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This, I conceive, no person whatever is entitled to demand of me. Besides, I have always understood that no bishop can make an order contrary to what is contained in that book.... Were I, your Grace, to surrender, or even seem to surrender, the great principles at stake, I should be for ever troubled with the curse of a guilty conscience.

The archbishop, publishing the result of this correspondence, expressed regret at the want of success of his attempt to secure Mr. Green's release, but did not think that the attempt had been wholly in vain, for it had proved to him, he said,

That the cell from which we should be glad to lead him (Mr. Green) forth is locked on the inside. Mr. Green will not accept the ruling of the archbishop's court, nor the opinion of the assembled bishops of the Anglican communion throughout the world, nor the resolutions of convocation, nor the determination of his own bishop, nor the invitation of the archbishop of the province. So long as this attitude is preserved, I do not see any further means that can be adopted to

effect his much-desired release.

A systematic agitation was organized by the English Church Union, to be promoted by public meetings held under the direction of the district and branch unions, and the circulation of petitions for Mr. Green's unconditional re

lease.

A general meeting under the direction of the English Church Union, appointed to be held in connection with the Church Congress, was held at Newcastle-on-Tyne, October 5th, Mr. C. L. Wood, president of the union, presiding. Addresses were made defining and defending the position of the union and of the friends of Mr. Green; and a letter was read from the imprisoned clergyman, in which he

said:

If any one asked me why I was here, I should reply, "For the kingdom of Jesus Christ.' It is the honor of the Church for which we have been content to strive, and, by God's help, hope to continue to strive as long as life shall last. The awful insult of fered to the Church by the Public Worship Regulation Act is such as will not be endured by the humblest sect in the land. That a Parliament, not even professing to be Christian, should set up a court and prescribe rules for the worship and discipline of the Church of God, is going, to my mind, beyond the endurable.

Resolutions were adopted thanking Mr. Green for refusing to acknowledge the authority of the Privy Council and the courts subject to its jurisdiction in matters touching faith and worship; denying—while the duty of submission to the canonical orders of the bishop was recognized the canonical authority of episcopal directions avowedly controlled by and based upon the decisions of the judicial committee as overriding the inherent discretion of the episcopate, and declaring that no change in the ecclesiastical courts could be acquisced in which did not restore the final determination of spiritual matters to the bishops and synods. A bill, called the Ecclesiastical Courts Regulation Bill, was introduced in the House of Lords, with especial reference to the case of Mr. Green. It proposed the amendment of the act of 1813 and of "Thorogood's act" of 1840,

providing for the release of a prisoner incarcerated under a writ de contumace at the expiration of six months, with the consent of the other parties to the suit, by omitting the proviso requiring the consent of the other parties. The Archbishop of Canterbury supported this bill on its second reading in August, but said there would be a difficulty in applying it satisfactorily, because it would be hard to keep a gentleman like Mr. Green from getting into prison again after he was discharged. The Lord Chancellor, remarking that Mr. Green was charged with no fewer than eleven acts of disobedience, said that in fact that gentleman would appear to be of the opinion that no obedience was due from him in matters of ceremonial to any decisions of the ecclesiastical courts. Under the bill now before their lordships, the person proceeded against might be imprisoned for six months over and over again

until he ceased to be contumacious. That

would require amendment.

A committee of ritualists, selected on account of the attention they had paid to the subject, held a series of conferences on the Prayer-Book and its rubrics, and for the discussion of ritual conformity during 1880 and 1881, and published its report in September, 1881. The promoters of this step admitted that it had become apparent that the ritualistic movement, in the absence of any system of rules, had resulted in the introduction of a great diversity of practice, and that some of the clergymen, in the excess of their zeal, had adopted usages which could not be justified by any reference to the Prayer-Book; and it was believed that if the whole subject were revised in a scholarly manner, and if what could be supported by appeal to the Prayer-Book were exactly defined, a standard of extreme ritual might be fixed, under which uniformity of practice would be promoted, the irritation and friction felt in the Church would be diminished, a fair trial of the Prayer-Book, as the ritualists understood it, would be had on its own merits, and the advance of liturgical revision would be sped. The report of the committee embodies the results of its inquiries into the true meaning of the rubrics, deals with cases where a conflict of rubrics exists, and decides in some instances that certain practices which have been insisted upon are not sustained with sufficient clearness, and ought to be abandoned or modified.

The English Church Union returned in its reports for 1880, 19,410 members, showing an increase during a year of 1,684 members; six new district unions and 264 new branches had been organized. The income of the union had been $24,970. The report said, referring to the results of the prosecutions of clergymen for alleged illegal practices, "The apparent want of success which has attended the defensive efforts to maintain the civil rights of the persecuted clergy should not be regarded with feelings of despondency."

ANTHROPOLOGY. The discovery of stone implements in gravel-beds in the bluffs of the Delaware River, near Trenton, New Jersey, raised an interesting question as to the antiquity of man in America, since these gravel deposits were believed to have been formed by glacial action. The discovery of a few human bones in Pliocene deposits on the Pacific coast was the only evidence of the extreme antiquity of the human race upon this continent before the finding of these relics in the Trenton gravels, to which attention was first called by Dr. C. C. Abbott. The genuineness of those Pliocene remains is, however, anything but well established. The inter-glacial paleoliths of the Delaware Valley are rude celts of argillite. They differ distinctly from the implements left by the Indians here and in other parts of the country; yet nearer the surface, and occasionally upon the surface, in the same region they are found among flint weapons of the Indian type. Morgan and other American archæologists have concluded that the Indians reached the Atlantic coast from the interior, and that their original seats were near the Pacific. It must be inferred that they encountered and expelled another race, who had dwelt there since the formation of these gravel deposits. There is historical evidence of a race of different ethnological characteristics from the redmen inhabiting this part of the Atlantic seacoast in the sagas of the Icelandic colonists of Greenland, relating to their visits to Vinland in the eleventh century. The Skrællings, found by the Northmen in New England, have been identified by most certain indications in their descriptions with the Esquimau race, and were called by the same name in the chronicles. The Northmen first met the Esquimaux low down on the Atlantic coast. Three centuries later they appeared in large numbers in Greenland, and the severe conflicts which took place between the colonists and these invaders were probably the reason why the Greenland settlements were finally abandoned. The migration of the Esquimaux to the northward, evidenced by these events, was doubtless caused by the pressure of the Indians behind them, who in more recent times have encroached upon the Esquimaux in British America.

Weapons of a ruder type than the flint, quartz, and jasper arrow and spear heads, of many different patterns, attributed to the Indians, have been found near the surface, not only in the Delaware Valley, but in New England and elsewhere in the Eastern States. They are always large, rudely-fashioned celts of nearly uniform pattern, much weather-worn, and made of argillite, thus corresponding in all particulars with the implements of the Trenton gravel-beds. These paleolithic weapons, even in the absence of historical evidence, could be attributed with good reason to the Esquimaux, as being the only race living in the earlier stone age found in an accessible region. They are

quite similar to implements still made by the Esquimaux.

There was less difficulty in connecting the Delaware flints with the Esquimau race than in accepting them as evidence of glacial or preglacial man, though found buried in what was supposed on good evidence to be glacial drift. The special study of this formation made by Henry Carvill Lewis has led to conclusions which remove this difficulty. Mr. Lewis says that the implement-bearing gravel is the most recent formation except recent alluvium, and much later than the Philadelphia brick-clay and red gravels which were deposited at the melting of the great glacier. It extends up the valley of the Delaware to the Water-Gap, and is of fluvial origin, marking the former bed of the river. It bears marks of iceaction, which must be ascribed to a second (more recent) glacier, whose flood cut a channel through the deposits of the first glacial period. The date of this smaller glacier corresponded approximately to the Reindeer period of Europe. The implements found in this gravel, which is the most recent of nine gravel and clay deposits in the Delaware Valley, are unquestionably of the same age as the formation, indicating the existence of man at the time when the floods of the river covered this gravel, which is far above the present river-bed. This period Mr. Lewis proposes to call the Esquimau period.

The recent measurements of African skulls by M. Hamy show that the races of that continent are not as universally dolichocephalous as has been supposed. He distinguishes between two distinct types of cranial formation in the negro races, and between forms within these ranging from the sub-brachycephalic through the mesocephalic and the sub-dolichocephalic to the true dolichocephalic. The dwarf race north of the equator, described by Schweinfurth and Miani (see AKKAS), has been studied by M. Hamy, who does not find their skulls less arched than those of the rest of mankind. Their stature is greater than that of the Bushmen, and is about the same average as the Andaman-Islanders. Their horizontal cephalic index approaches the true brachycephalous ratio. The Noubas, Fourahs, Gallas, and NiamNiams, and the Haoussas, who dwell west of Lake Tchad, and are separated from the above peoples by a population craniologically distinct, he classes together in a single race.

Fossil evidence of the semi-human transitional stage in the development of the human species may be claimed to be afforded by a human jaw-bone found in the Schipka Cave in Moravia, with bones of the mammoth, and rude palæoliths. It is a fragment of the lower jaw, containing the incisors, an eye-tooth, and two premolars, with the last three back teeth just emerging from the bone. It is therefore a child's skull, in the stage of development belonging to the eighth year. Yet the size of the jaw and the teeth is that of an adult. The

lower part of the jaw recedes without forming a chin, and the hinder surface of the symphysis has a very oblique slope. These characteristics, approaching the type of the anthropoid apes, are exhibited in a much more marked manner than in any existing savage race, or in the fossils of men before discovered which show them, such as the jaw of Nanette.

A fortified camp has been discovered by the Abbé Ambrosio Sans in the Maestrazgo plateau in Spain, which bears every indication of having been constructed by a prehistoric people of the polished-stone age. It is situated in a group of hills. On one side the position is protected by a natural escarpment. Within the curved outer wall, which was built of stones without mortar, is a smaller wall, still intact, and heaps of stones, the ruins of dwellings. The habitations were oval, about 20 feet long by 63 feet in breadth, and were arranged in groups and in solitary positions, according to a definite plan. At the foot of the wall were found the remains of many animals, some of which belonged to extinct species. Outside of the inclosure were picked up polished celts of reddish-veined white quartz, lance-heads of blackish diorite, and other implements of the Neolithic age.

An ancient galley, discovered at Sandefjord, in Norway, throws light on the naval architect ure of the Norse mariners a thousand years ago. It was the sepulchre of a viking, whose bones, with those of a little dog and some implements, were found inside, and the bones of horses and dogs sacrificed at the funeral round about; but the tomb had been plundered. The vessel was about 78 feet long, 17 feet in beam, and 5 feet 9 inches deep, and would probably draw less than four feet of water. The curves of the bent timbers seemed to be the natural growth of the trees. There were twenty ribs. The side-boards, of selected and well-seasoned oak, overlapped each other, and were fastened by iron rivets clinched on both sides. No evidences of the use of a saw were seen. The frametimbers were fastened together with root withes. Bow and stern had the same shape. The rudder was on the starboard side, a foot or two from the stern. There was no deck. There were holes for 32 oars. These were 20 feet long. The finish and workmanship were careful and elaborate, and the plan of the hull was anything but primitive and rude, the lines being admirable for speed and for seaworthi

ness.

The ship was covered by a burial-mound of blue clay, this material accounting for its excellent preservation.

APPLETON, JOHN ADAMS, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, January 9, 1817, and died at his residence, Clifton, Staten Island, July 13, 1881, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. Mr. Appleton was one of the firm of "D. Appleton & Company," a house well known for its steady progress and uniform success as publishers and importers of books. Mr. John A. Appleton, wherever he was known,

cess.

was highly respected and esteemed for his integrity and uprightness in all the walks of life. His time and attention were mainly devoted to the business upon which he entered as a young man, with his father and brothers; and in the prosecution of that business, upon sound and manly principles, he met with gratifying sucHe acquired a large fortune, which he wisely used, not only for the benefit of his immediate family and friends, but also for the good of the community in which he lived, and especially for the cause of the church to which he was devotedly attached. About seven years ago, he was severely injured by being thrown from his carriage, and he never fully recovered from the shock thus given to his system. His last illness was aggravated by a complication of disorders, and he sank rapidly under the attack, passing away in the early morning of Wednesday, July 13th.

There were several points in Mr. Appleton's character which deserve to be noted. He was, first of all, a devout, consistent Christianone who was neither ashamed nor afraid to acknowledge his faith and trust in his Saviour, and one who strove to remember always that he was a steward of God, placed in charge of large means and opportunities for promoting the spread of the Gospel and the happiness of his fellow-men. And he continued steadfast in this faith, and, when the summons came, he laid down the burden of life with firm, unwavering confidence in the mercy of our Heavenly Father in and through Christ Jesus our Lord. He was for many years senior warden of St. John's Church, Clifton, and was one of its largest benefactors. It may indeed be called his monument. A mural tablet has been erected in the church of his affections, commemorating his quiet life of faith and service as a Christian. It was done by the members of the church, his friends, and the employés in his business.

In admirable keeping with this inner life of faith, Mr. Appleton always proved himself to be a gentleman of the truest type. He was uniformly courteous and considerate toward others, never wounding the feelings of any one, however obscure or lowly his lot, and always ready with a pleasant word and kindly act. Though of a rather nervous temperament, and disliking everything of the nature of parade or show, he was fond of congenial society, and took delight in dispensing cordial and unostentatious hospitality at his beautiful residence in Staten Island. He was a lover of home and home pleasures, and, as he had been especially favored and happy in his marriage, he made his home the central point of quiet and peaceful enjoyment.

As a business man, Mr. Appleton was deservedly esteemed to be an honor to the name. He took his full share in upholding the high reputation which the house of D. Appleton & Co. has always sustained for integrity and fairness in their vast business transactions. He was

jealous for the good name of the house, and desirous, by every effort on his part, to extend its honorable usefulness. He was endeared to all with whom he was brought into close business relations, as touching evidence of which may be adduced the spontaneous gathering of the employés of the house, the day after his death, and the resolutions unanimously adopted at the meeting. Truly, in all the varied responsibilities of life, the passage of Holy Scripture selected as the text of an eloquent discourse preached at his funeral aptly describes Mr. Appleton's career: "The path of the just is as the shining light that shineth more and more unto the perfect day."

ARBITRATION. A decision of the Louisiana Court of Appeals embodies a totally different doctrine from that which has guided English courts, and American courts after them, for over two hundred years, relative to the obligation of merchants to submit to and abide by arbitration after agreement to do so. A contract for the sale of mules contained a stipulation that differences arising between the parties should be referred to arbitrators, one to be chosen by each party, and the two, on failing to agree, to fix upon an umpire. On the failure of the seller to deliver, the buyer brought suit in court. The selling party objected that the plaintiff had not offered to arbitrate, as the contract required. The suing party argued that a stipulation to arbitrate is revocable any time before award is made, and can not debar access to the civil courts. The court, acknowledging the weight of authority to conflict with the view taken, delivered the opinion that stipulations of this character, not being contrary to either law or to public policy, should not be considered less binding than other lawful contracts. Arbitrators are authorized by modern laws to take testimony under oath, and have accordingly the facilities for investigating simpler questions. When parties, knowing the full effect and circumstances of the agreement, have deliberately agreed to settle disputes by friendly reference, they should be left to the tribunal of their own election. The powers of arbitrators and the finality of the award have been considerably enhanced in New York and other States. Yet the liberty possessed by either party of withdrawing before the conclusion of the deliberations, discourages merchants from resorting to this mode of adjusting disputes in minor controversies, notwithstanding its preferableness to legal trial. In exchanges, boards of trade, and similar associations there usually resides efficient power to enforce a rule compelling members to submit their differences to the arbitrament of a committee, and the custom, thus made binding, is eminently satisfactory in its workings.

ARCHEOLOGY. Important discoveries of antiques illustrating the civilizations of Egypt, ancient Chaldea, and Greece, have been exhumed and deposited in the British Museum, the Boulak Museum of the Khedive, and in the

Royal Museum at Berlin. The Egyptian discovery was the fruit of the efforts of Maspero, the new director of the Boulak Museum, and of his assistant, Brugsch, both renowned Egyptologists. It includes records which clear up a doubtful period of Pharaonic chronology. The discoveries in Mesopotamia were made by an agent of the British Museum, who has been engaged for years in this exploration, and who has now located cities more ancient than Babylon, and brought to light remains of the primeval Assyrian civilization. The Greek remains recovered embrace examples of classic art in its highest prime, and also an interesting work of a later age illustrating the aberrations of Greek genius in the decadence of taste. The excavation of these objects from the ruins of Olympia and Pergamon was conducted by commissioners of the German Government, which had appropriated a large subsidy for this purpose.

In Egypt an extraordinary treasure of sepulchral relics was brought to light in the summer of 1881, through the efforts of Professor Maspero. For many years curious antiquities have occasionally appeared in the markets, of a sort which led to the suspicion that the Arab traders had discovered a royal tomb, which they were secretly rifling. Upon deciphering a photographic copy of a ritual purchased by a traveler at Thebes, and discovering it to be the funeral papyrus of Pinotem I, Professor Maspero's suspicions were confirmed. Having been appointed the successor to Mariette Pasha as conservator of the Khedivial collections, he had the opportunity of inaugurating his official connection with an important discovery. Proceeding to Thebes, he arrested an Arab dealer in relics, one of three brothers who alone were in possession of the secret. This man, after many weeks of obstinate reticence, disclosed the situation of the treasure. The objects were then taken out by Emil Brugsch, and transported to Cairo. The place was not a tomb, but a cave which had been used as a hidingplace, to which the contents of royal sepulchres had been taken for safety. The removal took place, it is supposed, either at the time of the tomb robberies of the twentieth dynasty, or of the sacking of Thebes by the Assyrians. The mummies and grave-treasures were piled together in great confusion, and some of the identifications which were made on the strength of funereal inscriptions afterward appeared donbtful, as there were evidences that the place had already been ransacked.

There were taken out altogether some six thousand objects, including twenty-nine mummies of kings, queens, princes, and high-priests, five papyri, one of which is the funeral papyrus of Queen Makera, of the twentieth dynasty, and two plaques of the kind which Professor Maspero has before described from specimens which must have come from the same place. The mummy-cases, which were all contained in a chamber twenty-three feet by thirteen, had

been opened by Arabs, and into some the wrong mummy had been returned, as the names on the bandages did not correspond to those upon the cases. The mummies of people of the eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties appear to have been removed to this place of safety from their graves in the Valley of the Tombs during the reign of the first priest-king, HerHor. And afterward, perhaps on account of its secrecy, the vault was used as a burial-place for succeeding princes.

The depredations committed among these coffins have been considerable, and much of the difficulty in identifying the bodies is owing to the abstractions and displacements. The funeral papyrus of Queen Not-em-maut was purchased several years ago by the Prince of Wales, who deposited it in the British Museum. The funeral papyrus of Neb-seni, one of the dignitaries whose coffins were found, has also been for some time in the British Museum. Many statuettes, inscribed tablets, scarabæi, mummies, etc., have been sold to travelers of late years, which were undoubtedly taken from this place by the Arabs, who have known the secret of the chamber for probably twenty-two years.

Of the twenty-nine mummies recovered, seven are those of kings, nine of queens and princesses, and five of personages of distinction. The hiding-place was situated behind an angle of a cliff a little way from Deir-el-Bahari, near Thebes, southwest of the village. The entrance to the chamber in which they were concealed was by a perpendicular shaft, 12 metres deep, whose mouth was 60 metres above the plain. From the bottom of the pit a gallery, 74 metres in length, conducted to the chamber, whose dimensions were 7 metres by 4. A hint of the causes which led to the deposit of the bodies in this secret place is probably given in hieratic inscriptions on the mummy-cases of Leti I and Rameses XII, which stated that their remains had been placed for safety in the tomb of Queen Ansera. The mummy of this queen was found in the vault, though not in her own mummy case, but that of Rai, the nurse of Queen Ahmes-Nofertari.

Among the mummies were identified those of a Raskenen, one of the last kings of the seventeenth dynasty; of King Ahmes I, the founder of the eighteenth dynasty, and of Ahmes-Nofertari, his queen; Queen Arhotep and Princess Sat Ammon, his daughters, and Prince Sa Ammon, his son; of Amenhotep I, the second king of this dynasty; the mummycases of Thothmes I and Thothines II, succeeding monarchs; the mummy-case, and perhaps the mummy, of Thothmes III, or the Great; mummies of Queens Hont-ta-me-hou, An, Setka, and Princess Mes-sont-ta-me-hou, all of the eighteenth dynasty; the mummy of Rameses I, the founder of the nineteenth dynasty; of King Seti I, his successor; the supposed mummy of Rameses II, or the Great, the third king of this dynasty, and the Pharaoh of the

Jewish captivity, but which Professor Maspero afterward concluded to be that of Rameses XII, of the twentieth dynasty; of Queen Not-em-maut, wife of Her-Hor, the first priestking; of the high-priest Pinotem; of Queen Ramaka and her infant daughter Mout-em-hat, of the twenty-first dynasty; of King Pinotem II, the third of this dynasty, and of Queen Hon-ta-taoni, his daughter, Queen Ast-em-jeb and Princess Nessi-kon-sou, other daughters, Prince Jep-ta-a-ouf-anch, high-priest of Ammon Ra, his son, and the high-priest Mas-sa-ha-ta, another son or near relative.

The

The assemblage of mummies of different periods in this place was owing, according to the conjectures of Maspero, originally to the tombrobberies of the reign of Rameses IX. The tomb of Amenhotep I was one of those which the robbers attempted to break into. It was probably in the midst of the necropolis at Koorneh. Several mummies were missing probably at the time of the removal. tomb of Queen Mashont-ti-moo-hoo had been pillaged, and apparently those of Thothmes III, Rameses I, Seti I, and others. Contemporary mummies of the family of the twentieth dynasty were deposited in the same place for safety on account of the unsettled state of the country, owing to insurrections and the establishment of the rival dynasty at Tanis. This twenty-first dynasty could not have succeeded Her-Hor, but reigned contemporaneously with the priest-kings whose names are preserved in this cavern. These descendants of Her-Hor were as follows: High-Priest Piankhi; HighPriest Pinotem I; Pinotem II; his sons, King Menkheperra and High-Priest Mahasirti; and King Pinotem, whose wife, Makeri, was daughter of the contemporary King of Tanis. The rival dynasties were both supplanted after the death of Makeri by Sheshouk, the head of a Semitic family in Lower Egypt, who founded the Bubastite dynasty.

Assyriologists have for some time expected that in the ruined cities of Babylonia more ancient versions of the Assyrian text than the cuneiform inscriptions already recovered would yet be brought to light. In 1880 Hormuzd Rassam found a fragment of a tablet relating to the Deluge in the ruins of one of the temple libraries of Babylon. Through the seasons of 1880 and 1881 the same explorer has industriously examined the sites of the Chaldean cities of Babylon, Borsippa, Sippara, and Cutha, and has unearthed a large number of religious texts and records.

Since the large discovery of inscribed tablets made by Arabs in 1874, there have been innumerable relics and inscriptions exhumed in Babylon. The same spot has been explored by Rassam. It was the center of commercial life in ancient Babylon, being the court of a family named Beni Egibi, who seem to have been financial agents of the government. The tax-receipts found here reveal the fact that the taxes for the maintenance of the irrigation

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