128 Salaries.-Internal Improvements.-Education. Commissioners of the Board of Public Works. The president of the board receives $2.50 a day while in actual service. The two The acting commissioner of the acting commissioners receive each $1,000 per annum. The auditor and treasurer of the state are advicanal fund receives $666 per annum. sory commissioners of the canal fund. Judiciary. Supreme Court. The chief justice of the supreme court receives $1,500 per annum; the first associate, $1,500; and the other two associates $1,300 each. Those of The judge of the superior court of Cincinnati receives $1,000 per annum. the first, sixth, seventh, ninth, tenth, eleventh, and fourteenth districts of the court of common pleas, $1,200. Those of the other districts receive $1,000. There are sixteen districts in the state. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. Ohio is wide awake to the great importance of opening direct communications between her rich agricultural and manufacturing districts and the great marts of commerce. Works of internal improvement are constantly in progress, and in a few years, canals, railroads, and telegraphic rods, will intersect the state in all directions. The most important works now completed are:— Name. Cost. Net Receipts 35,225 48 Number of Miles 334 841 1,237,552 16 139 3,167,440 80 14,081 76 91 3,009,923 29 102,581 20 25 607,268 99 56 975,481 01 444 72 91 1,629,633 29 160 1,280,000 00 140 1,400,000 00 * Completed in 1847. The estimated receipt for the year 1848, is $143,000. + By the the report of the directors of this road for 1848, it appears that the amount of receipts upon the road for the six months ending June 1, 1848, was $150,000. It is an important avenue of iutercourse between the Ohio and Lake Erie. It connects with the Mad River and Lake Erie railroad, and promises to be one of the most profitable railroads in the state. Under the direction of the episcopalians. Under the direction of the baptists. Under the direction of the methodists. Those which are not marked are generally under the direction of congregationalists and presbyterians. The Indian Tribes. There is a system of general education throughout the state. In addition to the fund arising from the sale of school lands, appropriated by Congress, a state tax is levied to aid in the support of common schools. Each township is divided into school districts, and those districts which support a school for three months, are entitled to receive their quota of the state's money. There are nearly fifty academies in the state. THE INDIAN TRIBES IN OHIO. THE principal tribes of Indians found within the limits of Ohio by the first white settlers, were the Shawnees, Wyandots, Miamis or Twightees, Pinckashaws, Delawares, Eries, Andostes, Winnebagoes, and portions of the Six Nations. These were sometimes divided into smaller tribes, the names of which produce some confusion. We give the names of only the greater divisions. THE SHAWNEES claimed to be the oldest inhabitants of Ohio, and were among the most active allies of the French during the "French and Indian war." They continued their hostilities until after the successful expedition of Colonel Boquet, in 1763. They were the first to make war upon the white settlers in Ohio, by whom the Indians were defeated at Kanhawa, in 1774. They took part against the Americans during the revolution; and they also rallied around the standard of Tecumseh in the war of 1812. Nearly the whole tribe are now located beyond the Mississippi. 66 THE WYANDOTs or Hurons composed one of the few great nations of the Hurons, and consisted of five tribes. When the French arrived in Canada, they found the Wyandots at the head of a confederacy of Algonquins, engaged in a war with their kindred, the Five Nations." Although the Erigas or Eries, one of the nations of the Huron, possessed the land south of Lake Erie, yet the Wyandots claimed jurisdiction over the whole of Ohio, and when finally dispersed by the Five Nations, they asserted their sovereignty over that region, and granted lands to the Delawares. They had a powerful influence over the Algonquins, and marshalled them into battle whenever occasion required. It was from them that Pennsylvania obtained a deed of cession for the northwestern part of the state. In 1795 the treaty of Greenville was made, and, although signed by several nations, the Wyandots made the principal cession of territory to the United States. A portion of the tribe joined the British during the last war, and are now in Canada. THE MIAMIS OF TWIGHTEES, and the PINCKASHAWS, inhabited the regions of the Maumee, and they claimed jurisdiction from that river to the highlands which separate the waters of the Wabash from those of the Kaskaskia river. The Miamis occupied the northern and the Pinckashaws the southern portion of this territory. The former, in connexion with the French, carried on a bloody war with the Five Nations, and have ever been among the most active of the Indian tribes in the wars against the United States. They finally ceded their lands to our government. THE DELAWARES were a tribe of the Lenni Lenapes, and inhabited the entire valley of the Schuylkill. The Five Nations, who gave the Delawares the scornful title of "women," brought them under subjection about the year 1650. The increase of white population in the Schuylkill valley, drove them to the banks of the Susquehaunah, and between 1740 and 1750 many of them crossed the Allegany mountains, and obtained from the Hurons a grant of land upon the Muskingum river. In 1758, the balance of the tribe removed from Pennsylvania into the "Ohio country." THE ERIES and the ANDASTES Occupied the country south of Lake Erie, whose name was derived from the former tribe. They were subdued by the Five Nations, the former in 1755, and the latter in 1672. But little is known of their history, and scarcely a visible remnant of them remained when the whites first settled in Ohio. were located principally upon the head waters of the Ohio. The Andastes THE WINNEBAGOES can hardly be said to have inhabited the present region of Ohio at any time, their country being further west. They belong to the great Sioux division, and when white settlements were made in Ohio, the Winnebagoes formed a very small portion of the Indian population. The Winnebagoes formed the chief part of the force of Black Hawk, the famous Sac chief, in his war upon our border settlements in 1832. THE SIX NATIONS (the Iroquois proper) composed a powerful confederacy, consisting of the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, the Ssnecas, and the Tus ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY. Astronomical Observatory at Cincinnati. 131 vatories, and to acquire any other requisite knowledge upon the important subject in hand. He left New York in June, 1842, and after visiting London and Paris, and searching unsuccessfully for an object-glass for a telescope, of the size required, he determined to visit Munich, celebrated for its optical instrument-makers. There he found one of nearly twelve inches diameter and superior finish. To mount this glass properly would require about two years, at a cost of ten thousand dollars. Professor Mitchel made a conditional arrangement to purchase that and other instruments, and, after remaining a while at Greenwich observatory, in England, he returned home, and set about raising the ten thousand dollars by subscription. This was finally accomplished, and the instrument ordered. care. The erection of a suitable building in an eligible situation was Professor Mitchel's next This was speedily accomplished by the liberality of Nicholas Longworth, Esq., who presented the society with four acres of ground upon a hill-top rising some four hundred feet above the level of the city, and commanding a perfect horizon in all directions. Within six weeks after the donation, not less than one hundred men were at work upon the hill-top and in the city, and mechanics of all trades subscribed for the stock, to be paid for in work. The stone of which the building is erected was quarried from the grounds of the society, the lime was burnt upon the hill, and by these economical expenditures the building was finally covered in without incurring any debt.* A difficulty now arose. The condition of the bond by which the lot of ground was held, required the completion of the observatory in two years from its date. The funds of the society were reduced to a unit, and Professor Mitchel exhausted his own private resources in pushing on the work. The great telescope arrived in Cincinnati in February, 1848, and in March the building was ready for its reception. The observatory is now complete, and its originator and founder is wielding its mighty instrument of sidereal discovery and triumph, with no assistant out of his own immediate family, in exploring the heavens south of the equator, and the remeasurement of Strüve's double stars in that region. This he does when not engaged (as he is necessarily a greater part of his time) in duties "far more closely allied to earth than to the stars." Surely such genius, hopeful enterprise, and patriotic self-denial, will be amply rewarded, if not in substantial temporalities, in the consciousness of having done a great work for the cause of science, and contributed a rich jewel for the crown of American renown. The corner-stone of the pier which was to sustain the great refracting telescope, was laid by John Quincy Adams, with appropriate ceremonies, on the 9th of November, 1843. This was Mr. Adams's last great oration. † He had agreed to give his services to the observatory for ten years, hoping that his salary as professor in the college would be sufficient for all his private wants. But at the very moment he had exhausted his means, and the observatory needed the most aid, the college buildings were burnt to the ground, and his salary, of course, ceased. He felt that it would not do to abandon the observatory, and he knew that the college could not be rebuilt for a long time. It was necessary to resort to some means for the support of his family, not inconsistent with his duties to the observatory, and he finally concluded to make an effort for that end, by delivering his lectures on astronomy in the various cities of the Union. In this labor he was successful; and the thousands who listened to him in New York, Brooklyn, Boston, and other places, can attest the valuable instruction which they afforded THE END. |