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canals and the highways were raised by duties on the land, the date and corn crops, and on cattle. There were large quantities of temple lands held in mortmain, like the mosque property in the Turkish Empire. From the palaces of Babylon Rassam has recovered records which cover the period from the reign of Nabonidus to the capture of the city by Cyrus.

Babylon was built almost entirely of brick. Chambers and corridors of the Palace of the Kings, with decorations of plaster and painted bricks, were found. Extensive hydraulic works, consisting of wells and conduits connected with the river, seem to indicate the locality of the hanging gardens. One of the kings, according to a discovered document, had sixty gardens or paradises made for him near the city. The ruins of the traditional site of the Tower of Babel are probably the seven-story tower of the Temple of Nebo.

Rassam has identified and explored the sites of two cities of higher antiquity than Babylon. These are Sippara, the city of the Sun-god, which was, according to Berosus, more ancient than Ur, having been founded before the flood, and Cutha, one of the great temple-cities of Babylonia. The modern name of the site of Sippara is Abbu Hubba. The mounds cover an area of over two miles in circumference. The buildings were placed with their angles to the cardinal points of the compass. The southwest wall of an immense building was first uncovered. It was fifteen hundred feet long, and broken at regular intervals by projecting buttresses, which were ornamented by grooved panels. The edifice consisted of many long, narrow rooms, with exceedingly thick walls, arranged around a central court. This building was the Temple of the Sun-god. In a large gallery were the remains of the sacrificial altar, nearly thirty feet square; and in a connecting chamber were the records of the temple. One of the records is a votive tablet commemorating the victory of the Babylonian king Nabupallidina over the Sutu tribe of Elamites, and dating from about the year 852 B. O. It contains a figure in relief of the god and of the king and priests performing worship. It was the cult of the solar disk and rays, a form of which was introduced into Egypt in the eighteenth dynasty. A list of the six solar festivals is inscribed, two of them corresponding to the spring and autumn equinoxes. Sheep, oxen, rams, and fruits of the earth are mentioned as the sacrificial offerings, as in the Bible. This most ancient of the cities of Mesopotamia, and a neighboring place, whose ruins yielded records of minor importance, are in all probability identical with the cities of Sepharvaim mentioned in 2 Kings, xvii, 24-31, in connection with Cutha, whose site was also identified and partially explored by Rassam. The British Museum, which receives the objects recovered by Rassam, already contains over three thousand of these tablets of the earlier period, including the large collection

secured from the Arabs by the late George Smith.

The excavations at Olympia, which have been prosecuted since 1875 with means furnished by the German Government, have revealed the whole plan of this most interesting city, which remained for many centuries the center of Hellenic civilization and the scene of the national festivals. The walled inclosure called the Sacred Grove, in which were the Temple of Zeus and the other shrines and sanctuaries and the official buildings connected with the Olympic games, was about four thousand feet long, and extended back from the river to the foot of the mountain about two thousand feet. The Temple of Zeus was a simpler, more massive and more imposing edifice than the Parthenon, built in a purer Doric style. The group of twenty-one colossal figures by Paionios, representing the battle between Oinomaos and Pelops, with Zeus as arbiter in the middle, which adorned the eastern pediment, have all been recovered in various states of preservation. Statues of the river-gods Alpheios and Kladeos flanked the pediment. The western pediment contained a group by Alkmenes representing a contest at the wedding of Peirithoōs arrested by the intervention of the young Apollo, showing drunken Centaurs carrying off the women and Hellenes coming to the rescue, with weeping female slaves on the ground. This composition consists likewise of twentyone figures, of thirteen of which the heads remain. At both ends of the temple are sculptures in high relief representing the labors of Herakles. They are pronounced by Curtius to belong to the same school of sculpture as the pediments. The pediments can be intelligibly reconstructed, and surpass any pediments before known. Curtius assigns the sculptures of the temple to the school of Kalamis, which immediately preceded the highest development of Attic art in the age of Phidias. In the representation of Apollo the conventional traditions were adhered to, while in the forms of the men and Centaurs complete freedom was exercised. The Heraion, which comes next in size to the Temple of Zeus, dates from an earlier period. It illustrates the growth of a Greek temple, which was originally a temporary wooden structure for the reception of votive offerings, but was gradually built up by the replacement of one group after another of the wooden pillars by stone columns. The ground-plan of another temple surrounded by pillars has also been discovered. It is the Metroön, or sanctuary of the mother of the gods. The treasuries have been exposed to view in the northern part of the Altis, or sacred inclosure. They resemble temples, and stand in a row. The two largest, the thesauri of the Syracusans and of the Megareans, have been identified. The latter contains sculptures representing the war of the giants, of an age preceding the Æginitæ. One of the most interesting monuments of the

classic period is the colossal figure of Nike, by Paionios. The round temple built by Philip of Macedon after the battle of Charonea stands in a fair state of preservation to the west of the Heraion. Structures of the Roman period are rotundas, water-works, etc., erected by Antoninus Pius and Herodes Atticus. The Pelopion, or precinct for the worship of the hero Pelops, was marked by no structure except an entrance-hall at one end. The altar of Zeus, an elliptical ring of rough stones, occupied the very center of the Altis. In the soil around the altar quantities of votive offerings in bronze and terra-cotta were found. The Prytaneion, containing the altar of Hestia and the banqueting-hall in which the Olympic victors were feasted, stood at the northwest corner of the Altis. Between the buildings the open spaces were filled with statues, the votive gifts of cities and individuals, and also statues of the victors in the Olympian contests. But few of these remain.

Outside of the Altis the stadiums, leading to the course of the runners, stood on the east. The starting-place and goal are still in position. All the other contests took place here, except the chariot-races in the Hippodrome, of which no vestiges remain. An edifice consisting of a quadrangular court, approached by two colonnades, dates from about the same period as the Temple of Zeus. It is supposed to have been the meeting-place of the Olympic Council. A series of fine buildings stood between the Kladeos and the Altis on the west. A circular building contained an altar with inscriptions to "the hero," referring, undoubtedly, to Ianos, and afterward Klytias, founders of the priestly families of diviners which first gave to Olympia its importance. A group of dwellings near by were probably the homes of the priests, and the building whose site was taken for the Byzantine church must have been the assembly-hall of the priestly functionaries. To the north were the Palestra or practice-court for the wrestlers, and the halls where the rhetorical declamations were delivered. East of the Byzantine church was the court, surrounded with columns, which is called the Grand Gymnasium. This was probably the largest and most splendid building in Olympia.

There have been more than four hundred inscriptions found. Many of them have reference to the visitors at the games, and afford much information regarding the different games. The German explorers have also exhumed important remains of the Acropolis at Pergamon, a city of great splendor in post-Alexandrian times. The sculptured ornaments of the great altar, mentioned by ancient writers, have been recovered in a good state of preservation. The principal frieze represents the battle of the gods and giants. This work dates from about 200 B. C., the period of the inroads of the Gallic barbarians. The figures are of heroic size, and executed in a free and bold style. The gods are dignified and graceful in attitude and pro

portions. In picturing the giants the artist gave free play to an exuberant fancy. Some of them are fine types of manly strength and beauty; others fantastic mixtures of human and monstrous forms; some with legs prolonged into serpents; many with one or two pairs of wings; one with a lion's head and mane; one with the horns and ears of a Triton, and one with the shoulders and hump of a buffalo. Zeus is represented engaged with many foes at once-his serpent seizing the heads of two of the hideous serpent-legs, and his ægis held aloft in his extended right hand. Athene with the gorgoneion on her breast is dragging a winged youthful giant by the hair. Hecate is a singular conception, having three heads and trunks and six arms. Apollo and Dionysos are forms of great beauty. A lovely female figure, engaged in hurling a vase encircled with serpents at a giant, has puzzled all archeologists. Cybele, riding upon her lion, is armed with a bow. Of the frieze, ninety-four slabs, about three fifths of the whole, have been excavated and sent to Berlin, and with them thirty-four slabs of the smaller frieze, representing scenes from the legend of Telephus; and numerous inscriptions, statues, and other relics.

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC (REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA). "Our relations with foreign powers will be zealously maintained and fostered by my Government, care being taken to augment and strengthen the bonds of union between this republic and the most advanced nations. It will be my special endeavor to preserve harmony with our neighbors, while strictly abstaining from interference in their internal concerns. And as for those with whom, in relation to boundaries, we have difficulties still pending, I shall seek to solve these in a manner worthy of all concerned, without yielding one iota where I understand the dignity, rights, or integrity of the republic to be affected." These words, quoted from President Roca's inaugural speech to the Argentine Congress, were spoken on October 12, 1880. Just one year later were exchanged the following notes between the United States Minister at Buenos Ayres and the Argentine Minister of Foreign Affairs:

UNITED STATES LEGATION, October 22d, 11.30 P. M. MY DEAR MINISTER: Allow me to offer you my most cordial and sincere congratulations on the final approbation, by the representatives of both countries, of the treaty which is the crowning and most glorious know the meaning of the word gratitude. It may be work of your life. It is said that republics do not so; but henceforward the two nations can never forget or cease to feel grateful for what you have done for them in one year of patient work and careful people of the United States will speedily indorse this thought. Be assured that my Government and the well-merited recognition of the honor due to you for the glorious peace and prosperity that must inevitably result from your great achievement. I shall take the earliest opportunity of calling on you in person to present my respects and renew my congratulations.

Your very sincere friend, THOMAS O. OSBORN. BUENOS AYRES, October 22d. MY DEAR MINISTER: A thousand thanks for the very kind note you have sent me. I prize it extremely,

and will always keep it as a proof of your friendship. The cordial feelings you express for myself, and the kind view you take of the part I have had in arranging the boundary treaty with Chili, are highly flattering to me. If the treaty of July 23d assure peace and reknit the bonds that have bound both nations together since they achieved their independence, as I firmly believe it will, very much of such a happy consummation for the civilization and progress of this part of America will be due to you. We have both contributed something to the work you so justly call good-I by carrying out the instruction of the President, and you by so worthily interpreting the_policy of the Government of the United States. I am already rewarded by the approval of my Government, my countrymen, and public opinion in general. As for you, my highly esteemed friend, it is a source of extreme pleasure to me that your honored name is linked with the international deed of July which restores peace between two peoples who are alike neighbors and brothers. Your most sincere friend,

BERNARDO DE IRIGOYEN.

Here follows the translation of the text of the treaty of limits between the two countries: In the name of Almighty God. The Governments of the Argentine Republic and of the Republic of Chili, being desirous of effecting a friendly and honorable settlement of the dispute between their countries, and in pursuance of the treaty of April, 1856, have decided to make a treaty of boundaries; and to that end have appointed the following plenipotentiaries, namely, by his Excellency the President of the Argentine Republic, Dr. Bernardo de Irigoyen, Minister of Foreign Affairs; and by his Excellency the President of Chili, Don Francisco de B. Echeverría, Consul-General in the Argentine Republic; who, having duly presented their credentials, and found the powers respectively conferred upon them sufficient, have agreed as follows: ARTICLE I. The limits between Chili and the Argentine Republic are from north to south, as far as the fifty-second degree of south latitude, the Cordillera of the Andes, the dividing line being that extending over the loftiest summits of the said Cordillera and separating the water-sheds of either side. All questions arising as to the limits in valleys, or where the peculiar features of the Cordillera render the determination of the dividing line of the water-sheds difficult, shall be submitted to two arbitrators, a third to be appointed should such two fail to agree; and the decision of the arbitrators, when drawn up in the form of a public instrument and duly signed by them, shall be accepted as final by both Governments. The present treaty shall go into effect upon the day on which it is signed, and shall thenceforth be regarded as binding and valid, and waiving any further formalities or negotiations; and a copy thereof shall be given to each of the two Governments.

ART. II. In the southern part of the continent and north of the Straits, the boundary between the two countries shall be a line extending from Point Dungeness along the land to Mount Dinero; thence westward over the highest points of the mountain-chain of that region to Mount Aymoud; thence to the point of intersection of the 70th meridian and the 52d parallel of south latitude; and thence westward along that parallel to the dividing line of the water-sheds of the Andes. The regions lying north of said lines shall belong to the Argentine Republic; and those south of said lines to Chili, save as stipulated in Article III, concerning Tierra del Fuego and the adjacent islands. ART. III. In Tierra del Fuego a line shall be drawn from Cape Espiritu Santo, in latitude 52° 40', and, coinciding with the meridian of longitude west from Greenwich, 68° 34', extended south to Beagle Channel. Tierra del Fuego being thus divided, the western portion shall be Chilian, and the eastern Argentine. Concerning the islands, the following shall belong to the Argentine Republic: those of Los Es

tados and the islands in proximity thereto, and, in the Atlantic, those lying east of Tierra del Fuego and of the eastern shores of Patagonia; and to Chili shall belong the islands lying south of Beagle Channel, and all those west of Tierra del Fuego to Cape Horn.

ART. IV. The arbitrators mentioned in Article I shall in like manner fix the limits referred to in Articles II and III.

ART. V. The Straits of Magellan shall be neutral for ever,* and the navigation thereof free to all nations; and, for the better securing said freedom and neutrality, no fortification or military defense shall be constructed there.

ART. VI. The Chilian and Argentine Governments shall exercise full sovereignty for ever over the regions to them respectively appertaining under this treaty; and should any question unhappily arise between the two countries, whether in virtue of this treaty or from any other cause, such question shall be submitted to the arbitration of a friendly power; but the limits defined in this treaty can in no event be disturbed.

ART. VII. The ratifications of this treaty shall be the exchange be effected either in the city of Buenos exchanged within sixty days, or sooner if possible, and Ayres or the city of Santiago.

In witness whereof the plenipotentiaries of the Argentine Republic and of the Republic of Chili have affixed their hands and seals to this present treaty, in duplicate, in the city of Buenos Ayres, on the twentythird day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-one. (Signed) BERNARDO DE IRIGOYEN,

FRANCISCO DE B. ECHEVERRÍA.

For statistics relating to area, territorial division, population, etc., reference may be made to the "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1872, 1877, and 1878. The population of the republic, which was set down at 2,250,000 in 1878, is now estimated at not less than 2,400,000, and consequently presents a rate of increase hitherto unparalleled elsewhere in South America.

In Dr. Coni's demographic bulletin, under date of July 31, 1881, the population of the capital, Buenos Ayres, was estimated at 278,603.

The number of immigrants in 1870 was 39,667; in 1871, 20,928; in 1872, 37,037; in 1873, 76,332; in 1874, 68,277; in 1875, 42,066; in 1876, 30,965; in 1877, 28,798; in 1878, 35,876; in 1879, 50,205; in 1880, 41,615.

and number of the immigrants who landed at The following table exhibits the nationality Buenos Ayres in 1879 and 1880:

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The President of the Republic is BrigadierGeneral Don Julio A. Roca (inaugurated October 12, 1880), and the Vice-President, Don Francisco B. Madero. The Cabinet was composed of the following ministers: Interior, Dr. A. del Viso; Foreign Affairs, Dr. Bernardo de Irigoyen; Finance, Dr. Juan José Romero; * Justice, Public Worship, and Public Instruction, Dr. M. D. Pizarro; War and the Navy, Dr. B. Victorica.

The Argentine Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States and Great Britain is Dr. Manuel R. Garcia. The Argentine chargé d'affaires in the United States, during the absence of the Minister, is

Resignation tendered in November, owing to disagreement with President Roca, but not accepted.

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Post-Office and telegraphs..
Bridges and highways..
Subsidies to provincial governments.

Immigration
Diplomatic service..
Legislature

Public Instruction....
Justice..
Public Worship.
Army...
Navy
Agriculture..
Railways
National Observatory.
Public Works..

Railway guarantees.

Rio Negro Expedition.

Interest and sinking fund of consolidated national
debt...

$1,068,720

539,778

21,882

52,488

187,713

62,040

502,398

782,477

165,256

153,857

8,874,518

550,849

8,820 282,939

24,464

64,552

223,605

896,654

7,512,412

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The navy, in August, 1881, was composed of 27 vessels: 2 steam ironclads, 6 gunboats, 2 steam torpedoes, 12 steamers transformed into war-vessels, 3 transports, and 2 sail of the line, with an aggregate tonnage of 12,000, an armament of 88 guns, and manned with 2 chiefs of squadron, 5 colonels, 8 lieutenantcolonels, 6 majors, 7 captains, 26 lieutenants, 22 students, 43 midshipmen, 7 pay-masters, 26 engineers, 900 seamen, including officers, 200 infantry and artillery (National Guard), 1 torpedo section comprising 3 commandants, 8 subaltern officers, and 80 privates. Before the end of the year, however, the number of vessels was increased by the addition of a new ironclad, the Almirante Brown, armed with six 40-pounder breech-loading guns, of new model, Sundries.. on automatic carriages; eight 8-inch 114-ton breech-loading Armstrong guns, also of new model, firing projectiles of 180 pounds weight, with 90 battering charges, and a number of Ministry of the Interior. smaller guns. The 8-inch guns, so mounted that two can be fired straight ahead and three on each broadside, are described as surpassing in range all the guns hitherto mounted in the British navy, and inferior to only a few in penetrative power. There is a naval school and a school for cabin-boys, and at Zárate there is an arsenal.

The national revenue and expenditure for the fiscal year 1879-'80 has been officially reported as follows:

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$13,500,000

3,000,000

850,000

650,000

452,000

88,000

700,000

164.777

14,000

30,000

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Almost every item of the foregoing tables is indicative of continued financial prosperity. In the first place, the relatively small deficit observed on comparing the total revenue and the total expenditure for 1879-'80, and which would in all likelihood be covered by the revenue derived from the capital, is the more striking as the Treasury was called upon in that year to meet extraordinary obligations 512,894 amounting to $8,631,243. Then the yield of the custom-house department was $15,732,101, 34,334 against $13,150,824 for the year immediately 504,642 preceding, thus showing an increase of $2,8,904,618 581,277, or little less than one half of the en$21,463,040 tire national revenue of the United States of Colombia, although the population of this latter country exceeds that of the Argentine Repub$2,305,293 lic by more than 500,000. And again, in the 7,512,412 budget for 1881, the proposed appropriation for public instruction was set down at $941,1,051,090 8.921.957 496, while the actual outlay upon that impor1,989,548 tant branch of the public service was but $732,477 in 1880, almost a quarter of a million less. $16,845,335 In August last, the minister laid before Congress his budget for 1882, in which he estimates the customs receipts at $18,785,000, including an additional duty of one per cent on all imports and exports already subject to duty. We subjoin the schedules of this latest budget, in which the revenue presents an estimated total of $24,632,000, and some sources of rev

62,040

$425,181
606.071
7.599,991 8,631,243

$25,476,578 The following are among the more important items of expenditure comprised in the latter table:

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