ART. I.-OBSERVATIONS UPON THE LOSSES OF THE CONFEDERATE ARMIES FROM BATTLE, WOUNDS AND DISEASE DURING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR OF 1861-1865, WITH INVESTIGATIONS UPON THE NUMBER AND CHARACTER OF THE DISEASES SUPERVENING UPON GUN-SHOT WOUNDS. By JOSEPH JONES, M.D., Professor of Chemistry in the Medical Department of the University of Louisiana, and Secretary to the Southern Historical Society, New Orleans, La.

It is important in the first place to determine the entire number of gun-shot wounds received by the Confederate forces, during the recent war, and the relative number of wounds, which terminated fatally on account. of the supervention of those diseases (as pyæmia, hospita gangrene and erysipelas,) which were referable in their origin and progress, in a great measure, to the condition of the general system at the time of the reception of the injury, and the nature and perfection of the hygienic arrangements for the wounded.

Without doubt pyæmia and other supervening diseases, caused a large number of deaths after gun-shot wounds, in the Southern armies; but when the inquiry is made for accurate statistics, several grave difficulties are encountered.

The sudden termination of the war, and the destruction and capture of the Confederate records, has rendered it difficult, if not impossible, to obtain accurate information, as to the entire casualties of the war. In order to make as near an approximation to the entire numbers killed and wounded on the Confederate side, it has been necessary for the author to examine carefully all the of ficial reports in his possession, published by the Confederate authorities, as well as the reports of the most trustworthy witnesses, who described the battles and operations of the Confederate armies.

Even if the independence of the Confederate States had been established by force of arms, it would have been impossible to have preserved full and accurate records of the casualties of war, during the military operations of a people, who numbered at their best estate, less than twelve millions (near four millions of whom were negro slaves, who so far from adding anything to the effective strength of the Confederate armies, formed an admirable recruiting ground for the opposing forces) and who were sparsely settled upon an immense territory of more than eight hundred thousand square miles; and who, in their gigantic and desperate struggle of four years, called out the entire available fighting population, and employed the males in some one of the arts and operations of war, and were cut off from the rest of the world, by immense armies on the land, which were continually making inroads into the bleeding and torn borders and overrunning and isolating State after State, and securing the entire dominion by the opening of the Mississippi; and on the sea, excluded from all foreign intercourse, by formidable fleets, which patroled every sound and the mouth of every river and inlet; and with the necessity of fighting daily along the borders, so that more than one hundred and fifty engagements might be

enumerated, which rank with battles, not to mention at least ten thousand lesser affairs and skirmishes, all around the fiery circle.

From the best sources of information at our command, we have made the following estimates of the Confederate losses in killed and wounded, and prisoners during the war:

During the first year of the war, 1861, the chief engagements were those of Fort Sumpter, April 13; Phillippi, June 3; Great Bethel, June 10; Boonville, June 17; Carthage, July 5; Carnock's Ford, July 12; Rich Mountain and Laurel Hill, July 11; Bull Run, July 18; Battle of Manasses, July 21; Oak Hill, August 10; Hatteras, August 28; Lexington, Mo., Sept. 19 and 21; Greenbrier river, Oct. 3; Santa Rosa, Oct. 8 and 9; Leesburg, Oct. 21; Rock Castle Ford, Oct. 21; Belmont, Nov. 7; Port Royal, Nov. 6 and 7; Piketon, Nov. 8 and 9; Pensacola, Nov. 22, Alleghany, Dec. 13, and Drainsville, Dec. 20.

The total casualties for 1861, including the preceding more important affairs, and the lesser engagements and skirmishes amounted, on the Confederate side, to 1315 killed, 4054 wounded; making the aggregate for 1861, of Confederate killed and wounded, 5369. The loss of the Confederates, in prisoners, during 1861, is estimated at 2772.

The campaign of 1862 was conducted with the utmost vigor. In Virginia, the Confederate forces fought in quick succession many sanguinary battles. The affairs of Warrenton, March 15 and of Winchester, March 23, were followed by the bloody battle of Williamsburg, May 5; Seven Pines, May 31 and June 1; Harrisburg,, June 5; l'ort Republic, June 8 and 9; Cross Keys, June 8; Mechanicsville, June 26; Cold Harbor or Gaines' Mill, June 27; Frazier's Farm, June 29; Wills' Church, June