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eral convicts, it is put down for the most part
as "good." Out of 53 employed by the New-
castle Coal Company, the conduct of every
one is reported "good." Out of 46 employed
by C. T. Pollard, only 2 "bad" are reported for
the two years.
Out of 87 employed by Colo-
nel T. Williams, the report for the two years
shows 28" bad." The number of deaths dur-
ing the two years was 60; number escaped,
26; number discharged by the expiration of
sentence, 274; number pardoned, 29. Among
the deaths was one suicide. A necessity has
also arisen for the enlargement of the Insane
Asylum, and the Legislature appropriated for
that object $50,000 for two years.

mer, with warm rains, and a warm, unclouded
fall, which perfectly ripens while thoroughly
developing sweetness. The amount of taxes
received into the State Treasury for the year
ending September 30, 1881, was $562,500.
This sum consisted entirely of taxes on real
and personal estate. About one half the
amount was paid by the eleven counties of
Montgomery, Dallas, Mobile, Lowndes, Hale,
Bullock, Wilcox, Perry, Pike, Marengo, and
Lee. The board for the assessment of the rail-
road property in the State increased the valu-
ation over the preceding year by $2,068,695.
The amount of additional revenue which the
State will receive from this increase is $13,446.
The assessment made for 1877 was $10,627,-
559. For the year 1878 it was $10,297,023.
For the year 1879 it was $11,023,389.
the year 1880 it was $14,526,769, and for the
year 1881 it is $16,595,462. In the last three
years, therefore, the tax valuation of the rail-
road property of the State has increased very
nearly 60 per cent. The amount of revenue
the State will derive from the roads this year
will be $120,271, which is about one sixth of
the entire sum derived from taxation on prop-
erty. If all other property in this State was
taxed as near to its value as the railroads, the
revenue would be much larger than it is, and
there would be no difficulty in lessening the
rate of taxation.

For

The population of the State, according to the census of 1880, divided into several classes, has not yet been fully compiled at the Census Office. The following is the population by counties.

COUNTIES.

Autauga....
Baldwin..

The supply of coal and iron in the State is comparatively inexhaustible. During the last ten years the iron industry has increased about 700 per cent. The production of coal has also increased with great rapidity. In 1874, 49,889 tons were mined; in 1878, 194,268; in 1879, 200,000 tons; while in 1880 the aggregate ran up to 340,000 tons. This growth has been made in the face of many obstacles, the chief of which was the want of railroad facilities, and a general impoverishment of the people by the losses of the war. The value of the output in 1880 was $2,000,000, while it is believed the year 1881 will show a product in Alabama of $3,000,000. In various localities of the State the manufacturing industry is rapidly increasing, and the abundant water-power brought into use. Numerous cotton-mills have been constructed and are in operation; likewise oil works, blast-furnaces, etc. The number of spindles used in cotton manufacture in the State is 55,072, and the number of bales of cotton used during the census year was 14,887. The acreage of cotton in the State during the same year was 2,329,577 acres, and the number of bales made by the crop was 699,576, which is an increase of 62.9 per cent, or 270,094 bales, over the crop of 1870, that amounted to 429,482 bales. There are 32,000,000 acres of land in the State, of which about 14,961,175 acres are in farms, 5,082,204 are under cultivation, 9,878,971, owned by individuals, lying idle for want of some one to cultivate them, and 5,200,000 acres of government lands, which yield no taxes. Continuous effort is made to have the Legislature publish these facts in the interest of immigration, and as the State had (September 30, 1880) $286,990.14 Cullman... in the vaults of the Treasury, a call was made upon legislators to use part of this sum in developing the agricultural interests now lying Elmore dormant. Immigrants in the north of Alabama have increased taxes so largely that they will in a year or two swell the Treasury receipts Franklin.. $10,000. In that section grape-culture is the principal business. An acre of cuttings will in two and a half years yield 200 gallons of wine. The soil, like that of California, seems peculiarly adapted to the grape, possessing chemical and physical qualities that insure success. The climate also conspires to growth-a dry sum

Butler
Calhoun

Choctaw

Cleburne..

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Barbour...
Bibb..

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Blount..

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Bullock.

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Chambers.

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Cherokee..
Chilton

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Clarke..
Clay.

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Dallas

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Coffee..
Colbert

Conecuh

Coosa....
Covington..
Crenshaw.

Dale

Geneva....
Greene..
Hale.

Henry

15.113

21.931 Winston.
26.553
18,761

Total........ 1,262,505

The population, valuation of property, and debt, of some of the cities, were as follows: Mobile, population, 31,205; valuation, $12,991,795; debt, $2,609,250. Montgomery, pop

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Jackson

2,059

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William T. May, Greenback. J. H. Vincent, Democrat...

FOR AUDITOR.

J. H. Cowen, Greenback..
J. M. Carmichael, Democrat.

ALASKA. Some important facts respecting the population and resources of Alaska have been obtained by the late agent, Mr. Ivan Petroff, for taking the census of that region. The entire Alaskan country as far north as the Yukon was examined, and tabulated reports are given, village by village, of the inhabitants. The people of the Territory may be divided as follows: 1. The Innuit or Esquimau race, which predominates in numbers and covers the littoral margin of all Alaska, from the British boundary on the Arctic to Norton Sound, of the lower Yukon and Kuskokvim, Bristol Bay, the Alaskan Peninsula, and Kodiak Island, mixing in, also, at Prince William Sound. 2. The Indians proper, spread over the vast interior in the north, reaching down to the sea-board at Cook's Inlet and the mouth of Copper River, and lining the coast from Mount Saint Elias southward to the boundary, and peopling Alexander Archipelago. 3. Least in numbers, but first in importance, the Aleutian race, extending from the Shumagin Islands westward to Atto-the ultima Thule of this country. The grand total of population is: whites, 392; creoles, 1,683; Aleuts, 2,214; Innuits of Kodiak, 2,196; of Togiak, 1,826; of Bristol Bay, 2,099; of Kuskokvim, 3,505; of Yukon, 3,359; of Behring Sea, 1,533; of the Arctic coast, 2,990; Indians, 8,401—total, 30,178.

ALEXANDER, E. B., died March 15, 1881, being a colonel in the United States Army. This meritorious officer, of whose death the

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War Department was informed, became gray in the service of the Union. He was well known throughout the country, but more particularly in Missouri, having filled the office of Provost-Marshal-General of that State in an able, firm, and upright manner. His head quarters were in St. Louis in the year 1865. Colonel Alexander belonged to the old-school class of army officers, and, like many others, was outstripped in the race for rank by junior officers who entered the lists full of ardor and vigor at the outbreak of the civil war. He commanded the Utah Expedition until relieved by General Johnston, when Grant, Sherman, and McClellan were simply lieutenants, and his service extended through a period of forty years. Graduating at the West Point Military Academy, June 30, 1823, he was the next day promoted brevet second-lieutenant of the Sixth Regular Infantry, and on the 25th of December, 1827, was made a full lieutenant. He attained the rank of captain of the Third Infantry, July 7, 1848; was brevetted major, April 18, 1848, for gallant conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churubusco. At the close of the Mexican War he was promoted to be colonel of the Tenth Infantry, after which he served the Government at Santa Fé, New Mexico, and other points. At the beginning of the civil war, Colonel Alexander was stationed at Fort Laramie, and offered his services, and that of his regiment which was much devoted to him, again and again to the Government, but was retained on the frontier on account of his influence with the Indians. In the spring of 1863 he was ordered to St. Louis as Acting Assistant Provost - MarshalGeneral, the business of which office was to superintend the district provost-marshals, to be informed on the condition of the State, execute the draft, arrest deserters, and to superintend the mustering, in and out, of the troops. This duty was usually assigned, in the respective States, to old and tried army officers, and Colonel Alexander's performance of it, in a manner at once able, honest, and faithful, is well attested. After a life of unquestionable integrity and devotion to duty, this lamented soldier was in 1869 placed upon the retired list, having been brevetted a brigadier-general for his services in recruiting the army during the war.

ALEXANDER II, Emperor of Russia, was assassinated by Nihilist conspirators, March 13th, at St. Petersburg. Born April 29, 1818, Alexander Nicolaevitch's prospects of succeeding to the throne seemed the remotest possible. Four years afterward his uncle Constantine in family conclave renounced the succession, and in his seventh year Alexander I Pavlovitch died in the prime of his life, murdered it is supposed, and was succeeded by Nicholas, the third son of Paul I. The infant Alexander, the Czar's eldest son, was now heir-apparent, but, during the thirty years of his father's reign, his life was almost as unimportant as

that of a grand duke in a collateral line, which seemed his destined lot when in the cradle. His earliest training was directed by his mother, Alexandra Feodorevna, a sister of the present German Emperor; but his father soon withdrew him from the care of the mild, refined Czarina, and sought to inculcate in his heir the thoughts and ways of a soldier. The gentle, kindly, easy-going character of the Czarevitch, different from the arbitrary and passionate temper usually characteristic of the Romanoff family, afforded poor material for a military martinet. Ilis tutor, the poet Shukofsky, instilled in him a love of literature and the contemplative science in vogue in Germany. He was endowed with the linguistic talent of his race in a marked degree, and acquired a familiar acquaintance with the principal modern languages. The ceremonial observances, incumbent on the heir to the throne and nominal commander in the army, formed the chief part of his public activity. At the age of sixteen he was declared of age, and appointed Hetman of the Cossacks and Commandant of the Guards. In 1836 and 1837 he traveled through Northern Russia and Siberia, where he procured the alleviation of the hard lot of political exiles. In 1839 and 1840 he visited various countries of Europe. In 1841 he was married to the Princess Maximiliane Maria of Hesse (see MARIA ALEXANDREVNA in "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1880). From this marriage came six sons (the Grand Dukes Nicholas, Alexander, now Alexander III, Vladimir, Alexis, Sergins, and Paul), and Maria, now Duchess of Edinburgh. In the following years he traveled in Southern Russia, the Caucasus, and Armenia. On one of his tours he took part in an expedition against a tribe of Circassian robbers. He held the post of Director of the Military Schools, but the duties were performed by his assistant, General Rostoftsef, who afterward took a prominent part in the emancipation of the serfs. The Czarevitch was president of one of the commissions appointed to inquire into the condition of the serfs, but gave little attention to the investigation, and favored rather the proprietors than the peasantry. Nicholas was disappointed in his son, who was overawed by his father, as was nearly every one who came in contact with that majestic autocrat. 'My son Shasha is an old woman," Nicholas once said; "there will be nothing great done in his time." Had he not wisely kept aloof from state affairs, Alexander, from his very different habits of mind, might have given his father a better opinion of his strength of character by coming into unhappy conflict with the "Iron Czar." He is said to have earnestly protested against the advance on Turkey in 1853. The military schemes of Nicholas, to which he had sacrificed all the best interests of the empire, came to naught, and the Emperor died of shame and disappointment after the loss of the Crimean War. Alexander II

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mounted the throne of the exhausted empire on March 3, 1855.

The spread of education in Russia had as its concomitant an extension of liberal ideas. The impressionable religious character of the Russian mind causes a reform movement in Russia to rapidly break out of the bounds of the timely and the practicable. Relieved from the repressive tyranny and the military code of the reign of Nicholas, Young Russia indulged in dreams of social regeneration which were too bright to be realized. The new Czar was in thorough sympathy with the progressive spirit of the time. The reforms which he instituted in the earlier part of his reign seemed in the minds of the enthusiastic revolutionists, who formed three quarters of the educated people of Russia, to open an era of liberty and enlightenment which was to place Russia in the van of all the nations. Alexander was not carried away with the extravagant enthusiasm which was rife; but, while proceeding with caution, he showed himself disposed to follow to the farthest practicable extent the path of social and political reform. On the 3d of March, 1863, he accomplished by his fiat one of the most gigantic and far-reaching revolutionary events of all history-the emancipation of the Russian serfs. This was the one popular reform of his reign which he never sought to modify or recall. As he was revered in his life-time by the liberated peasantry as the Czar Emancipator, so he will live in history by the same title as one of the most illustrious of his line. Besides the great act of his reign, he instituted internal reforms of great importance. To strike off the shackles of thought, to open the press for the free expression of opinion, and to rid the universities of the drill-masters who subjected professors and students to the discipline of the barracks and exercised a ruthless and ignorant censorship over the studies, was one of the earliest acts of the reforming Czar, and one of the first to be revoked. The system of education was in many particulars improved. The army and navy were reorganized. Trade and industry were specially encouraged. New commercial routes were opened. A revision of the laws was taken in hand. A judicial system on the French model was instituted, the penal code was framed, and the methods of civil and criminal procedure were greatly simplified. A new system of municipal administration was introduced. Limited rights of local selfgovernment and taxation were accorded to districts and provinces, to be exercised by elective assemblies. It was hoped and expected that Alexander would end by conferring a constitution upon Russia, and confide to the people the control of the national destinies. Suddenly the Czar stopped short in his progressive course, reintroduced the harshest of the repressive regulations which he had abolished, and devoted the rest of his life in vainly striving to lay the spirit which he had himself invoked.

The courage with which he persisted in the reactionary policy, offending the most intelligent section of the people, and standing in hourly danger of assassination, was equal to that with which he had faced the wrath of the aristocracy in abolishing serfage. He probably made up his mind tardily that the autocratic principle was essential to the unity and happiness of Russia, and that he had imperiled it and must rescue it at all hazards. The heterogeneous races in Europe and Asia, standing on very different planes of civilization, could hardly be made the recipients of equal rights of representation in a constitutional state without swamping the culture of the very classes who were clamoring for a constitution. Then the idea of the autocracy is so bound up with the religious sentiments of the mass of the people that Alexander II probably recoiled from the responsibility of subjecting their faith and morals to the strain they would have to undergo upon his abdicating his traditional authority, and breaking off his paternal relations to his people.

Prudence and benevolence were the leading traits of Alexander's character. Without being endowed with profound sagacity, he sought conscientiously to make up his own mind in every juncture, and in every course which he chose was carried by circumstances farther than he foresaw. He had far-sighted men to advise him, but, instead of implicitly trusting to their genius, he followed in great matters his independent judgment, from a sense of duty rather than from self-confidence. Ile was never carried away with enthusiasm, nor over-hopeful of grand results, but was easily influenced by popular sentiment, which he gave way to as far as his cautious nature would admit. In the emancipation of the serfs his heart was thoroughly enlisted, and he acted in advance of public opinion; in everything else he followed hesitatingly, and always feeling his way. The power of Russia was rapidly extended in Asia during the whole of Alexander's reign. In 1860 a favorable treaty was struck with China, by which Manchooria was secured. In Central Asia one khanate after the other was put through the gradual process which ends in absorption into the Muscovite dominion. In Europe, Russia was silent for many years. She was not "sulking, but recruiting," Gortchakoff declared. In 1863 the Polish rebellion might have been successful but for the aid of Prussia. Then Prince Gortchakoff informed the Western powers that Russia would listen to no intercessions on behalf of the "kingdom of Poland." During the Franco-German War the keen diplomat improved the situation and repudiated the stipulation in the Treaty of Paris forbidding Russia to maintain a naval armament in the Black Sen, on the ground that treaties are only binding so long as both parties are agreed! This cool declaration placed Russia again in her traditional attitude. But for the events of

which it was the prelude the Chancellor was not responsible. He, as well as the Finance Minister, and other members of the Cabinet, earnestly tried to dissuade the Czar from his attitude to the Slav agitation which led to the Turkish War. The Emperor had no sympathy with the Panslavistic cause. Between him and the Philoslav party there were only mutual distrust and repulsion. But he refused to check the belligerent proceedings of the Slavonic Benevolent Society and the Moscow Slavonic Society, or to forbid his officers to volunteer in the Servian War, because his sympathies were with the Turkish Christians, and he could not in his conscience disapprove the intense popular feeling of the time. The traditional duty of the Czar to protect the Orthodox Christians of Turkey was present in his mind, not the desire of founding a Panslavic empire or of forcing the Eastern question and conquering the Bosporus. He was drawn into the war without anticipating it. The speech which he made at Moscow, in which he declared that, if Europe would not secure a better position for the oppressed Slavs, Russia would act alone, he expected would serve as a menace which would be sufficient to bring Turkey to her reason. He was with the army until after the capture, of Plevna, visiting the hospitals frequently and winning the hearts of the soldiers by the sincere sympathy and kindness which he showed for the sick and wounded. The grief which he felt for the misery caused by the war was recognized by the people. He was called the "Martyr" and the "Guardian Angel." Yet he refused to listen to advisers who urged the conclusion of peace before the Turkish power was broken.

The first attempt on the Czar's life was in 1866. The following year he was assaulted with murderous intent in the Bois de Boulogne at Paris. After the conclusion of the Berlin Treaty, the flames of Nihilism burst out all over Russia. It became evident that every branch of the public service, every social circle, even the higher ranks of officials, the first families of the aristocracy, and probably the imperial family itself, contained agents and friends of the revolution. A mania for desperate conspiracy seemed to rage. Heterogeneous disaffected elements sought to attain their various objects through a political cataclysm; but the authors and perpetrators of the revolutionary deeds were the Russian socialists, the most daring and resolute political conspirators of any age. Every arrest and condemnation for political crime was a provocation for acts more flagrant and defiant. In 1879 the Emperor knew that his death was compassed by the Nihilistic committee in St. Petersburg, the central source of terrorism. The Czarina died in 1879. The relations of the Czar to the Princess Dolgorouky, his determination to marry her morganatically, and the vehement opposition of his children, were the cause of additional unhappiness at the time when he felt

that the sword of Nihilism was suspended over his head. He did not shrink from the task of trying to extirpate the dangerous growth. The measures taken are described in the last two volumes of the "Annual Cyclopædia.' In April, 1879, the school-master Solovieff fired four times at the Czar in the palace garden at St. Petersburg. In November the dynamite mine was exploded on the Moscow Railroad, which, owing to a change in the programme, destroyed the baggage-train instead of the carriage in which the Emperor was traveling. In February, 1880, explosives fired in the cellar of the Winter Palace would have destroyed the Czar and his guests while at dinner, had he not by a rare chance been a few minutes late. Melikoff's administration of the extraordinary powers confided to him seemed to be success. ful in unearthing the Nihilist conspirators and checking their activity. There was a prospect that a man of his liberal ideas and popular sympathies might eventually find out a remedy for the disorder more effective than mere repressive violence. But the murder of the Czar altered the situation. The plot was laid this time so that the Emperor could hardly escape and his assassin must surely be captured. Four conspirators were posted along the street through which the Czar was driving home from a review. Each had ready to cast a small bomb of certain and terrible explosive power. Confederates in the throng gave the signal. The second petard proved fatal. The particulars of the plot and the disclosures of the trial of the conspirators are recounted in the article RUSSIA.

ANGLICAN CHURCHES. The clerical list of the Church of England for 1880 contains twenty-six thousand names, showing a gain of about six thousand clergymen since 1859. More than six thousand clergymen are not in pastoral work.

According to the report of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners for England, four thousand seven hundred benefices were augmented and endowed by them between 1840 and 1880. The increase in the incomes of benefices, from the augmentations and endowments made by the commissioners or through their instrumentality, amounted on October 31, 1880, to about £756,500 per annum, representing the income from a capital sum of about £23,000,000.

The eighty-second annual meeting of the Church Missionary Society was held in London, May 3d, the Earl of Chichester presiding. The total receipts for the year had been £207,508, of which £189,685 were applicable to the general expenditure, the rest having come in special contributions. Besides the European missionaries, 110 native clergy and 1,720 lay teachers were employed in the missions, and 1,000 schools were attached to them. The report stated that between three and four thousand well-instructed adult converts were baptized each year through the society's labors. The missions in India absorbed one half the mis

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