ble surprise prevented the removal of the barricades, so that an invading foe would have found the streets unpaved, the houses embattled, and obstructions of every conceivable kind thrown up in the great thoroughfares. As a measure of salubrity, the inhabitants made gutters in the streets, to carry off the stagnant water without endangering the barricades. The principal avenues were continually crowded with persons going about from curiosity, or with assemblages of armed men of every variety of dress, equipments, and weapons. During the evening the absence of the street lamps was supplied by lights in the windows. Sentinels were of course stationed at all the important points, consisting partly of the soldiers of the National Guard, and partly of the ordinary armed citizens, whose only title of service was their participation in the victory of the Barricades. The Palace of the Tuileries was purposely left in charge of the brave men, who had driven the Royal Guards before them on Thursday, and gained possession of its halls at the point of the bayonet; so that rough clad and irregularly armed citizens took the place of the trim sentinels, who formerly guarded its precincts. Amid all these indications of pending insurrection, with all the populace of Paris and its environs thronging the streets, and the poorest artisans in arms for the cause of freedom, the most absolute respect of private property was exhibited, notwithstanding the abundant opportunities of

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license, which naturally offer thenselves at such a period.

The Government lost no time, however, in providing a regular military force, for the protection of the public liberties against whatever aggression. Twenty regiments of the National Guard were organized without delay, the lists being filled up with a rapidity, which assured the minds of the most timid, that defenders would not be wanting to sustain the Government, either against popular outrage or the efforts of the dethroned family and their partisans. In fact, soldiers of all descriptions came in continually to join the popular ranks, many of them veterans of the old army, who were treated with peculiar respect on all hands. An occasion speedily occurred, as we shall presently see, for testing the spirit and resolution of the citizens.

Our narrative of the events of the Revolution has been confined thus far to Paris. There in fact the contest, in a military point of view, began and ended. But it is to be understood that identically the same feeling existed in the departments, where the receipt of the Ordinances was followed by a simultaneous rising of the inhabitants, and the organization of insurrection just as in Paris. In some of the great cities, especially Rouen and Nantes, the popular enthusiasm broke out into open resistance, before it was known what steps would be taken at the metropolis. It was the same at Lyons. The large towns around Paris, if they did not anticipate the movement in that city, were

not backward in following it up. It was not Paris, which produced the Revolution. The whole Nation was animated with but one sentiment, which produced a unanimity of action, as decided and marked as if it had been the result of concert, although it is perfectly certain that the publication of the Ordinances was wholly unexpected, and therefore could not have been prepared, for in such a way as to produce the universal movement of resistance, which actually took place.

Troops had been ordered to Paris from the camp at Saint Omer. They advanced as far as Poix, a village two or three days march from Paris, where they halted, and on receiving orders to that effect from General Gérard in the name of the provisional government, they marched back to Saint Omer under new colors, the soldiers having of their own motion procured tricolored cockades from Paris by the diligences. A division stationed at Versailles under General Bordesoulle, had commenced its march for Paris in support of Marshal Marmont, but turned back on learning the evacuation of Paris, intending to return to its old quarters. Meanwhile the National Guard of Versailles had got under arms, and threatened to exclude the troops; but,after some negotiation between the two parties, they came to an amicable understanding, and the soldiers entered Versailles amid cries of Vive la Charte ! In truth the events of Thursday had limited the Kingdom of Charles Tenth to the Château of Saint

Cloud, and the great avenues around it, which the defeated soldiers of the Guard continued to occupy.

When the Duc de Raguse retired to Saint Cloud, nothing could exceed the consternation which his appearance there, followed by the flying troops, produced on the royal conspirators assembled at the Château. Such was the excess of their infatuation, that they had not dreamed of the possibility of so untoward an event, and the intelligence of defeat and rout came upon them with the stunning suddenness of a clap of thunder. der. The weak minded Dauphin was roused into a sort of phrenzy, on seeing the Duc de Raguse. Breaking out in the most insulting language towards Marmont, the Dauphin ordered him under arrest, and seizing on his sword, endeavored to break it across the pummel of his saddle so precipitately as to cut himself in the act of doing it. Soon afterwards the deputation sent to treat with the insurgents came back from the Hôtel de Ville, with tidings that the offer of accommodation was too late, and that Charles had nothing to expect from the voluntary act of his late subjects. To be restored to power, he must continue the appeal to arms. But it was conclusively shown by the declaration and conduct of the troops, that they had no disposition to protract the struggle. They were fatigued with their exertions, and disheartened by want of food and other necessaries. and by the conviction that they were on the wrong side.

We may imagine, better than we can describe, the agony of disappointment, chagrin, and self-reproach, which at this hour must have borne down the royal family, and such of the partisans of coups d'état as still clung to the fallen monarch.

Notwithstanding the desperate state of things at Saint Cloud, an effort was made on Friday to place the Château in a state of defence. Battalions of the Guard were posted along the roads leading to Saint Cloud from Paris and Versailles. Addresses to the soldiers from the revolutionary Government were largely circulated, inviting them to abandon the King. These overtures were favorably received by the troops of the Line, a whole regiment of which piled their arms, and marched off to Paris; but a principle of honor kept the Guards together, conscious as they were of the hopelessness of the royal cause, and subjected to many privations, which the King wanted disposition or power to relieve. Indeed, Charles, instead of having the means of molesting the Parisians, now began to be seriously alarmed for his own safety, as reports reached him that the victorious bourgeois began to prepare for attacking him at Saint Cloud. At three o'clock on the morning of Saturday, the royal family, with the Ministers and other persons who remained attached to the Court, left Saint Cloud in the midst of the household troops, who resolved to protect the King against the citizens, determining at the same time not to engage in any hostilities of their own accord.

The King halted at Versailles, taking up his quarters in the Trianon, a small royal residence in the Park of Versailles, where the royal family and the Ministers met for the last time. From Versailles he continued onward to Ramboullet, a village ten leagues from Paris, where there is a hunting Château belonging to the crown. Here a camp was formed with the ostensible purpose of making a stand. But on Sunday the 1st of August information was brought to the Court of the proceedings of the day before in regard to the Duc d'Orleans; and the next day Charles and the Dauphin addressed a communication to the Lieutenant General, renouncing their rights in favor of the Duc de Bordeaux, and charging the Duc d'Orleans to cause the accession of Henry V. to be proclaimed. Meanwhile the jewels of the crown had been withdrawn from their place of deposit in Paris early in the last week, and were now under the control of Charles. To the act of abdication no other answer was given but to despatch a Commission, consisting of Marshal Maison, M. de Schonen, and M. Odillon Barrot, to demand the regalia and require the royal family to hasten their departure from the Kingdom. The King refused to see the Commission, and instead of disposing himself to comply with their injunctions, caused the Guards to be sounded as to their willingness to retire to La Vendée and repeat the struggle of the former Revolution. But neither the officers nor the soldiers would listen to any such scheme.

The

day of uncalculating frantic royalism had long since passed away. The Guards were Frenchmen in spirit as in fact; and selected, as they had been, for their fidelity to the House of Bourbon, still they were too wise, and too fond of their country, to engage to embark in a desperate and unavailing contention in behalf of a prostrate dynasty, who had proved themselves incapable of reigning, and whose fatal incompetency was alike ruinous to their friends and themselves. Instead of manifesting any readiness to sustain a civil war, the Guards resolved, in the words of M. de Bermond, only 'to place themselves between the royal family and any portion of their subjects who might be excited to attack them, pending the negotiations which were to decide the fate of France.'

The Commission lost no time in reporting to the Government at Paris that Charles refused to accept of their safe conduct for his retirement from the country, insisting that he had abdicated only in favor of the Duc de Bordeaux, and that he should remain at Rambouillet, and defend himself there, until he received a satisfactory answer from the Lieutenant General. The announcement of this resolution brought matters to a crisis at once. It was impossible to suffer an armed force, which withheld obedience from the new Government, to remain within a day's march of the capital; and equally impossible to restrain the public irritation, excited by the obstinacy of the King. There was imminent danger that the inflamed populace would,

of their own accord, rise in a mass and proceed to attack the royal camp and family; in which case, if left to themselves, they might commit some deplorable excess, which would dishonor the cause of the Revolution.

The citizens were already ringing the tocsin, and arming themselves without waiting for orders. To prevent the possible consequences, the Government lost no time in arranging an expedition under the command of responsible officers, who might control, as well as direct, the popular movements. The National Guard were summoned to their posts, and it was announced to them that the ground assumed by the King required that he should be compelled to depart or surrender, and that to effect this object the Government called on the citizens to enlist for an attack on the camp at Rambouillet. The announcement was received with the greatest enthusiasm. Thousands volunteered in the course of a few hours, and were despatched in omnibuses, hackney coaches, cabriolets, diligences, coucous, carts, in short, in every species of carriage, which Paris afforded. In addition to six thousand troops of the National Guard, were thousands of the half armed but resolute and excited men of the Barricades, who poured out of Paris in a tumultuary force, and if they had come in conflict with the royal family would have been as dangerous and as ungovernable as the militant mobs of October, 1789. The command of the

expedition was given to General Pajol, having under him General

Excelmans, Colonel Jacqueminot, and M. Georges La Fayette. Meanwhile the Commissioners hurried on to Rambouillet once more, in advance of the army, for the purpose of making a last effort to persuade the King to listen to reason. They represented to him the extreme hazard he would run by an encounter with the mighty host of unscrupulous men, who were on the way to Rambouillet. As had all along happened with Charles, he yielded to selfish considerations of personal safety, where he had been regardless of the blood of his People, and consented to dismiss all intention of resistance and accept the safe conduct of the Commissioners. Indeed such was the consternation of the King, that his Court broke up in great confusion at ten o'clock in the evening of August 3d, and set off without waiting for the appearance of his good friends of the faubourgs of Paris. The armed citizens had ere this arrived at a village in the neighborhood of Rambouillet, where they bivouacked for the night. On learning the departure of the King the next morning, they seized on the coaches belonging to the Court, and whatever other vehicles they could find, and returned to Paris on the 4th, forming a vast procession of soldiers and citizens, who entered the city shouting the Marseilles Hymn, and firing their guns into the air in triumph.

The King had selected Great Britain as a place of refuge. It was arranged between him and the Commissioners that he should restore the crown jewels, and be

furnished with the sum of four millions of francs in money for his private use. He desired to quit France by the way of Cherbourg, and thither accordingly the Commissioners directed their course. At Dreux, where they halted after leaving Rambouillet, the King dismissed all the troops except the body-guard, which continued with him as far as Cherbourg. The Ministers, aware of the danger they incurred of being brought to trial for their crimes, had fled secretly and in disguise, in different directions, before the King submitted. The royal family passed along slowly through Normandy, deserted by the perfidious counsellors and courtiers, who had contributed by their advice, to the destitution and humiliation, which now pressed upon the last of the Bourbons. They were protected from public insult and injury less by the feeble guard, which surrounded them, than by the tricolored scarfs of the Commissioners, and the universal sympathy entertained for fallen greatness: for everywhere they found the national flag flying on the towers, and the inhabitants in arms for the Charter.

The exiles embarked at Cherbourg in an American ship, engaged at Havre for that purpose, and landed in England the 17th of August. They were received there with but little show of respect; for how indeed could any respect be felt for such men as Charles or Louis Antoine ? The compassionate hospitality due to their rank and their situation was of course extended towards them, and nothing more. The King