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Flint Rivers, was $5,787,140, against $4,398,000 for the previous year, which is a gain of $1,389,140, or an increase of 31 per cent. In 1879 it was only $3,760,000. The river freights aggregate for the year $265,960, against $196,800 the year before, a gain of $69,160, or an increase of 30 per cent. In 1879 the river freights were $156,558.

The items of appropriation for Florida, as contained in the River and Harbor Bill of the last Congress, are as follows:

Improving Appalachicola Bay, Florida....

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Appalachicola River.

1,500

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Tampa Bay, bar, and channel..

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Choctawhatchee River...

10,000

Columbia.

18,655

172,795

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Jefferson..

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Lafayette.

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Pensacola Harbor..

Total........

Leon.
Levy.

Liberty..
Madison.

In addition an appropriation was made for Pensacola Harbor of $75,000. The River and Harbor Bill also provides for surveys of Dog Island Harbor, harbor of Key West, Crystal River, La Grange Bayou up to Freeport, Manatee River, Crooked River, Indian River at north end, in view of opening a passage into the lagoon one half mile east; also, for a survey and estimate for a canal connecting St. John's River, Matanzas River, and the Indian River, and for opening and deepening Sumter.. channels so as to make steamboat communication to Jupiter Inlet.

Nassau.
Orange.
Polk

St. John's..

The following table from the census reports, Wakulla. based on the crop of 1879, gives the acreage and yield of cotton in this State:

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A State Immigration Convention was held, which was well attended, and after discussion adopted the following resolutions:

Whereas, It is the sense of this convention that each county is a constituent part of the whole State, and is profited by the prosperity of all other counties; therefore,

Resolved, That each county can best serve both herself and sister counties by collecting and placing before the public all the facts which will invite labor and capital.

Resolved, That county associations for the collection of data that will furnish truthful information are earnestly invited, and that all counties who have not formed associations are earnestly urged to do so.

Resolved, That we extend a cordial welcome to all foreigners who may come to settle among us, and that the Commissioner of Immigration take measures to disseminate information in regard to the great natural resources of the State among that class of people.

Resolved, That all steamboat and railroad lines entering into and traversing the State of Florida, or any part thereof, be and they are hereby earnestly requested by this convention to pass all immigrants with their household chattels over their respective lines at liberally reduced rates.

Resolved, That this convention considers the importance of a proper display of the various products, woods, minerals, and other evidences of Florida resources at the exposition at Atlanta as one that commands a duty on the part of her citizens to make such arrangements as will secure a display that will truly represent the great resources that we are blessed with,

and of which, by our peculiar situation, we have a monopoly.

Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed by the Chair to frame a suitable address to the citizens of the several counties, recommending that they immediately organize county immigration societies to co-operate with the Bureau of Immigration after the method suggested by the commissioner, and that they urge the immediate preparation by the citizens of each county of a descriptive article of their respective counties, not to exceed 2,100 words, the same to be sent to the office of the Commissioner of Immigration for introduction in a new State pamphlet, to be issued as soon as the data can be received."

Resolved, That it is the sense of this convention

that the next Legislature of the State should make an adequate appropriation for immigration purposes. Resolved, That this convention recommend to the State Bureau of Immigration to have pamphlets descriptive of Florida printed in the different languages of European countries from which the State expects immigration, and that said pamphlets be distributed among the masses of said European countries.

completed a railroad combination involving the union of the Florida Central, the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile, the Transit and Peninsular, four roads with numerous branches, under one management, backed by abundant capital for development.

This combination includes 484 miles of completed railroad and 144 miles of proposed extension, making a total future scope of 628 miles. The following units make up this total:

The Florida Transit from Fernandina to

Cedar Keys, 155 miles, Jacksonville Branch, 21 miles; the Peninsular Road completed for 50 miles to Ocala, with a two-mile branch to Silver Springs, and a projected extension (under the name of the Tropical Railroad of Florida) which has 15 miles completed beyond Ocala, 35 graded, and which will, when completed to Tampa or Charlotte Harbor, include 210 miles. Next, the Florida Central from Jacksonville to Lake City, 59 miles; the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile, from Lake City to Chattahoochee, through Tallahassee, 157 miles, with a four-mile branch to Monticello, and a branch road to St. Marks of 21 miles. There is also a prospective branch from the Tropical Railroad to Brooksville of 8 miles, and a Tampa Branch of 20 miles.

The population of the State by counties, with white and colored distinguished, as returned by the census of 1880, is as follows:

COUNTIES.
The State...

Alachua..

Bradford.

A very important contract for the sale of State lands was entered into during the summer, the purchasers being Hamilton Disston and associates, of Philadelphia, who proceeded to organize the Atlantic and Gulf Coast Canal and Ökechobee Land Company, with a capital of $10,000,000 in 1,000,000 shares. The contract was for the sale of 4,000,000 acres for the sum of $1,000,000, deeds to be delivered and payment made in installments. These lands lie south of Ocala and largely east of the Kissimmee River, being chiefly in the counties of Orange, Sumter, Volusia, Marion, Hillsborough, Hernando, Polk, Manatee, and Monroe. The sale of this land had the effect of releasing from incumbrances the public domain which had been set apart for internal improve- Baker.. ments. The remainder of this, 8,000,000 or 9,000,000 acres, will be applied to the development of the internal resources of the State. The company propose to drain the Okechobee Swamp, and to dig a canal from the St. John's Duval.. River to Lake Worth. One half of the reclaimed land is to belong to the State. The company intends to colonize the lands as soon as reclaimed. It is expected that about 12,000,000 acres will be reclaimed. A company was also formed by Mr. Disston to construct a ship-canal across the State. The route will be by the way of the Coloosahatchee River, Lake Okechobee, and thence to the Atlantic Ocean, at or near the mouth of the St. Lucia River. The capital is $30,000,000. The Fernandina and Jacksonville Railroad was completed during the year, as was also the Waycross road from Jacksonville to Forest City. Three projected lines will run through the Disston purchase. They are the South Florida Railroad, St. John's. the Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West Railroad, and the Peninsular Railroad.

Jackson.

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Brevard..

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Calhoun...

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Clay

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Columbia..

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Dade...

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Escambia

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Franklin
Gadsden
Hamilton...
Hernando..

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Hillsborough..
Holmes..

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133,000,000 Marion..
63,000,000 Nassau.
81,000,000 Orange.
77,000,000 Polk..

Baker.

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455,000,000 Putnam

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67,000,000 St. John's.
90,000,000 Santa Rosa.
311,000,000 Sumter.
142,000,000 Suwannee
162,000,000 Taylor.

150,000,000 Volusia..
233,000,000 Wakulla.

23,000,000 Walton...
425,000,000 Washington
346,000,000
75,000,000

No returns were received from fourteen of the thirty-nine counties. With the exception of Nassau, the counties not reporting are situated in Middle and West Florida. The oranges were valued at $15 a thousand, and the average yield per tree was 154. Within the next five years, the number of bearing 815,000,000 trees and their yield will probably be increased 104,000,000 five-fold.

No. of feet,
board-measure.

122,000,000
200,000,000

87.000.000

66,000,000

213,000,000

622,000,000

218,000,000

59,000,000

409,000,000

187,000,000

Total....... 6,615,000,000

Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1881 (ex-
cluding 77,500,000 feet, estimated, grown in Ala-
bama, and sawed in Western Florida)..... 208,051,000
In this estimate no account is made of timber
remaining on lands which have been cut over, or
of that injured by the manufacture of turpentine.
The months of January and February were
marked by exceptionally cold periods, and
much damage was done to orange-groves and
tropical plants. It was estimated that there
would be shipped from the State this year not
less than 75,000,000 if not 80,000,000 oranges,
and that the yield would exceed this amount
by 5,000,000. The yield in eight counties in
Eastern Florida and Sumter County would not
be less than 40,000,000, while Western and
Southern Florida would produce 30,000,000

more.

210,000,000 FOGG, GEORGE GILMAN, born at Meredith,
121,000,000 New Hampshire, May 26, 1813; died at Con-
cord, N. H., October 12, 1881. Having received
103,000,000 from his parents, who were in humble circum-
stances, a good preparation for college, he en-
tered Dartmouth, from which institution he
72,000,000 graduated in 1839. Mr. Fogg then read law
with Hon. Warren Lovel and Stephen Carr, of
Meredith, and commenced practice, at Gilman-
ton, in 1842. At an early age he engaged ac-
tively in politics, and entered the career which
subsequently conducted him to a position of
eminent distinction among the public men of
New Hampshire. Originally a Democrat, he
became one of the most influential workers in
the organization known as Independent Demo-
crats. In January, 1845, the Texas question
caused the withdrawal of John P. Hale from
the Democratic party. The next month an or-
ganization was effected, at Exeter, by malcon-
tent Democrats, who refused to consent to Mr.
Hale's rejection on account of his antislavery
views. This new party took the name of Inde-
pendent Democrats, nominated Mr. Hale for
Congress, published an address and resolutions,
and boldly appealed for support to their breth-
ren throughout the State. At the election in
the month following the Democrats chose three
of their four candidates for Congress on a gen-
eral ticket, but failed to elect the nominee in
place of Mr. Hale. A special election was or-
dered to fill the vacancy, and, pending the can-
vass, the supporters of Mr. Hale established an
organ at Manchester, which was called "The
Independent Democrat." Soon after, the pa-
per was removed to Concord, and Mr. Fogg,
having been a contributor to the same, was
made its editor. He then abandoned his pro-
fession, removed to Concord, and became a
regular journalist, and continued such until
1861, when he was appointed Minister to Switz-
erland by President Lincoln. As a newspa-
per writer Mr. Fogg exerted a strong influence
in and out of his own State. His intimate
knowledge of the Democratic party gave him
a vast advantage in the faction to which he had
allied himself, and enabled him to contend suc-
cessfully with the experienced politicians ar-
rayed against it. In 1845 several unsuccessful
attempts were made to fill the congressional
vacancy. At the State election in March, 1846,
the Independents succeeded in choosing to the
Legislature a sufficient number of Representa-
tives and Senators to hold the balance of power
between the two old parties, and also, having a
candidate of their own in the field for Governor,
to defeat the Democratic nominee for that office.

Judge A. A. Knight, supervisor of the census for Florida, to whom was also assigned the duty of preparing the orange statistics of the State, furnishes the following figures:

Bearing
trees.

Value.

$33,750

4.170
2,522

7,500 45,000 87,500 45,410

662 7,500 7,685

COUNTIES.

Yield.

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142 4,815

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Calhoun..

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Clay..

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Columbia

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2.741

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80,000

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90,000

Monroe

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Suwannee.

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Taylor..

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Volusia

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2.747 60,000

Supplemental figures

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80,000
88,750

7,056

and 2 Indians; in Nassau County, 3 Chinese and 6 Indians; in St. John's County, 2 Chinese; in Volusia County, 1 Indian.

At the legislative session in June, a compromise was effected between the Whigs and Independents, by which Anthony Colby, of New London, the candidate of the former, was elected Governor; Mr. Fogg, Secretary of State; and John P. Hale, United States Senator for six years. At the election in March, 1847, the Democrats chose two of the four Representatives to the Thirtieth Congress. In July, at a special election, Amos Tuck, of Exeter, formerly a Democrat, and James Wilson, of Keene, who had left the Whig party, were triumphant over their Democratic competitors. The combination to elect Tuck and Wilson to Congress completed, in New Hampshire, the work of forming a new party, which had begun when Mr. Hale was chosen to the Senate in 1846. This coalition was, in fact, the Republican party, first in the field in New Hampshire, and nine years before like combinations in other States assembled in convention in Philadelphia in 1856.

In November, 1855, the subject of this sketch was appointed Reporter of the Supreme Court, and held this office until his resignation in June, 1859. He was a prominent member of the convention that nominated Abraham Lincoln for President, and was Secretary of the National Executive Committee which conducted the first campaign with that candidate. Mr. Lincoln offered Mr. Fogg the position of Commissioner of Patents, which was not accepted; and afterward, in 1861, he received the appointment of Minister to Switzerland. From this mission he was recalled in 1865, and, in his letter to Secretary Seward, dated Berne, June 22, 1865, he complained that he was allowed only five weeks in which to vacate that important place, without having been previously notified of his intended removal. After his return from Europe, he resumed his residence in Concord; and in August, 1866, was appointed by Governor Smythe to fill the vacancy in the United States Senate caused by the resignation of Hon. Daniel Clark, of Manchester, who had been appointed United States Judge. The later years of Mr. Fogg were clouded by some disappointments, among which was his failure to retain the place of leading editor to "The Independent Democrat," after that journal formed a coalition with the Concord "Daily Monitor." From this time he withdrew from politics, and became a quiet supporter of Republican candidates, not always voting his party ticket in full. Mr. Fogg was actively connected with the New Hampshire Historical Society, was a trustee of Bates College, and in his religious belief a Unitarian.

FORNEY, JOHN W., born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, September 30, 1817; died in Philadelphia, December 9, 1881. At the time of his death Colonel Forney was editor of the "Progress," in Philadelphia. At an early age he gave evidence of talents that made him one of the most distinguished journalists and poli

ticians of the United States. He began life as a shop-boy in a village store, but, being ambitious, gave up that work and found employment in the printing-office of the Lancaster "Journal." He applied himself easily to typesetting, and by his great industry and good behavior secured the confidence and esteem of his employer. In his twentieth year he was able to purchase the Lancaster "Intelligencer," a strong Democratic paper, and such was his success that in 1840 he bought the "Journal," united it with his former purchase, and published both under the title of "Intelligencer and Journal." Lancaster County was then the stronghold of the Whig party, and Mr. Forney acquired a wide-spread reputation for the ability and consistency with which he advocated Democratic principles. In 1845 Presi dent Polk appointed him Deputy Surveyor of the Port of Philadelphia. He disposed of his paper, removed to that city, and commenced the duties of his office. Soon after his arrival he bought a half share in the old "Pennsylvanian," then the leading Democratic organ of the State. His connection with this paper lasted till 1853. Two years previous to that date he was elected Clerk to the House of Representatives, and removed to Washington. For a long time he was presiding officer of the House, and officiated during the exciting struggle for the election of Speaker in 1855 and 1856. When the contest was ended, a resolution was unanimously carried, thanking Mr. Forney for the ability and impartiality with which he had presided over the deliberations of the House. He subsequently became one of the editors of the Washington "Union," and held the position until 1856. When James Buchanan was nominated for President, Mr. Forney was immediately elected chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee of Pennsylvania, and by his energy and talent contributed greatly to the election of President Buchanan. In January, 1857, Mr. Forney was a candidate for the United States Senate. Although very popular in his native State, and receiving the support of not only many of the newspapers, but of the President himself, who wrote a letter to a personal friend in the Legislature in which he said, "When asked, I have always said that I preferred Mr. Forney, and I should esteem it a friendly act toward myself for any person in or out of the Legislature to support him "; and in spite of his obtaining a large majority in the caucus nomination on the first ballot, Mr. Forney by various means was defeated. After his defeat he returned to Philadelphia, and retired for a time into private life.

In August, 1857, he began the publication of the "Press," an independent Democratic newspaper in Philadelphia. Having exhausted his funds in the political campaign, he purchased the type on credit, and having no machine, the paper was printed for months in the office of the "Sunday Dispatch." The "Press"

extended a cordial support to Mr. Buchanan's Administration up to the time of the adoption of the Lecompton Constitution, and the effort to secure the admission of Kansas into the Union under it. Mr. Forney resolutely opposed that measure, which caused a disruption of the friendly relations which had previously existed between the President and himself. The result of the struggle now forms a part of the political history of the period. Few men in the country contributed more than Mr. Forney to strengthen the Republican party, and to prepare it for the contest of 1860. In December, 1859, he was for the second time elected Clerk of the House of Representatives, and soon after started a Sunday paper in Washington called the "Sunday Morning Chronicle." This venture was successful, and was published as a daily.

In 1861 he was elected Secretary of the United States Senate. Abraham Lincoln, Charles Sumner, and Schuyler Colfax were his warm supporters. For six years he discharged the duties of that position with distinction. He was one of the most fervent and influential supporters of the Administration. On the death of Lincoln, Mr. Forney supported Andrew Johnson for a short time, but, when the "Press" declared editorially against him, Mr. Forney was one of the foremost in the struggle which resulted in his impeachment.

In March, 1871, Mr. Forney became Collector of the Port of Philadelphia, having some time before resigned the secretaryship of the Senate. During the one year he held the office he earned the gratitude of many merchants by converting from a dead letter into a living reality the system of direct transportation of imports in bond without appraisement and examination at the port of original entry. This achievement, it has been claimed, laid the foundation for the rapid increase in foreign trade which has marked the history of Philadelphia during the last few years. As one of the chief promoters of the Centennial Exposition, he visited Europe as a commissioner, and was instrumental in bringing about its success. He advocated the opening of the permanent exhibition every day of the week, and contended for Sunday cars and universal suffrage. On his return from Europe, Mr. Forney sold the "Press" for $180,000. In his editorial farewell to his staff he said: "The Press was the outgrowth of my best impulses. It was twenty years old on the 1st of August, 1877. I have done my best to make it a good, honest newspaper. It has lived through many tempests and changes. It has received and returned many blows. Its opinions have been its convictions. It has often given offense in the championship of a cause or a principle. But I can say for myself that in all this long course of time I have never deliberately wounded or injured a human being, even in the fiercest struggles of political or sectional difference; and I hope I may be permitted to

add that in more than fourteen years of official responsibility, with millions of public money to hold and disburse, not a dollar has been misapplied or devoted to my personal use. I recur to these recollections with pride, now that my connection is about to close with the newspaper which I founded. My experience with the 'Press' has been one of uninterrupted satisfaction. I have never been truly happy away from my editorial desk. Office and honors have all been nothing to the substantial pleasures of my journalistic work." Of late years he devoted much time and attention to his newspaper, the "Progress," and confidently anticipated a great success in the enterprise.

FOSSIL BIRDS. The first discovery of any trace of a fossil bird of an earlier geological period, was the observation of the impression of a feather in a slate-rock at Solenhofen. It was described by H. von Meyer in 1861, under the specific name lithographica, but subsequently received the name Archæopteryx macrura. An imperfect specimen of the same species was described by Owen, and a complete fossil, discovered in 1875, by Carl Vogt. This was of the size of a pigeon. The small head, of nearly flat, pyramidal form, was of the true reptilian type in the configuration of its bones. The neck, the thorax, the ribs, the shouldergirdle, the fore-limb, and the tail were all formed like those of reptiles. In the upper jaw two small, sharp, conical teeth were discerned. The remiges of the wings were fixed to the ulnar edge of the arm and to the hand, and were covered for half their length with down. The hind-foot was that of a bird. Birds' feathers covered the tibia for its whole length. The main part of the body was naked. Structurally the Archæopteryx macrura was more closely allied to reptiles than to birds, but with wings, feathers, and birds' feet it possessed the most marked avian characteristics, and can therefore be classed neither among the reptiles nor the birds. Professor Huxley proposes the name Sauropsids for a single great section of vertebrates, including both reptiles and birds.

The two specimens of the genus Archaopteryx found in Europe were imbedded in Jurassic strata. Their structural features as well as their stratigraphical position mark them as belonging to an earlier age than the fossil birds afterward found in the cretaceous deposits of the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, which are described below. In the cretaceous formations of England a few specimens of avian fossils have been found, but only fragments of bones, which afford no nearer indications of the forms which they represent than that they are the bones of birds.

Not long after the first transitional form, linking these two great divisions of vertebrates, was discovered in Europe, an entire series of toothed birds and flying reptiles was brought to light in the uninhabited West of the United

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