The Settlement of Pennsylvania.

Origin of name. Brief sketch of William Penn-how he came into possession of the country - effect of Penn's character and religious views upon the settlement of Pennsylvania. How and when settled - incidents and anecdotes reasons for rapid growth in population and wealth (free government, liberty of religious faith, friendly relations with the Indians)-length of time Pennsylvania remained in the Penn family.

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Life in Colonial Times.

Kind of houses, how built — furniture, where obtained — kinds of food, ways of cooking it. Modes of travel - education - founding of Harvard College-of Yale College. Occupations of the people amusements - bond-servants slaves. Laws and customs peculiar punishments - superstitions - religious persecutions. McMaster's History of the People of the United States, Vol. I., Chap. I., gives an excellent picture of Social Life in the Colonies.

Expulsion of the Acadians.

Acadia included what is now Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Settled by French peasants about 1500. Wrested from the French by the English in 1610. Inhabitants remained French in language and sympathies for fifty years afterward. English feared a French alliance despotic measures to prevent this. Read the historical account of the expulsion of the Acadians, then read Longfellow's Evangeline, and give a clear and graphic account of this tragic episode.

The Capture of Quebec.

Who was General Wolfe? Who was the French commander? Describe situation of Quebec — the several attacks and defeats — season of storms - sickness in army. Heights of Abraham finally scaled battle fought and won. Both commanders mortally

wounded. Effect of the capitulation of Quebec upon French and English claims.

Outbreak of the Revolution.

Give a brief review of the events which led to the battles of Lexington and Concord, e.g. tyrannical governors, objectionable navigation laws, internal revenue restrictions, search warrants, Stamp Act, and consequent troubles. "Tea party" at Boston Congress of 1774 — military stores gathered by colonists - battle of Lexington and opening of warfare.

Battle of Bull Run.

First important battle in the Civil War. Give brief description of battle-ground. Object of the battle (to take Richmond). Expected results (end of war). Name commanders on both sides, relative number of troops on both sides, etc. Reasons for the defeat the retreat loss of life - incidents of battle. Effect on the South on the North.

Battle of Gettysburg.

In what campaign fought? Object of the campaign. Name some of the engagements which preceded this battle- their results. Commanders in Confederate army succession of commanders in Federal army. Which army had been most successful up to this time? Result of this battle looked for with fear and anxiety on both sides. Where, when, and how fought. Incidents of battle courage displayed on both sides. Retreat of Lee.

NOTE. If any one has been so fortunate as to have seen the cyclorama of this or any other battle, he might give a description as an eye-witness, writing in the present tense and making a vivid word-picture.

Discovery of Gold in California.

Existence of gold known for many years to the Spanish priests also to the Mormons - Mexicans - Indians. Effect of chance discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill on the Sacramento in 1848. Rush of gold seekers in 1849 perils encountered in crossing the isth- enormous prices of food and clothing. Character of first gold found — primitive methods of mining - present methods of mining.

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CHAPTER XIV.

PICTURESQUE HISTORICAL WRITING.

In all historical writing there is in the very body of the composition something which, for lack of a better name, we may call the movement of the narrative. If a long period of time is covered by a very brief narration, we say that the movement is rapid. If, on the other hand, a minute account is given of all the details of an action, the movement is slow.

The movement of an historical narrative should, in the main, be even and regular; but it often happens in real life that the calm succession of events is interrupted by some startling occurrence, or by the appearance of some marked and powerful person; and in order that the historian may give to his readers a correct idea of the relative value of events, it is often necessary to interrupt the even course of the narration, to change the movement, and direct as much attention to the proceedings of a few hours or days as has before been given to years.

When this is done, the writer strives to bring before his readers as vivid a picture of the event, or the person, or the condition, as can be done with words. Such descriptions or narrations we call picturesque. No his tory should be written in this style alone; no good history is without examples of it.

THE TRIAL OF WARREN HASTINGS.

The High Court of Parliament was to sit, according to forms handed down from the days of the Plantagenets, on an Englishman accused of exercising tyranny over the lord of the holy city of Benares, and over the ladies of the princely house of Oude.

The place was worthy of such a trial. It was the great hall of William Rufus; the hall which had resounded with acclamations at the inauguration of thirty kings; the hall which had witnessed the just sentence of Bacon; the just absolution of Somers; the hall where Charles had confronted the high court of justice with the placid courage which half redeemed his fame. Neither military nor civil pomp was wanting. The avenues were lined with grenadiers. The streets were kept clear by cavalry. The peers, robed in gold and ermine, were marshalled by the heralds under Garter king-at-arms. The judges, in their vestments of state, attended, to give advice on points of law. Near a hundred and seventy lords three-fourths of the upper house walked in solemn order from their usual place of assembling to the tribunal. The junior baron present led the way, and the long procession was closed by the brothers and sons of the king. The gray old walls were hung with scarlet. The long galleries were crowded by an audience such as has rarely excited the fears or the emulations of an orator. There were gathered together, from all parts of a great, free, enlightened, and prosperous empire, grace and female

loveliness, wit and learning, the representatives of every science and every art.

The serjeants made proclamation. Hastings advanced to the bar, and bent the knee. The culprit was indeed not unworthy of that great presence. He had ruled an extensive and populous country, had made laws and treaties, had sent forth armies, had set up and pulled down princes. And in his high place he had so borne himself, that all had feared him, that most had loved him, and that hatred itself could deny him no title to glory, except virtue. He looked like a great man, and not like a bad man. A person small and emaciated, yet deriving dignity from a carriage which, while it indicated deference to the court, indicated also habitual self-possession and self-respect; a high and intellectual forehead; a brow pensive but not gloomy; a mouth of inflexible decision; a face pale and worn, but serene. Such was the aspect with which the great Proconsul presented himself to the judges.

Neither the culprit nor his advocates attracted so much notice as the accusers. In the midst of the blaze of red drapery, a space had been fitted up with green benches and tables for the Commons. The managers, with Burke at their head, appeared in full dress. Even Fox, generally so regardless of his appearance, paid to the illustrious tribunal the compliment of wearing a bag and sword. Pitt had refused to be one of the conductors of the impeachment, and his commanding eloquence was wanting to that great muster of various talents. Macaulay.

NOTE. The foregoing selection is from an essay upon Warren Hastings, published in the Edinburgh Review, October, 1841. Until this point the movement of the historical narrative has been very