leges in connection therewith. The support for these normal schools is provided by a special tax of onethirtieth of a mill on each dollar of the valuation of the taxable property of the State. This levy produces an annual income of about $65,000, which is divided between Ohio and Miami universities in the ratio of seven to five. These are the first normal schools established by the State, but normal departments have been in existence for several years both at Ohio University and at Ohio State University. Normal instruction has also been given by teachers' institutes, the training schools of our principal cities, and by private and sectarian colleges in the State, including eight normal colleges. In 1903 Ohio University had 28 instructors and 419 students, and Miami University 15 instructors and 124 students. Ohio State University was established as the result of the congressional legislation of 1862, which has produced a class of great State universities. This legislation, which applied to all the States, gave to each a quantity of land, or its equivalent in land scrip, for the endowment of at least one college in which branches related to agriculture and the mechanic arts should be taught, "without excluding other scientific and classical studies." Ohio received the value of 630,000 acres, which was converted into a permanent fund for the proposed college. Franklin county gave $300,000 and the city of Columbus $28,000 to secure the location of the college at the capital of the State. The university was founded in 1870 and received its present name in 1878. By general taxation the State provides it with an annual income, which amounted to $300,000 for the year 1903. Its revenue from all sources for the same Ohio State University. Wilberforce year was $416,700. The institution has grown rapidly and now embraces six colleges, as follows: the College of Agriculture and Domestic Science, the College of Arts, Philosophy, and Science, the College of Engineering, the College of Law, the College of Pharmacy, and the College of Veterinary Medicine. It has 146 instructors and 1800 students. Its board of seven trustees is appointed by the governor. Members of the legislature are each entitled to designate a youth from their respective districts to receive instruction in the agricultural department free of tuition. Wilberforce University was founded in 1856 for the advanced education of colored youth, and is under the supervision of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1888 the State established a normal and industrial department here, and has since contributed to its support. Each member of the legislature has the right to select a youth from his district to receive the benefits of the department free of tuition. In 1901 Wilberforce had 20 instructors and 341 students. Besides the institutions mentioned above there are in Ohio thirty-three other colleges and universities with a total attendance of about 7500 students. These are supported by private endowment and tuition fees. CHAPTER X THE SUPERVISION OF CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS 62. REFERENCES Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, "Charity, Public," "Charity, State," "Pauperism," "Prisons and Prison Discipline;" Ford, American Citizen's Manual, Part II., "Charitable Institutions;" Ellis, The Criminal (in Contemporary Science Series); Pierce, Half Century of Juvenile Delinquents; American Review of Reviews, XVI. p. 471ff; Orth, "The Centralization of Administration in Ohio" (Columbia University Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, XVI., No. 3), ch. 3, "Charities and Corrections." Constitution of Ohio (1851), Art. VII., "Public Institutions;" Bates, Annotated Ohio Statutes, I. pp. 385-445, "Benevolent Institutions;" pp. 148-1060, "Hospitals, Infirmaries and Children's Homes," pp. 995-1034, "Reformatory Institutions and Prisons;" II. pp. 3484-3511, “Jails and the Penitentiary;" Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections; Annual Reports of the Board of State Charities; Annual Reports of the superintendents of the various institutions in the Executive Documents published by the State; Bates, Annotated Ohio Statutes, III. index, under the names of the various benevolent and correctional institutions. 63. PUBLIC CHARITABLE AND CORRECTIONAL WORK of charitable It has already been said that, the educational work of The nature the State is intended to increase the intelligence and and prosperity of the people and to prevent pauperism and correctional crime. While education is able to do much for society, it is inadequate to supply the deficiencies of certain classes in the community. These are the dependent, work. The dependent class. The defective class. defective, and delinquent classes, which are the recipients of such care and aid as private charity can bestow, but which also need the supervision of the State and local governments. This work of supervision is commonly called "the supervision of charities and corrections." It is carried on at the public expense because both the interests and sentiments of the community demand that the poor and the helpless shall be relieved as far as possible, and that the delinquent or criminal class shall be punished and, if possible, reformed. The dependent class includes (1) the poor who by reason of misfortune need temporary aid from the public; (2) the aged and infirm who lack both means and friends, and therefore require permanent relief; (3) the indigent sick who must be cared for until they are able to support themselves; (4) needy veterans of war and those dependent on them, who are provided for on account of the patriotic feeling of the public, and (5) children who are left without homes, or are neglected by their parents. The defective class comprises those who require support and special treatment on account of some physical or mental disability or disease. The blind, deaf and dumb, epileptic, feeble-minded, and insane belong to this class. These people are gathered into hospitals and asylums where they receive special medical attention. The blind, deaf and dumb, and feeble-minded are provided with special schools, and are trained in such occupations as will help them to earn a livelihood. Many of the epileptics, feeble-minded, and insane are sufficiently restored to render them capable of self-support. Those who cannot be cured are cared for under proper restraint throughout their lives. class. The delinquent class is made up of offenders against The the law, whether these be youthful offenders and adults delinquent new to crime, or confirmed criminals. Justice requires that persons of this class shall be punished for their offenses. The public policy has been to provide reformatories and industrial schools for those who are beginners in crime, where they can have better associations, a milder discipline, and more sympathetic training than they could have in ordinary prisons. The object of this method is of course the elevation and reform of those subjected to it. For persons convicted of petty offenses local prisons, jails, and work-houses are provided, while those convicted of serious crimes are confined in the State penitentiary for a term of years. 64. SUPERVISION OF CHARITABLE AND CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS of State The care of the classes above described falls to both The board the State and local governments, which together sup- charities. port the necessary public institutions. In order that these institutions may be properly managed under adequate supervision, the law provides for a board of State charities and boards of county visitors. The State board is composed of six members, appointed by the governor under the restriction that not more than three may belong to the same political party. The members serve for three years without pay. The governor is himself president of the board, which is required to keep in touch with the whole system of charitable and correctional institutions of the State, including those of counties and cities. By order of the governor, the board may conduct an investigation into the affairs of any of these institutions; and it must submit an annual |