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governor was carried to the palace, where he remained under the custody of the national guard. In the mean time, Fortune began to frown upon the hopes of the revolutionists in Piedmont. On the night of the 21st, the prince of Carignano, fled to Novara, where general Latour had taken the command of the troops who adhered to the king; and there the prince declared his readiness to submit to the royal pleasure. The Austrians, too, began to assemble in considerable force upon the frontier. On the other hand, the count of Santa Rosa, the new war minister, issued the most fiery proclamations, and took measures for the defence of the country. The revolutionary army at length advanced towards Novara, with the purpose of attacking Latour. Count Bubna, the Austrian commander-in-chief in Lombardy, being informed of this, resolved to march to his assistance, and, on the 8th of April, crossed the Tesino, at three points, by three different bridges; one near Buffarola, the second towards Gropello and Valleggio, the third at Vigaevano and Mortava. As soon as the river was passed, the general published the following proclamation in Italian and French:

"Piedmontese !-The imperial and royal army has been obliged to pass the Tesino, in consequence of the hostile movements of Alessandria. The object of this march is solely to support the army of your king against every aggression, by repelling force by force.

"This conduct must give confidence to those whose fidelity to their legitimate sovereign is superior to the vicissitudes of the mo

ment. Recognise then, Piedmontese, your real friends and allies, by the assistance we give to the royal army. I have more than once fought beside you in days of glory: our reciprocal esteem assures to us the renewal of such days.

"COUNT BUBNA." "At the Tesino, April 8.

The advanced guard reached Novara, on Sunday the 8th, about two hours after midnight. The commander-in-chief arrived in the morning, precisely at the moment when the town was violently threatened by the enemy.

Part of the royal Piedmontese troops were in garrison in the town of Novara, and the rest had taken a position on the right. The Austrian advanced guard directed its march to the left of Novara.

At six in the morning the enemy debouched from Čameriano, on the great road leading to Vercelli, and began a brisk attack: but they were, in a short time, repulsed from the plain of Novara, into which they had advanced, as well as from the bastions, whence the Piedmontese troops maintained a brisk fire of artillery and musketry. They then halted behind the Agogna, and defended themselves in that position for some time, until being attacked in front by the Piedmontese, under general Latour, on the left by the brigade of gen. Bretschneider, and threatened on the right by detachments from another Austrian brigade, they were obliged to abandon that position also, and to retreat precipitately on Vercelli, pursued by the united advanced guards of the Austrians and Piedmontese,

In consequence of this skirmish, in which the Austrians lost very few soldiers, and only one officer, the provisional Junta dissolved itself on the 9th; its members and chief partisans fled into France, or Spain; and on the 10th, general Latour and his army, entered the capital. The Austrians having chased the enemy out of Vercelli, advanced upon Alessandria, to which the revolutionary troops had fled. Alessandria was provided with every thing, that could render its siege tedious and difficult. There were in the place, 177 pieces of cannon, and 79 bombs or mortars. The garrison, however, dispersed itself, and on the 11th, count Bubna made his entry into the fortress. On the same day, the Genoese, receiving intelligence of the skirmish of the 8th, and of the dissolution of the provisional Junta of Turin, freed their late governor, the count des Geneys, from his confinement; and begged him to resume his authority.

It was for some time doubtful, whether Victor Emmanuel would not return to the exercise of his royal power: but, on the 19th of April, that prince solemnly confirmed his act of abdication. The new king continued at Modena. Legal proceedings were instituted against the promoters of the late troubles. Some were condemned to death, several to banishment and imprisonment, and many, being tried in their absence, were sentenced to be executed in effigy. Not a few of the accused were acquitted, and no pains were taken to prevent the flight of the guilty. Upon the whole, justice was administered with a degree of lenity, scarcely to be expected from the angry feelings of a

restored government. The king did not arrive in Turin till the 17th of October. A fortnight before his return, he proclaimed a general amnesty; but the exceptions were so numerous, that it is not easy to see who could take advantage of it. The persons excepted from this act of grace, were the following:

1. Those who were at first or subsequently recognized as chiefs, authors, and promoters of conspiracies and machinations, set on foot with the design of overthrow. ing the government.

2. Those who had knowingly lent their house to the holding of assemblies, where such plots had been concerted.

3. Those who by the distribution of money, or by fallacious promises, had shaken the fidelity of the troops, or had attempted to do so.

4. Those who, appointed to the instruction of youth, had misled them, or induced them to Lake part in tumults.

5. Those who by writings, printed or in manuscript, distributed before the abdication of King Victor Emmanuel, inculcated contempt for the laws, and for the established form of go. vernment.

6. Those who by incendiary writings declared to be false the proclamation issued by King Charles Felix, on the 16th of March last, and endeavoured to make it appear that it did not emanate from his own free will.

7. The directing chiefs or members of pretended federations, who either commanded or composed part of the rebel army.

8. Those who by manifest insubordination accepted of the command of garrisons, and ex

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cited or sustained the revolution.

Finally, those who took advantage of circumstances to convert to their profit the public property. On the 23rd, he issued a very severe proclamation against all secret societies. The thunders of the church had been previously directed against the Carbonari: for by a bull of the 13th of September, pope interdicted all persons from the becoming members of that as sociation, from affording any of them an asylum, or showing them any countenance whatsoever.

On the 20th of July, a treaty was concluded between Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Sardinia; according to which, an Austrian corps of 12,000 men was to form a military line in the Sardinian states, for maintaining tranquillity, in conjunction with the Sardinian troops. It was also stipulated, that if unforeseen circumstances should induce the king of Sardinia to desire the reinforcement of this corps, the Austrian commander in Lombardy was authorized to send a reinforcement without waiting for orders from his court. The military occupation was to continue until the month of September, 1822; at which time the allied sovereigns were to assemble at Florence, and, in concert with the king of Sardinia, take into consideration the state of his kingdom, in order to determine whether the occupation should be prolonged or terminated.

After the breaking out of the revolution in Piedmont, a plot was said to have been discovered for effecting a similar change in Florence. It embraced only a few individuals of no great consequence in the state. Some

officers in the army, none of them above the rank of captain, were, on suspicion of being engaged in it, first put under arrest, then dismissed from the service, and subsequently ordered to quit the country. One of them, a captain Baldini, when under arrest in his own house, threw himself out of the window, and was killed on the spot. Among the persons accused of being Carbonari, or of being engaged in the confederacy, was a priest, a man of considerable talent and eloquence, famous for the crowds which he attracted by his lectures, in the church of Santa Croce. The 25th of April, the festival of the Annunciation, was said to have been the day fixed for the execution of the plot. The reality of the conspiracy has, however, been called in question; and many have supposed, that it was either feigned or contrived by the police, as a plausible means of getting rid of obnoxious individuals. In the isle of Elba, five or six officers, with twenty-four soldiers, raised the cry of the constitution, and endeavoured to seize on a battery of cannon: but their attempt was frustrated, and they themselves were arrested.

In Romagna, many persons were arrested as Carbonari, and a still greater number in Lombardy. Thirty-four of these were brought to trial in the Autumn. Nineteen were punished with a few months' imprisonment, for transgressing the police regulations: the remainder were condemned to death, as guilty of high treason: but this sentence was afterwards commuted into imprisonment, in the castle of Spielberg, for 21 years, in three of the cases, and for 10 years, in the rest.

CHAP. XIII.

RUSSIA. Her Finances-Embassy to Bucharia-Encroachments on the Western Coast of America-Her general European Policy.TURKEY.-Ali Pacha-Insurrections in Wallachia and MoldaviaConduct of Russia-Insurrection in Greece-State of Constantinople -Proceedings there-Suppression of the Insurrection in Moldavia and Wallachia-Interference of Russia in behalf of the GreeksPropositions of Russia-Strogonoff's Behaviour-His DepartureAnswer of the Porte to the Russian Propositions-Naval Superiority of the Greeks-War in the Morea-Operations against Ali Pacha and in Epirus-Ionian Islands-Persian Hostilities.-MOROCCO.Expedition of the Pacha of Egypt into Æthiopia, and final Extirpation of the Mamelukes.

THE system which Russia had adopted of relieving her financial difficulties by loans, had forced the government to give a greater degree of publicity to the state of the finances, than had been usual formerly. The amount of her debt at the beginning of the present year, was about 50 millions sterling; of which, however, more than one half consisted of the paper money in circulation. The empire remained tranquil through all its vast extent. It can scarcely be mentioned as an exception to the general tranquillity, that some young men at Warsaw, having chosen to adopt, probably in imitation of the German enthusiasts, the ancient national costume, the authorities interfered and put several of them under arrest.

With a view, it was pretended, to foster internal industry, but probably, in some degree, for the purpose of supplying the wants of the treasury, the taxes upon

some of the principal articles of importation (sugar, silk, cotton, and wine), were greatly augmented. Commerce was also burthened by a considerable increase of the stamp-duties, and of the duties on the licences, and counting-house books of merchants.

This government continued to exhibit symptoms of that restless wish to extend its dominions, its pretensions, and its foreign connections, which has long characterised it. In the former year, an embassy had been dispatched into Bucharia. The intention was, to establish regular intercourse with Valliami, the sultan of Khokand, whose dominions already contain above three millions of inhabitants, and are likely soon to extend from the Caspian to the confines of China Proper, and from the frontier of Russia to the Himalaya mountains. The embassy was coldly received, and

returned in Spring, without baving effected any of the ends for which it was sent. The ambition of this gigantic empire was still more strongly displayed, in some commercial regulations which were issued in the present year, with respect to her settlements along the north-western coast of America, the Aleutian islands, and the east coast of Siberia. The line of maritime and commercial dominion, which his im. perial majesty included within his decrees, extended along the American coast full 10 degrees of latitude, from Behring's Straits, in about 61 N. to 51 N., in the neighbourhood of Nootka; and on the Asiatic side, from the same Straits of Behring, above 15 degrees along the eastern coast of Kamtschatka, and down to the south cape in the island of Ourop, latitude 45 deg. 51 min., not very far north of the empire of Japan. The regulations were nothing less than a prohibition to all foreigh nations to carry on the whale or other fishery, or any other branch of trade or industry, on any part of the aforesaid coasts or islands, or to approach any one of the Russian settlements within a less distance than 100 Italian miles, under the penalty of losing the cargo. The only exceptions were in favour of ships driven in by stress of weather, and of ships sent out on voyages of discovery, being previously provided with passports from the Russian minister of marine.

In treating of our own domestic affairs, and of the changes that occurred in Naples and Piedmont, we have had occasion to mention the policy which Russia followed in the general intercourse of the European powers. Her principle

was to suppress, wherever her influence or arms could reach, the spirit of popular insurrection. For this, she made common cause with Austria and Prussia, while France wavered, and England openly dissented. She dreaded not the additional power and firmer footing in Italy, which Austria might acquire by the occupation of the Neapolitan territory, but concurred cordially in her counsels, and put her armies in motion, in order, should the revolutionists resist the first assault, to compel their submission by an overwhelming force.

The relations of Russia and Austria to Turkey, were this year in a very critical situation; and to them we must now direct our attention, endeavouring, as well as we can, amid the endless succession of lies which have been put into circulation on the subject, to select the certain and prominent events.

The Turkish arms had, in the former year, made considerable progress towards the subjugation of Ali, the Pacha of Albania, who had so long baffled the power of the Sultan. That barbarous chief had nothing left him, except the citadel of his former capital: yet even in this condition, he protracted the siege through the winter, and, obtaining the aid of the Suliotes, so harassed the Turkish army, and so intercepted their convoys and communications, that the end of the struggle

seemed as remote as ever. This disappointment of their hopes was not a little vexatious to the Sultan and his favourites; the commander of the army which was employed in Albania was removed, and Churchid Mahomet Pacha was sent to succeed him.

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