runs along Heart River to the Little Missouri. Sweetbrier Creek is an open, pretty valley. The Badger Valley is rich and attractive, and, on reaching the "summit," the highest point attained by the railroad on this division, a splendid stretch of fertile prairie appears.

From the Little Missouri west to the Yellowstone, after crossing the narrow belt of bad lands, the country is fertile and well watered by many streams. Lignite coal abounds, and mines are now in successful operation. The best building-stones can be procured from the bluffs, and the clays afford excellent material for making brick. The Government owns every alternate section of these lands, and they are open to settlement by pre-emption, homestead, and tree claims.

One of the best large farms in Dakota is Mr. Dalrymple's. It consists of 75,000 acres, and cost from 40 cents to $5 per acre five years ago. The taxes are ten cents per acre per annum for school, road, and county purposes. There is no government tax. The farm is laid off into 5,000-acre tracts, with a superintendent over each division. He has a foreman and a gang-foreman under him. The superintendent subdivides his 5,000 acres into 250-acre lots, and these also have foremen. All the business is conducted on regular vouchers, and all supplies are drawn on requisitions, the same as in the army. The division foreman gives all orders. Money is paid on time-checks, and each workman receives his money whenever he wants it. Mr. Dalrymple is cultivating 25,000 acres, and 5,000 acres are being added each year. The crops are sowed in April, and about three weeks are taken for the planting season. Wheat of the Scotch Fife variety is planted, and one bushel and twenty quarts is sown per acre. All the planting is done by machinery. It takes 400 head of horses and mules to plant the crop. One seed-sower plants about two hundred acres, and each harrower drags about one hundred.

The new land is broken after the crop is in, and the breaking is generally commenced early in May. The land produces No. 1 hard Fife wheat, and the yield is twenty to twenty-four bushels per acre.

The cutting of the crop commences August 1st, and 115 automatic binders and harvesters are used. Of these, 100 are Wood's patent and 15 McCormack's. The sheaves are bound with wire. The thrashing-machines used are twenty-one in number. The crop is cut in twelve days, and about one thousand bushels per day are thrashed on each thrasher. The thrashers take a gang of twenty-five men and twenty horses for each to haul wheat to the machines and then haul it to the cars. No stacking is done on the farm. As many as fifty cars per day are loaded with wheat at this farm, the average per car being 400 bushels. An expert on horseback attends each two harvesters when they are at work.

The seed-wheat is taken from the new land,

and all the surplus grain is put into market immediately after harvest. The first yield of wheat from the land is usually the best; the average weight of wheat raised on this farm is fifty-nine pounds. The workmen on the farms are mostly Swedes, Danes, and Germans. In the spring months they are paid $18 per month and board, during the cutting season $2.25 per day and board, during the thrashing season $2 per day and board, and in the fall $25 per month and board. In winter only one man for each forty head of horses is retained in service, and he is paid $30 per month.

The cost of living in the Northwest is not much, if any, greater than in the East. The following is the Fargo market on the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad:

Beef, 74 cents per pound; mutton, 7 cents; pork, 6 cents; milk, per quart, 5 cents; hams, 10 cents per pound; salt pork, 200 pounds for $12.50; venison, 8 cents; turkeys and chickens, 12 cents; fresh fish from Lake Superior, 6 cents; lard, 84 cents; eggs, per dozen, 20 cents; butter, per pound, 25 cents; potatoes, per bushel, 60 cents; onions, per bushel, 60 cents; beans, per bushel, $2.25; corn, per bushel, 56 cents; oats, per bushel, 50 cents; wheat, per bushel, $1; groceries, dry goods, hardware, and lime, about the same as Eastern prices; work-horses, per head, $150; driving-horses, $175; common "plugs," $50; mules, $150 per head; bronchos, $60; ponies, $10 to $30; oxen, per yoke, good, $125; common, $80; milch-cows, $25 to $35 per head; beefcattle, on the hoof, 2 to 3 cents per pound.

DAVIES, HENRY E., born at Black Lake, near Ogdensburg, New York, February 8, 1805; died in New York city December 17, 1881. Descended from a well-known and highly respected family of Connecticut, he was bred on his father's farm, and until his fourteenth year attended a common school. Then, in conformity with a custom of those days, he went to live in the family of a lawyer, under whose direction he could pursue at the same time a collegiate and a legal course of study. His preceptor was Alfred Conkling, afterward Judge of the United States Court for the Northern District of New York. Young Davies was admitted to the bar in 1826 at the general term held in Utica, and began his practice in Buffalo, where he soon became prominent in politics as a Whig. In 1830 he removed to New York, and shortly afterward formed a partnership with ex-Judge Samuel A. Foote, which lasted for seventeen years. In 1848 this partnership was dissolved, and Mr. Davies, who had accumulated a large practice and high reputation, entered into a partnership with ex-Judge William Kent, a son of Chancellor Kent. In 1835 Mr. Davies married a daughter of John Tappan, of Boston, whose brothers, Lewis and Arthur, were famous abolitionists. About 1840 he served as alderman for the Fifteenth Ward, in which he resided, and in 1850 was chosen Corporation Counsel by the Common Council.

In the fall of 1855 Mr. Davies ran for Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed Robert H. Morris, deceased, and was opposed by Edward P. Crowly and Henry Hilton. No notice of a vacancy having been filed with the sheriff by the Secretary of State, a question arose which was very similar to that in reference to Richard O'Gorman and the Superior Court. It was decided by litigation in favor of Mr. Davies, who had been elected by the popular vote. In the summer of 1855 Judge Davies accompanied ex-President Fillmore to Europe, having been the intimate friend and confidential adviser of the latter during his term of office as Chief Magistrate. In the autumn of 1859 Judge Davies was elected to the Court of Appeals, where he served from January 1, 1860, to 1869, being the Chief-Justice for several years. He then entered into partnership with Judge Noah Davis, with whom he practiced until the latter was elevated to the bench. After that time Judge Davies was conspicuous only in his practice as counsel and trustee of the Mutual Life Insurance Company, receiver of the Erie Railway, counsel for the American Exchange Bank, and member of the commission to determine the advisability of constructing an underground railroad in Broadway. The day before his last illness he sat for many hours listening to testimony on that subject. Of late years he took no part in politics. He served often as referee or chamber-counsel in important legal cases. Two celebrated murder cases were before him while he was Chief-Justice-those of Cancerni and Burdell-the former being remarkable because a trial had proceeded by consent of both sides with only eleven jurors, and on this account the verdict had been set aside. Judge Davies was distinguished for integrity, energy, and industry, as well as for his mental vigor and strength of will.

DELAWARE. The Legislature of this State opened its biennial session on January 4th. As presiding officers of the two Houses, both called "Speakers " in Delaware, C. F. Rust was elected in the Senate on a vote of 7 in 9, and Reynear Williams in the House of Representatives, by a vote of 13 in 21; his competitors, Edward G. Bradford, Jr., and John Pilling, having received 6 and 1 respectively, one vote recorded as blank.

For the State finances and public indebtedness, see "Annual Cyclopædia," 1880.

A rec

ommendation made by the Governor to refund the State debt in its entirety by the conversion of all outstanding bonds into new ones, payable in twenty years, and bearing interest at the rate of four instead of six per cent per annum, was acted upon by the General Assembly, and a law passed for that purpose. Its main provisions are that the bonded debt ($847,000) be refunded in $1,000 four-per-cent bonds; and that the whole loan be disposed of to the highest bidder.

In the matter relating to the four national banks which do business in Delaware, but re

The system in Delaware which gives no salary to county officers, but compensates them for their services with the legal fees paid by the parties with whom they may have official business, is regarded as unjust to the public servants, "because they are compelled to render a considerable gratuitous service," and the fees prescribed by statute, in many instances, are never paid by the parties liable therefor. This result caused complaint and dissatisfaction on the part of the officers concerned; and, as a remedy of the evil, it was proposed to pass a law authorizing the payment of such officers, as far as practicable, by annual salaries, payable monthly, commensurate with the labor performed, in lieu of the fees pertaining to such offices; the fees now by law taxable by such officers to be by them taxed and received as heretofore, and paid to the State Treasurer such law to take effect as the terms of the present incumbents expire.

The public schools in some of the rural districts being usually closed earlier in the year than elsewhere, apparently from lack of means to keep them open for a longer time, a consolidation of those districts was proposed, and also that an amount of money should be annually levied, sufficient to keep the schools of each district in operation during eight months' time. The Legislature provided for this by enactment of a law entitled "An act supplementary to the existing law in relation to free schools." It directs the Governor to appoint, in addition to the Superintendent of the Public Schools, an Assistant Superintendent, the term of his office being one year; and fixes his annual salary at $800; that of the Superintendent at $1,500. It provides also for the establishment of a State Board of Education, which is to consist of the Secretary of State, the President of the Delaware College, and the Superintendent of Public Instruction. The act further provides that, besides the sums voted by the people of each school district for the support of their respective schools, taxes for each school district in the three counties of the State shall be levied and collected annually in the month of April, and distributed among the school districts in the proportional sums of $160 for each district in New Castle County, of $125 in Kent County, and of $60 in Sussex County.

The Governor called the attention of the Legislature to "the open and unblushing bribery and intimidation alleged to have been

practiced at the recent elections in this State"; pointed out the effects which such practices must necessarily produce, if not put down; and concludes with these words: "I desire most earnestly to recommend that you take into consideration the necessity of adopting such measures as will prevent the repetition of such offenses against the purity and freedom of the ballot." The General Assembly then enacted a law, entitled "An act to secure free elections." It imposes a penalty of from $500 to $1,000 fine on any person, firm, or corporation that shall endeavor to influence, by bribery, threats, or intimidation, the vote of an employé; and empowers the employé, in addition, to bring suit against his employer for the payment to him, as in an action for debt, of $500. It provides further that, if the employer be an actual person, he shall be liable also to one year's imprisonment. The act of any officer of a corporation, acting for the corporation, shall be considered the act of the corporation itself; but such officer shall also be individually liable.

A special joint committee was appointed by the two Houses "to examine the State Library," which committee performed its duty, and reported a joint resolution, authorizing the State Librarian to cause all necessary shelving for books to be erected; requiring him to compile a catalogue, and have it printed for the usual distributions; and empowering him to draw on the State Treasurer for $500 to pay the expenses of its publication.

The session of 1881 closed on April 9th. Of the ninety-eight days of its continuance, about sixty-five were employed in actual work. Among the acts and joint resolutions of a general character passed at this session are the following:

An act "for the preservation of the public health." It authorizes the establishment of local boards of health in all the towns and villages of the State, and defines their duties. "To provide for the registration of marriages, births, and deaths in the State of Delaware." -"To provide for the better security of life and property in case of fire." It imposes on the owners of hotels, factories, school-houses, and other public buildings, the duty of providing them with suitable tire-escapes.-"To exempt sewing-machines of seamstresses and private families from execution, attachmentprocess, and from distress for rent."-"To provide a uniform ballot for election-officers." It prescribes that the ballots shall be printed on paper-pieces six inches long and three inches wide; the paper to be furnished by the Secretary of State. The ballots are to be without any distinguishing marks of any character, except the name of the party printed on the inside. No ballot is to be counted which does not conform to these provisions.-"To prevent political parades in the night-time in this State." It imposes fines, ranging between five and twenty dollars, on every person tak

ing part in any political torch-light parades, "marching through any public road, or street, in this State, in the night-time."-" To provide for the better analysis of fertilizers, and for the proper stamping of every package sold in this State."-"To create the office of a State Commissioner on Fish and Fisheries, and to provide for his compensation." The act authorizes the Governor to appoint such commissioner; defines the commissioner's duty to be to receive fish and spawn, and distribute them into places where they are needed; fixes the term of his office at two years, and the compensation for his services at two dollars for every day actually employed in the performance of official duties, besides the reimbursement of his expenses. An act relating to the militia of the State, "in amendment to chapter xv of the Revised Code." The act appropriates $1,200 annually for the support of the organized militia; empowers the Adjutant-General to sell all useless arms and accoutrements, and distribute the proceeds among the several militia companies pro rata; and fixes the salary of the Adjutant-General at $200 a year. The act determines also the Governor's staff.

The following joint resolution in relation to the Irish troubles was unanimously adopted by the House of Representatives on March 3d, and concurred in by the Senate:

Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of Delaware in General Assembly met, That the people of Ireland, oppressed by the misgovernment of rulers, and excited by the selfish appeals of domestic and this General Assembly tenders to them the assuragitators, are entitled to the sympathy of mankind; ance of their sincere regard, and the expression of their earnest wish that such settlement of their difficulties may be had as will secure their highest and most enduring prosperity.

By the viva voce vote, separately taken in the two Houses on January 18th, Mr. Bayard was re-elected United States Senator, the votes having stood as follows: In the Senate-Bayard 8, Higgins 1; in the House of Representatives-Bayard 14, Higgins 7.

The office of a State Commissioner on Insurance has been established in Delaware, and it was organized for practical operations on July 1, 1879, under the provisions of a special law passed March 24th of that year. The first report submitted by this officer to the Legislature, in February, 1881, shows the number of insurance companies doing business in the State in 1879 to have been 53; namely, 6 home companies, 27 fire and marine insurance companies of other States, 17 foreign fire-insurance companies, 2 life-insurance companies, and 1 life and accident insurance company. During the year ending January 31, 1881, these corporations numbered 67, classified as follows: Six insurance companies chartered under the laws of the State, one of them being a joint-stock company, and 5 mutual fire-insurance companies; 32 fire and fire-marine insurance companies of other States, 20 foreign fire-insurance companies, 8 life-insurance companies of other

The aggregate value of school property in the State for 1880 is set down at $440,733, made up as follows: School-houses, $331,260; school-grounds, $75,669; school furniture, $33,804.

For the benefit of colored children of school age, the Legislature of 1881 has enacted a law supplementary to the existing act to encourage the education of the colored people." It appropriates $2,400 of State money ($800 to each of the three counties) annually, to be paid in October to the Treasurer of the Delaware Association for the Improvement of the Colored People, and to be distributed by him in proportional sums among such colored schools in the several counties as have been kept open for at least three months in the year, and have been attended by at least twenty scholars each. The school-taxes paid by the colored people are to be expended within the hundreds in which they are raised.

To provide for a participation of the Delaware inilitia and State officials in the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the surrender of the English army at Yorktown, Virginia, on October 19, 1781, the following preambles and resolution were passed by the two Houses of the General Assembly of 1881: Whereas, At a meeting of the Governors of the thirteen original States, held in the city of Philadelphia, in 1879, in the old Independence Hall, it was determined to celebrate the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown; and

Whereas, It is an event in which the people of Delaware feel a profound interest on account of the significance of the result, achieved by the patience,

endurance, courage, and patriotism of our colonial ancestors; and

Whereas, It is proper that the remembrance of the hardships and perils incident to the Revolutionary struggle should be preserved: therefore, be it

Resolved, That the Governor be and he is hereby authorized to make such arrangements as he shall deem necessary for a proper participation of the State officials and the militia in the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the surrender at Yorktown; and to defray the expenses thereof he is hereby authorized to draw his warrant upon the State Treasurer for a sum of money not exceeding $2,000.

The First Regiment of Delaware-six companies of infantry-with band and drum-corps, attended the celebration at Yorktown.

Extracts recently published from official records of the votes polled in the State for the election of her two Congressmen in 1812 and 1880 may show the growth of Delaware in the number of voters, and proportionally in population, during the sixty-eight years intervening. In 1812 the aggregate vote cast for her Representatives in Congress (two scattering votes included) was 14,809, distributed among four candidates, as follows: Henry M. Ridgely, 4,193; Thomas Cooper, 4,183; David Hall, 3,221; Richard Dale, 3,210. The first two named of these competitors were awarded the certificates of election to represent Delaware in the Thirteenth Congress; their official term being then three years, reduced to two years in 1818. In 1880 the votes polled in the State for her Congressmen numbered 29,420; all of which, except 122, were almost equally divided between two candidates-E. L. Martin 14,966, and John W. Houston 14,332-who received their certificates of election to represent Delaware in the Forty-seventh Congress.

By the new general apportionment of State representation, based on the returns of the United States census of 1880, as fixed by the act of Congress, passed in March, 1881, and to be in force "from and after the 3d of March, 1883," Delaware loses one of her two Representatives in the Lower House of the Federal Legislature, the said act entitling her to one member only.

DENMARK, a kingdom of Northern Europe. The reigning sovereign is Christian IX, fourth son of the late Duke William of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, appoint

ed to the succession of the Danish crown by the Treaty of London of May 8, 1852, and by the Danish law of succession of July 31, 1853. He succeeded to the throne on the death of King Frederick VII, November 5, 1863. He was married May 26, 1842, to Louise, Princess of Hesse-Cassel. The heir-apparent is Prince Frederick, born June 3, 1843, and married July 28, 1869, to Louisa, only daughter of King Charles XV of Sweden. Their children are three sons, born in 1870, 1872, and 1876, and three daughters, born in 1875, 1878, and 1880. The second son of the King is King of Greece. The oldest daughter, Alexandra, is

wife of the Prince of Wales; the second, Dagmar, wife of the Czar of Russia; the third,

Thyra, wife of the Duke of Cumberland, who is the claimant to the throne of Hanover.

The King has a civil list of 500,000 rigsdalers, and the heir-apparent of 60,000 rigsdalers. The ministry of 1880 continued in office during the year.

The area of Denmark is 38,302 square kilometres; the population on February 1, 1880, was 1,969,039. The area of the colonies is 192,209 square kilometres (1 square kilometre = 0.386 square mile), with a population of 130,350. The area and population of the several provinces and colonies were as follows:

88,100

358

87,600

Of the total population in 1880, 1,904,750 were born in Denmark, and 64,289 abroad. Of those born abroad, 535 were born in Iceland, 212 in Greenland, 225 in the Faroe Islands, 334 in the Danish West Indies, 33,152 in Germany (of these, 2,207 in the province of Schleswig), 24,148 in Sweden, 2,823 in Norway, 454 in England, 384 in Russia, 182 in Austria, 138 in France, 328 in other European countries, 512 in non-European countries, and 862 unknown.

The number of emigrants in 1880 was 5,667, of whom the majority went to the United States.

The annual financial accounts, called stats

33 steamers.