and arid sierras, unsuited for the purposes been little wrought, owing to want of coal; of agriculture. It is divided into two une- Armenian bole, sulphur, limestone, porcelain qual halves or parts, by a mountain range clays, which are not used, as well as other called the Serra Geral, and known on the useful minerals. Among the quadrupeds northern side by the names Serra da Vaca- are antas, an animal resembling a cow withria, and Serra do Herval, and on the south-out horns, onças, wild boars, deer, cotis, ern by that of Serra dos Tapes. Between hares and horses, mules, goats and sheep inthis chain of mountains and the sea are the troduced from Europe. The principal occulakes Viarnano, Patos and Mirim, which ex-pation of the inhabitants is grazing, and pretend north and south about 80 leagues, with paring "jerked beef," which is exported to a breadth of from one to eight leagues. The various parts of the empire, Mexico, HaButucharahi, the Pardo, the Tebicuari, the vana, and the United States. They raise Sino, the Cahi, and the Gravatahi are tribu-large numbers of mules, which are more estary streams of the Jacuhi, running at greater teemed than the horses, as well as goats and or less distances from the city of Porto Ale- sheep. gre; they form more to the south the vast In this province the atmosphere is pure ; expanse of water termed the lake of Patos, the winter begins in May and continues till whose embouchure has been inappropriately September. In this season winds from west named Rio Grande. The coast lands of this province are flat, sprinkled here and there with sand banks and small thickets of wood, well calculated to afford places of concealment for an enemy.

and southwest are cold and humid; and, though the thermometer rarely sinks to zero (centigrade,) the inhabitants are very much incommoded by them. There are positions where, in the months of July and August, it This coast is divided into four distinct freezes. At nights in the summer the heat parts. The first called the praia das Torres, is almost insupportable, which is contrary to runs from northeast to southwest; the sec- what is usually the case in tropical countries. ond called praia de Pernambuco, has the same direction; the third, the Estreito, has a direction from northeast to southwest to the mouth or strait of Rio Grande, and the fourth extends in southwest direction to Cas- 28 members. tillros. Off this coast there are sunken rocks at a distance of six or eight leagues from the shore.

The population of the province is estimated at 160,000. It is represented in the legislative assembly by three deputies and one senator; its provincial assembly consists of

2. Santa Catharina-St. Catharine's-is a small maritime province lying between twenThe good quality of the lands to the west ty-six and thirty degrees of south latitude; of the lakes, its temperate climate, and the it is triangular in form and is estimated to facility of water communication renders this contain 2,200 square leagues. It is separated part of the province capable of an extensive from the province of Rio Grande do Sul by commerce. In the least mountainous parts the river Mampituba, and from the province. they are subject to high winds, which prevail of St. Paul on the north by the river Sahi. during several successive days. In almost According to the latest accounts published, all of the several districts of this region the the population is 67,218, of all colors, infruits of Europe grow, the fig and peach cluding 12,500 slaves, represented in the natrees being most flourishing. Coffee trees tional legislature by one Senator and one and bananas are cultivated as objects of cu- Deputy. From the mildness of its climate, riosity. In many of the districts wheat and uniformity of the seasons and fertility of the other cereals grow side by side with rice and soil, this province has been termed the terflax woods for building are rare, but of su- restrial paradise of Brazil. The islands of perior quality. The mineral products are São Francisco and Santa Catherina, which gold, silver, and, according to report, iron of pertain to it, are the best cultivated. This superior quality in proportion of twenty province is well watered. Its forests abound pounds of metal to one hundred of ore, but in cedar, oak and other woods suitable for these mines, which are near the surface, have building, as well as in those adapted for cab

inet work. A mineral fuel, lignite, has been cruelty, but by affection and love. In 1829 found in abundance. this population consisted of,

Men, free,
Women,

105,741

110,128

Men, slaves,
Women,

54,581

36,131

306,581 souls.

The island of Santa Catharina lies between 27 and 28° south latitude. The aboriginal inhabitants were named Carijos. It is about ten leagues in length and two in breadth; its surface is irregular and mountainous. Its eastern coast is without a harbor of any kind, but on the west the bay is extensive and well protected. It is penetra- In 1833, two years after the abdication of ted by several small streams navigable by Dom Pedro I., it had increased to 320,000 canoes to a considerable distance; and on and in 1843 to 360,000, on a surface of the east there are three lakes. The island 12,000 square leagues, watered by numerous enjoys an almost perpetual spring. The soil streams and rivers, which contribute to swell is generally fertile, and produces ipecacu- the waters of the Iguaçu and the Tieté, great anha spontaneously. Flax, sugar cane and tributaries of the Paraná, and also by the rice, and garden vegetables are successfully river Parahiba, which empties into the ocean. cultivated. Coffee, manioc, millet, wheat, The forests abound in the various woods of and most of the fruit trees of Europe, as construction, and in the wild animals pertinent well as bananas, oranges, melons, &c., pros- to this section of South America. Cattle of per. The population is stated to be 12,000; all, or nearly all of which are engaged in agricultural pursuits.

The island of São Francisco is six leagues long by three broad; its northern extremity is in 26°6′ south latitude. In climate, fertility and products, it resembles Santa Catharina.

of the year 1825, efforts were made in several different districts to acclimate the teaplant of China; and the manufacture of tea now constitutes one of the profitable branches of trade.

the various kinds introduced originally from Europe, have multiplied to an almost incredible extent, except sheep, the flesh of which is not liked by the natives of the province. In former times wheat was extensively cultivated here, but after the Americans came to supply superfine flower, the market was lost, the rural industry was directed to the 3. São-Paulo-St. Paul's-is an extensive production of sugar, coffee, rice, millet, maand rich maritime province lying between nioc, tobacco and beans. In the beginning 23° and 26° of south latitude. It has a coast of 110 leagues, from point Joatinza to the river Sahi; and extends westward to the province of Mato-Grosso, and the river Paraná an affluent of the Paraguai. The climate is mild and healthy, and its heat is less than usual in tropical districts. Frost is not unfrequent, though of short duration. Generally the Paulistas are white, large, well formed, healthy and robust; for the most St. Paul's, the capital of the province, is part they are descendants of Portuguese eighty-five leagues in a direction west south and Carijos Indians, who resided in the lit- west from Rio de Janeiro, and about twelve oral parts of the country. The Burgres In- leagues to the north of Santos. The popudians were at one time lords of the lands lation is set down at 22,000, of which about which lie between the rivers Tieté, Parana-one fourth are slaves of different shades of panéma and Paraná. As the first colonists color. in this country were bachelors, they married 4. Rio de Janeiro lies between 21° and with the daughters of the Indians; the off- 24° south latitude. It has a surface of 6,200 spring of these alliances again intermarried, square leagues, or 55,800 square miles and and thus with influx of colonists the white is generally mountainous, except behind population augmented while the Indians de- Cape São-Thomé, where the land appears to creased in proportion, and in the amalgama- be alluvial, and in the rainy season subtion, are now probably extinguished-not by merged. The river Cabapuana separates

St. Paul's has several good harbors, among which is Santos, accessible and safe for shipsof-the-line. It sends four senators and nine deputies to the national legislature.

this province on the north from that of Es- hills, is supposed to measure 14,000 square pirito-Santo; the river Parahiba and its trib- leagues, and is inhabited by 650,000 souls, utaries, the rivers Parahibuna and Preto, and or little more than five to each square mile. the sierra of Mantiqueira, separate it from The chief agricultural products are sugar, the province of Minas-Geraes, which is about cotton, tobacco and coffee, which are export35 leagues westward from the sea. The ed to Europe; and manioc, rice, beans and whole province of Rio de Janeiro is well millet, which are consumed in the country. watered. Its mineral products are iron, sul- The province is well watered and abounds in phur, granite in abundance, gold in small valuable woods; gumselemi, copal, and dragquantity; and various clays, among which is on's blood are produced of superior quality, the petun-sé or kaolin, of which the Chinese as well as jalap, ipecacuanha, saffron, and form the finest porcelain. The forests pro- other medicines. The oranges are excellent, duce a great variety of woods, gums and and tropical fruits are abundant. Seven balsams; ipecacuanha and jalap grow sponta- senators and fourteen deputies represent the neously. The ibirapitanga, or Brazil wood of province in the national legislature. this province, is inferior to that which grows 7. Sergipe is a small province with a sea in the north. More attention is paid in this coast extending from 10° to 11° of south latthan in any other province of Brazil to ag- itude. It is separated from Alagoas on the riculture and gardening. Tropical fruits are north by the river San Francisco, and on the abundant; and almost all the culinary vege- west the same river separates it from Pertables of Europe are found in the markets. nambuco. The coast is flat and sandy. Its According to an enumeration made in products are similar to those of Bahia. In 1840, the province contains 430,000 inhabi- the year 1839 the population was 167,397, tants, of which 224,830 are slaves; adding including 25,000 Indians. One senator and the 170,000 inhabitants of the city of Rio, two deputies constitute the legislative repremakes the population 600,000. It is repre- sentation. sented by ten deputies and five senators. 8. The province of Alagoas, which derives Whenever it is necessary to elect one, three its name from various lakes (lagoas) existing candidates are named, from whom the em- in it, which communicate with each other, peror selects the nominee.

west by a mountain chain called the DousIrmãos, through which it is joined to the provinces of Pernambuco and Piauhi. The river San Francisco separates it from Sergipe on the south; and the Atlantic ocean bounds it on the east. It contains 5,200 square leagues and a population short of 100,000 men.

and with several rivers emptying into the sea, 5. Espirito-Santo is a small maritime prov- lies between 8° and 10° south latitude. It ince extending between 18° and 21° south is bounded on the north by the river Una, latitude. It contains 3,000 square leagues which separates it from Pernambuco; on the and a population of 24,000 souls of all colors. The country is very mountainous, and savage tribes, the Puris and Botecudes, the ancient Aimores and Tupis inhabit the Cordilleras. All the rivers of this province run from west to east, except the Guandú, which runs from south to north in the Cordillera, and empties into the Doce. The province The plains in the vicinity of the sea are produces sugar, rum, manioc, rice, millet, low, sandy, and unadapted to cultivation; but cotton, medicines, dye-woods and salted fish. in the interior the lands, which are high, are 6. Bahia is a maritime province, inhabited extremely fertile. The whole country abounds at the time of its discovery in 1500, by the in water courses and rivers. NotwithstandTupinambas. It is separated from Serzipe ing the abundance of water and the dense on the north by the river Real; from Goyax forests which occupy a great part of the provin the west, by the San Francisco and a ince, the air is pure and the country healthy, chain of sterile mountains; from Espirito- except on the river San Francisco, where Santo on the south by the river Mucuri; the intermittent fevers prevail at certain seasons Atlantic forms its eastern boundary between of the year. Architectural woods of several 11° and 18° south latitude. The surface of kinds are abundant; and the forests contain his province, which embraces planes and balsam copaiva, gum benjamin and copal

trees. They are inhabited by different tribes | Appodi on the East, and the Iguaraçu on the of nomadic Indians, who are not easily re- West; its southern extremity is at the 8th deconciled to civilized life. Calcarious and gree of South latitude. On the South it granitic rocks, clays of various colors, a lit- touches the province of Pernambuco, and on tle gold and amianthus are found. The chief the West it is separated from Piauhi by mounproducts of agricultural industry are tobacco, tain ridges. Its population is 160,000, spread cotton and sugar; oranges, mangoes and over a surface estimated to contain 4,600 other tropical fruits are plentiful. square leagues. The high lands are fertile, and 9. The province of Pernambuco lies be- the valleys sandy, here and there irrigated tween the seventh and the ninth degrees of by streams of aluminous and brine waters. south latitude, having the provinces of Ba- This province abounds in medicinal plants, hai and Alagoas on the south; Parahiba and fine timber, mines of gold, silver, iron, copCeará on the north, and Piauhi and Goyaz per, lead, salt, coal, nitre and various clays. on the west. The coast is lined with reefs 13. The province of Piauhi is bounded on and bars which very much interfere with ac- the North by the ocean; on the East by the cess to the ports of this part of Brazil. This provinces of Ceará, Parahiba and Pernambuprovince contains about 7,200 square leagues, co; on the South by those of Bahia and and about 320,000 inhabitants, including Goyaz, and on the West by Maranham. Its blacks, whites, Indians and mixed breeds. surface is stated to measure 7,600 square The country is freely intersected by rivers. leagues, and its present population does not The forests abound in valuable woods and exceed 60,000, including several thousand trees, which yield balsams, gums and resins Indians. Nitre is found in all parts of the of many kinds. Cotton, of superior quality, province, the inhabitants of which are devoand sugar are the chief agricultural products. ted to grazing and rearing cattle. 10. Parahiba has about 28 leagues of coast, 14. The vast province of Maranham meaand extends westward about 120 leagues to sures about 250 leagues from North to South, the river Crumatahú, which separates it from and about 120 from East to West, and conthe province of Ceará. The extent of Para- tains only 200,000 inhabitants. Cotton, suhiba, is estimated at 3,600 square leagues, gar, rice, gums, hides, &c., are the chief exand the population reached in 1838, only ports. Vanilla, ginger, jalap and ipecacu55,124 souls. A large proportion of the soil anha are indiginous. This province is boundis unfit for agriculture, owing to the droughts which prevail for six or eight months of the year, and the sandy nature of the soil. The climate is considered healthy, and the heat of the region is tempered by the sea-breeze. The high lands are productive, and the products of the forests are similar to those of the adjoining provinces. The exports are cotton, sugar and rum.

ed on the North by the ocean; on the West and South by the provinces of Pará and Goyaz, and on the East by the river Parnahiba, which separates it from Piauhi.

15. The province of Pará lies between 4° 30' North, 6° South latitude; it has English and French Guiana on the North; Maranham on the East; the provinces of Goyaz and Mato-Grosso on the South, and on the West 11. Rio-Grande do Norte has an extent of Peru and Columbia. The civilized populaabout 2,000 square leagues and a population tion is stated at 139,000, and the number of of 50,000, including Indians and slaves. The uncivilized Indians is computed to be 100,000. forests abound in balsamic, resinous and gum- Its extent of surface measures 89,000 square bearing trees, and afford the best Brazil wood leagues! Vanilla, ginger, indigo, sarsapaof the country. The climate is intensely rilla, jalap, ipecacuanha, as well as cloves hot. This province is bounded on the South and nutmegs, () grow spontaneously. The by the river Guajú; on the West by the river chief exports of Pará are rice, urucú, a dye Appodi, and on the North and East by the ocean. Its exports are salt, sugar, cotton, tobacco and hides.

12. The province of Ceará has a sea-coast on the North of 110 leagues, between the

preferable to that of the Brazil wood, cocoa, sarsaparilla, spices, drugs, gumelastic, alspice, balsam copaiva, rum, cassia, and various kinds of lumber.

16. Mata-Grosso is the most western of the

provinces of Brazil. It extends from the 7th | This brief geographical sketch is sufficient to the 24th degree of South latitude. A to indicate to political economists that the vast chain of mountains separates it from Pará on territory of Brazil may be regarded at the the North; on the West it is bounded by the present time as a land of promise to future republic of Peru, and the rivers Mamore, generations. But its soil, its forests and waJaurú and Paraguai; on the East by the river ter courses remain still almost entirely unAraguaia and a long range of mountains, and known; and if we depend upon the slow-moon the South, from East to West, the Parauá ving inhabitants of Brazil, the world will reseparates it from San Paulo, the Iguarei from main in comparative ignorance of the natuthe State of Entre Rios, and the Chechuhi ral resources and capabilities of that region. from that of Paraguay. The surface of this for thousands of years. For the sake of the province, which is abundantly watered by interests of humanity, the enterprize and inlakes and rivers, is estimated at 60,000 square telligence of the United States, may be dileagues. In it is the famous diamond dis- rected towards the exploration of a country trict. Gold, iron, clays of different colors, which seems to be almost unknown to those salt, nitre, and various gums, are among its who dwell in it and rule over it. mineral productions. The vegetable world here is rich in timber; gumelastic, dragonsblood, gurns, balsams, jalap, indigo and vanilla, grow abundantly and spontaneously.

The whole population of this vast province does not exceed 40,000 souls, one-half of which are civilized Indians.

The country watered by the Amazon and its tributaries, is sufficient to support millions of people where we now find thousands.

The Peruvian Cordilleras or Andes, give rise to three great rivers; the Orinoco, the La Plata, and the Amazon.

The river Amazon arises on the plains of 17. Goyaz is between the eighth and twen- Boubon in Peru, from the lake Lawricocha, tieth degrees of South latitude. It is bounded situated in latitude 10° 14' South, distant on the North by the provinces of Pará, Ma- thirty-two leagues in a North-west direction ranham and Piauhi; on the East by those of from Lima. At its head waters it is known Piauhi, Bahia, and Miras-Geraes; on the South-west by the province of San Paulo, and on the West by that of Mato-Grosso. It contains 25,000 square leagues, and about 60,000 inhabitants. Its soil yields gold, iron, diamonds and other gems, rock-salt, granite, limestones and various clays. The plants are not less numerous or less valuable than in the neighboring provinces.

under the name of Tangurágu. It leaves the lake with a depth of sixty feet, and proportionate breadth. It runs a northwardly course 180 leagues, winding in various directions, receiving various small tributaries. In latitude 5° 30′ South, it turns to the eastward, under the name of Marañon.

The river Huallaga takes its rise, under the name of Huánuco, from the lake Chiqui18. Minas-Geraes contains 15,000 square acoba, on the plains of Boubon, in latitude leagues and 730,000 inhabitants. It is the 10° 57' South, and takes a northward course, most numerously peopled province of Brazil. to the town of Leon de Huánuco, in latitude It lies between 13° and 23° South latitude. 10° 3' South. Near this point it runs to the The rivers Parahiba, Parahibuna and Preto, eastward, doubles on itself and pursues a separate it from Rio de Janeiro on the South; southwardly direction to 9° 55' South, and it joins Bahia and Espirito Sânto Goyaz. again turns to the North and enters the MaGold, silver, platina, copper, iron, lead, mer-rañon, in latitude 5° 4' South, with a breadth cury, tin, as well as bitumen, amianthus, gran- of about one-third of a mile and a depth of ite, limestone, diamonds, rubies, emeralds 34 feet. This river was navigated in its and other precious stones are among its min- whole length by the Fray Manuel Sobrevieral productions. It has the various trees ela, in the year 1790. In the account of his and plants found in other provinces. It ex-voyage, published in the second volume of ports cattle, hogs, bacon, cotton cloth, tobacco, the Mercurio Peruano, this river is supposed coffee and various furs, gems, drugs and dye woods, which go to Rio de Janeiro, Bahia and San Paulo.

to offer a means of communicating with Madrid from Lima in three months, and an itineracy is given as follows:-From Lima to