ART. I.-OBSERVATIONS UPON THE LOSSES OF THE CONFEDERATE ARMIES FROM BATtle, Wounds and Disease DURING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR OF 1861-1865, WITH INVESTIGATIONS UPON THE NUMBER AND CHARACTER OF THE DISEASES SUPERVENING UPON GUN-SHOT WOUNds. By JOSEPH JONES, M.D., Professor of Chemistry in the Medical Department of the University of Louisiana, and Secretary to the Southern Historical Society, New Orleans, La.

NO. II.

The next subject which demands our attention, is the relations of the losses by Battle, Wounds and Diseases, and Prisons, to the forces called into service by the Confederate Government during the war.

And first, as to the resources and the available fighting population of the States comprising the Southern Confederacy.

According to the census of the United States for 1860 the fifteen slave-holding States contained 12,240,000 inhabitants, of whom 8,039,000 were whites, 251,000 free colored persons, and 3,950,000 slaves. The nineteen free States and seven territories, together with the Federal district, contained 19,203,008 persons, of whom 18,920,771 were whites, 237,283 free colored and 41,721 civilized Indians.

In 1860, the entire population of the United States was 31,443,008; and of this number the whites constituted 26,959,771.

The exact population of the States which seceded and endeavored to set up for themselves a separate nationality, under the name of the Confederate States of America, cannot be determined, for the following reasons: Kentucky at first assumed a neutral position, but was overpowered and her government, and a large proportion of her population took sides with the North. Whatever may have been the sympathies of her people, her moral influence and her physical strength were given to the Federal Government. In making this statement, we do not forget that large band of brave warriors who forsook their native State, their homes and their kindred, and bore the Confederate flag upon every battlefield and followed, with undaunted spirit, the fortunes of the government of their choice up to the last moment of its existence.

In like manner, Missouri was over-run at an early stage by Federal troops, and her resources and physical strength subdued by force to the United States.

The number of men added to the Confederate army from these two States, did not, perhaps, materially exceed the accessions to the Federal army from Western Virginia, East Tennessee and the mountainous portions of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama.

In estimating the strength of the Southern Confederacy, it might not be improper to reject the population of Kentucky and Missouri.

In addition to the reasons just given for this method of computing the strength of the Confederate States, it should be added, that 180,017 colored troops were enlisted in the Federal army during the war; and it may be said that this immense body of men were furnished almost

exclusively by the Southern States. The colored troops alone formed a body at least twice as large as the number of soldiers added to the Confederate armies from the States of Missouri and Kentucky.

The following table presents a general view of the population and available fighting population, or white males between eighteen and forty-five years, of the States composing the Southern Confederacy, according to the United States census of 1860.

If the population of Missouri and Kentucky be excluded, for the reasons before stated, then the white population of the late Confederate States, at the commencement of the recent struggle, amounted to only 5,447,220.

In like manner if the available fighting population (white troops between 18 and 45 years of age) of Missouri and Kentucky, be excluded, the available fighting population of the late Confederate States at the commencement of the war, was 1,074,193.

The available fighting population of the entire United States, according to the census of 1860, was 5,624,065. If Kentucky and Missouri be included with the Confederate States, then we have, on the one hand, 1,487,563

white males between the ages of 18 and 45, opposed to 4,136,502, on the side of the North. That is, upon the most liberal estimate, the available fighting population of the Northern States was three times as great as that of the Southern States.

If, however, Kentucky and Missouri be excluded from the Confederate States and their forces be added to those of the Northern States, then we will have, on the part of the former, 1,074,193 white males between 18 and 45, opposed to 4,549,872 on the side of the latter.

If this mode of calculation be accepted, the Northern States had more than four times as many available fighting men.

Pennsylvania and New York alone had a larger number of white males between the ages of 18 and 45, than the entire Southern Confederacy.

Owing to the great tide of immigration which swept continuously from Europe to the United States and rolled over the continent from East to West, the number of males was considerably greater than that of females in the Western States, and the population of one-fifth of the total population representing very nearly the number of males between the ages of eighteen and forty-five did not hold good in the more newly settled Western States. As the emigrating ages are allied to the military ages in the newly settled States of the West, the proportion of fighting men was, as a general rule, greater than in the older Atlantic and Southern States.

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Thus beginning at the East and proceeding Westward, the number of white males, from 18 to 45, was in Maine 19.5 per cent. of the whole population; in New York 20.8 per cent.; in Illinois 22.1 per cent.; in Minnesota 33.8, and in California 47.1 per cent. A similar but less marked proportion existed in the Southern States; thus, Virginia 18.7 per cent., South Carolina 18.9 per cent., Arkansas 20.1 per cent., and in Texas 21.9 per cent.