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CHAPTER III.
Improvement of the Criminal Code-Sir J. Mackintosh's Bill for the Miti-
gation of the Punishment of Forgery; the Solicitor-General' opposes it;
the Second and Third Readings of it carried in the Commons; it is lost
there-Bills for taking away Capital Punishment from Stealing in Dwelling-
Houses, and on Navigable Rivers, rejected in the Lords-Bill for allowing
Prisoners accused of Felony to be Defended by Counsel-Mr. Kennedy's
Bill for Removing Defects in the Constitution of Scotch Juries-Irish Law
of Treason-Result of the Inquiry into the State of English Courts of
Justice-Constitutional Association : Origin of it: Mr. Brougham attacks
it: Mr. Whitbread's Motion on it-The Conduct of Judge Best-Sir F.
Burdett's Motion for Inquiry into the Events of the 16th of August, 1820,
at Manchester-The Conduct of the Bishop of Peterborough [52
CHAPTER IV.
Agricultural Distress-A Committee appointed on the Motion of Mr. Gooch
-The Corn Averages-State of Manufactures-Mr. Baring's Proposition
with respect to the Currency-Cash Payments Bill-Lord Liverpool's View
of the increased Consumption of the Country-Lords' Report on Foreign
Trade-Alteration of the Duties on imported Timber-The proposed Re-
vision and Modification of our Commercial Code-Mr. Owen's Plan-Mr.
Scarlett's Poor Laws Bill
[66
-
CHAPTER V.
Finance Mr. Hume's Labours to effect Retrenchment-His Motions with
respect to the Army, Navy, and Ordnance Estimates-His proposed Re-
trenchments with respect to Receivers-general and Distributors of Stamps;
Committee appointed to inquire into that Subject-Mr. Western obtains
leave to bring in a Bill to repeal certain Duties on Malt: The Bill re-
jected on the second Reading-The Agricultural Horse Duty repealed-
The Budget-Mr. Hume's Motion for an Address recommending Re-
trenchment-Mr. Bankes proposes an Amendment-A similar Address
carried in the House of Lords [84
CHAPTER VI.
Foreign relations-Various Motions respecting the Affairs of Naples-Mr.
S. Wortley's Motion respecting the Declaration of Laybach-Lord W.
Bentinck's Motion concerning Sicily--The State of the Slave Trade, and
the backwardness of the Governments of Europe in abolishing that Traffic
-Administration of the Ionian Islands [101
CHAPTER VII.
Prorogation of Parliament-The Queen's Claim to Participate in the Co-
ronation-Her Illness and Death-Her Funeral; the Tumults attending it
-The King's Visit to Ireland-Disturbances in Ireland
[123
CHAPTER VIII.
France. Coalition between the Ministry and part of the Côte Droit-
Finances Estimated Expenditure; Ways and Means-Bank of France-
French Navy-Proceedings in the Chamber of Deputies with respect to the
Slave Trade-Discussions on the Affairs of Naples-The Censorship-Re-
gulations of Colleges-Ecclesiastical Arrangements-Repeal of the Addi-
tional Tonnage on American Ships-Trials for Treason in the Chamber
of Peers-Explosion in the Tuilleries-Disturbances at Lyons and Gre-
noble-Religious Fanaticism-Death of Bonaparté-Dissensions in the
Ministry-Resignation of the Chiefs of the Côte Droit-New Elections-
Precautions on the Spanish Frontier-Trials for Political Offences - [130
CHAPTER IX.
Netherlands.--Expedition against Palembang-Slave Trade-The Estates-
Trials-Sweden-The Conduct of the Norwegian Storthing-Their Mea-
sures for the Abolition of Nobility-The King's endeavour to obtain a
Compromise-Proceedings with respect to the Prolongation of the Session
-Firm Conduct of the King-Close of the Session-Germany-The Diet
-Constitution of the Federal Army-Dispute between Anhalt, Koethen,
and Prussia-Appeal to the Diet-Compromise of the Dispute-New Re-
gulations for the Navigation of the Elbe.-Prussia.-Finance-Conspiracy
in Pomerania-Restraints on the Press-Commission for a Constitution-
Hanover.-State of the Administration of Justice-Improvements in it-
Changes in the Administration of Criminal Justice-Change in that of Civil
Justice-Visit of the King to Hanover.-Cassel.-Death of the Elector-His
Character-Dispute with the Purchasers of National Domains.-Darmstadt.
-Plans of Commercial Policy-German West Indian Company.-Saxony.-
Proceedings of the College of Representatives of Towns.--Weimar.-The
Opposition of the Estates to the Publicity of their Proceedings-The Right
of the Grand Duke to Remove Public Servants.-Wirtemberg.-Proceedings
against one of the Representatives for Libel.-Bavaria.-Cures of Prince
Hohenlohe-Austria.
[147
CHAPTER X.
Spain.-State of Parties in Spain-Address of the Permanent Deputation of
the Cortes to the King; His Reply-Disturbances in Saragossa, Cadiz, and
Madrid-Abuela's Attempt to excite Insurrection-Arrest of Vinuesa-
Consequent Agitation of Madrid-Insults to the King-Quarrel between
his Body Guards and the Mob-Supposed Plots-Alleged nature of
Vinuesa's Plot-Meeting of the Cortes-King's Speech-Debates and Pro-
ceedings in consequence of it-New Ministry-Merino's Insurrection-
Proceedings of the Cortes with respect to the Affairs of Naples-Law for
the Punishment of Political Offences-Popular Disturbances-Murder of
Vinuesa-Tumults in Madrid-Promotion of Morillo-Proceedings of the
Cortes-Sentence of Elio-The Relations between Spain and the Court of
Rome-Plans with respect to America-Insurrections and Conspiracies—
Conclusion of the Session of the Cortes-Disturbed State of Madrid-
Steps preparatory to the Meeting of the extraordinary Cortes-Violent
Disturbances in Madrid-Morillo's Resignation-Plot for the Establish-
ment of a Republic-Riego's Disgrace-Agitation produced by these
Events-Libels on Foreign Governments-Preparatory Sittings of the ex-
traordinary Cortes-Opening of the extraordinary Cortes-New Division
of Spain-Distracted State of the Country, and unpopularity of the
Ministry-Cadiz, Seville, and other Towns, refuse to obey the Ministers
or the Functionaries appointed by them-Representation from Cadiz in
Justification of these Proceedings-Measures of the Cortes-Effect of the
weak Conduct of the Cortes-Barcelona follows the Example of Cadiz
-State of Spain at the end of the Year-Her Finances-The Plague. [170
CHAPTER XI.
Portugal.-Installation of the Cortes-Prerogative of the Crown-British
Officers-Amnesty-Various Decrees-Arrival of the King-His Recep-
tion by the Cortes-Law of the Liberty of the Press-Ministry-Dis-
cussions in the Cortes-Increase of Duties on British Woollens-Bank-
Quarrel of the Austrian Chargé d'Affaires with the Government-The
Austrian and Russian Envoys quit Portugal-Brazils—Revolutions at Para
-Bahia-Pernambuco-Rio de Janeiro-Further Disturbances at Per-
[207
nambuco-Monte Video
CHAPTER XII.
Naples. Accusation of Count Zurlo and the Duke of Campo Chiaro-Sir
William A'Court's assurance of Neutrality-Congress at Laybach-Dissent
of England from the Proceedings of the Sovereigns-Their Resolution to
invade Naples-Ebullitions of Patriotism at Naples-Comparative Situation
of the Neapolitans and Austrians-Indifference of the Neapolitan People
-Inertness of the Administration-Miserable State of the Neapolitan
Preparations-Advance of the Austrians-Military Operations on the
Frontier-Dispersion of the Neapolitan Army-Subsequent Movements of
the Austrians--Proceedings at Naples-Capitulation of Naples-Dissolution
of the Parliament-Anti-revolutionary Decrees-Return of Ferdinand to
Sicily-Neapolitan Loan.-Piedmont.-Plots in Turin-SpanishConstitution
proclaimed at Alessandria-Revolution in Turin-Abdication of the King-
Provisional Government-The New King disavows the late Proceedings-
General Indifference of the Country to the late Changes, and especially of
Savoy-Revolution in Genoa-Flight of the Prince of Carignano-Advance
of the Austrian and Royal Piedmontese Army-The Royal Army enters
Turin-Decrees for the Restoration of Tranquillity-Amnesty-Entry of
Charles Felix-Treaty of Novara-Florence-Trials of the Carbonari in.
Austrian Italy [222
CHAPTER XIII.
Russia. Her Finances-Embassy to Bucharia-Encroachments on the
Western Coast of America-Her General European Policy-Turkey.—
Ali Pacha-Insurrections in Wallachia and Moldavia-Conduct of Russia
-Insurrection in Greece-State of Constantinople-Proceedings there-
Suppression of the Insurrection in Moldavia and Wallachia-Interference
of Russia in behalf of the Greeks-Propositions of Russia-Strogonoff's
Behaviour-His Departure-Answer of the Porte to the Russian Propo-
sitions-Naval Superiority of the Greeks-War in the Morea-Operations
against Ali Pacha and in Epirus-Ionian Islands-Persian Hostilities-
Morocco-Expedition of the Pacha of Egypt into Æthiopia, and final Ex-
tirpation of the Mamelukes
[245
CHAPTER XIV.
United States.-Formal Occupation of the Floridas-New Territory Purchased
-A Colony sent out to Africa-Admission of Missouri into the Union-
-The President's Message-The State of the Finances-Reports of Com-
mittees.-Columbia.-Renewal of Hostilities-Military Operations-Battle
of Carabobo-Surrender of La Guayra and Carthagena---Congress of
Columbia.--Mexico.--Insurrection---Mexican Independence acknowledged
by the Treaty of Cordova-Iturbide's Entry into the Capital.-Buenos
Ayres.-Death of Ramirez, Guernes, and Carrera--Administration of
Rivadavia.-Peru.--Operations of the Fleet under Lord Cochrane-Seizure
of British Ships-San Martin's Operations-Defeat of Riccafort-
Armistice-Lima evacuated by the Spaniards-Declaration of Peruvian
Independence--Decrees of San Martin---Surrender of Callao---Hayti—
---Piracies-Canada-Newfoundland--Military Operations in India and
Arabia
[258