar basin and have come out on the east coast of Greenland, or the northern shore of Spitzbergen. No polar expedition since the loss of Sir John Franklin's party has caused so much solicitude, and elicited so many efforts for its rescue. During the season of 1881, measures were taken to search every shore of the polar basin for the lost explorers. At Five expeditions were sent into the polar regions by the United States Government in 1881, all of which took instructions to search for the missing Arctic cruiser, one of these having for its sole object the search for the Jeannette and the lost whalers, Mount Wollaston and Vigilant. This was the Rodgers expedition, under the command of Lieutenant Berry, which was sent over the same route pursued by the Jeannette, in the hope of finding on Wrangel Land records of the expedition and indications of its future movements. about the same time that the Rodgers left San Francisco the Alliance, under Commander Wadleigh, sailed from Norfolk for the waters north of Spitzbergen, on the chance of the expedition's having crossed the pole in sledges. The revenue cutter Corwin, in command of Captain Hooper, was directed to land on Wrangel Land, if possible, during the summer cruise, to seek for traces of the Jeannette. The two government meteorological expeditions to Alaska and to Smith Sound were also instructed to explore the regions near their stations in quest of indications of the fate of the Jeannette. Leigh Smith, the English explorer, in his summer's trip to Franz-Josef Land, volunteered to make a special search for the Jeannette in that neighborhood, and the Dutch exploring ship William Barents also intended searching the coast of Nova Zembla for traces of the expedition. The special search expedition under Lieutenant Berry was directed, if the researches on Wrangel Land proved fruitless, to repair to the coast of Siberia, and pursue their inquiries along the whole northern shore. At the time when the news of the rescue of part of the Jeannette's crew came, Lieutenant Hovgaard, Nordenskiöld's companion, was planning an expedition over the track he had sailed in the Vega, to search the same ground which Berry was to go over later. He concluded, from the report of a steamer having been seen off the mouth of the Lena, together with that of white men found dead by Samoyeds at the mouth of the Yenisei, that the Jeannette had met with disaster off the shore of Asia. His conjecture was that De Long had skirted the ice-fields to the westward until he had made up his mind to make a dash for the pole through the first favorable opening rather than continue on to Franz-Josef Land, where it had already been attempted. Before the Jeannette sailed from America, De Long had announced his intention of retreating to the Siberian settlements in case of shipwreck. The expedition under Lieutenant Berry was sent out after the Jeannette and the missing whalers by the Government. An appropriation of $175,000 was voted by Congress for the purpose. The steam-whaler Mary and Helen was purchased for $100,000. She was revamped and fortified at a considerable expense. Among the provisions was a large supply of pemmican, but no spirits except for medicinal use. Under the new name of the Rodgers the ship put to sea June 16th. The commanding officer, Robert M. Berry, lieutenant in the navy, is an experienced Arctic voyager who served on the Tigress expedition. The first officer and navigator was II. S. Waring; the second officer, Charles F. Putnam. Other members of the expedition were Stoney Hunt, Engineer A. V. Jane, Paymaster W. H. Gilder, and Naval Surgeons J. D. Castillo and M. D. Jones. The crew numbered twenty-six men. The vessel stopped at Petropaulovsk to take on board arctic clothing, dogs, and sledges. According to their instructions, they first made inquiries along the Siberian shore from East Cape to Koliutchin Bay, and then sailed for Wrangel Land. They were directed to winter on the southern coast of Wrangel Land, or, if unable to make a landing, among the Tchuktches of Siberia. The instructions were to search particularly along the southern and eastern coast of Wrangel Land, and on Herald Island, for the cairns which De Long had announced that he would leave, or other traces of the Jeannette, and the following season to continue the search along the northern shore of Siberia, and then return home. Lieutenant Berry was the first explorer who ever made a landing on Wrangel Land. He established the fact that it is only a small island instead of the southern point of a vast circumpolar continent, as has been supposed by geographers. Wrangel Land was again visited and more thoroughly explored the same season by the officers of the Corwin, who came on the same mission which brought Lieutenant Berry. The revenue cutter Corwin is a steamer of 227 tons burden, and capable of a speed of eleven knots an hour. The commander was Captain Hooper, who had with him five officers, three machinists, the surgeon, Dr. Rosse, and thirty men. A naturalist, Muir, of San Francisco, accompanied the expedition, and another, Nelson, joined the expedition at St. Michaels. The Corwin succeeded in effecting a landing on Wrangel Land in August. This hilly Arctic land is constantly encompassed by a fringe of impenetrable ice which has defied all the efforts of former voyagers to approach the shore. The government steamer did not effect a landing until she had cruised along the coast for several days, and then only by cutting her way between the ice-blocks for eight or ten miles. They struck the coast at the mouth of a broad and deep river. No snow remained except some patches upon the mountains. The country was desolate and devoid of life. Polar bears had left many tracks on the beach, but no animals were seen except a few birds. A fox-track was observed, and the burrows of a species of marmot. There were no signs of reindeer or musk-oxen, although there was abundant food for them. There was a scanty growth of mosses, lichens, and angiosperms. About twenty species of plants were counted, most of them in bloom. They are similar to those of the neighboring coasts of Siberia and Alaska. Coal was found, and appears to be present in abundance. The soil is a mixture of sand and clay. The rock is slate and granite, and contains quartz which has the appearance of holding a high percentage of gold. Whalers in the Arctic Ocean have been caught in a strong current setting to the northeast from Behring Strait. On the chance of the Jeannette having been carried by this current to the North American Archipelago, the Arctic colonists on Lady Franklin Bay were ordered to search the shores of the islands in the vicinity of their settlement. In case there is an open passage north of Greenland, the missing cruiser might have drifted on this current into the North Atlantic, and have been cast ashore on the northern coast of Spitzbergen or the eastern coast of Greenland. On this contingency the naval steamer Alliance was dispatched under Captain Wadleigh to examine those coasts for traces of the Jeannette. Provisions in plenty, and a number of whalers and several boats were taken along for safety in case the ship was caught in the ice-pack east of Greenland. The Alliance had a scientific mission to perform, as well as the duty of seeking the Jeannette. The officers were instructed to carefully determine the limits of the icefields between Greenland and Spitzbergen, to record the temperature of the ocean at the surface and at the depth of five fathoms, to take observations of the specific gravity of the water at the depth of ten fathoms, and of the rise of the tides on the coasts of Spitzbergen. The steamer sailed June 16th, and put in during a storm at Reikiavik, Iceland, July 9th. They learned that the winter there had been the severest one recorded since 1610. The Arctic ice still approached to within thirty miles of the north coast. Reports of the extreme rigor of the winter of 1880-'81 from other parts of the Arctic regions increased the general anxiety as to the fate of the Jeannette's party. In parts of the coast of Hudson Bay the cold |