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tical working data as may be of value to prospective ice manufacturers and manufacturers of ice-making machinery and equipment, as well as to central station interests.

289

Discussed by Anderson, Cochran, Dresser, Hobart, Holding, Knowlton, Leonard, Osborne and Tillman.

848

COLLINS, E F Paper The Resistance Heater as a Load Builder This paper deals principally with the applications of electric heat to industrial processes that require temperatures not over 950 degrees Fahrenheit. Three different types of units are suitable for this purpose; these are the air heater, the hot-plate or imbedded unit, and the immersion heater. Each of these is described and illustrated. The ⚫ author recommends automatic electro-thermostatic control.

A comprehensive table of common industrial applications of electric heating requiring less than 1000 degrees Fahrenheit is given. The table gives the temperature range, type of heating best adapted for the purpose, and also the best method of control. Several heating processes are described and the advantages of electricity therefor pointed out. The disadvantages of coal and gas-heated ovens are also set forth; these are all overcome by electric heating.

Discussed by Donaldson, Hirshfeld, Scherck and Tracy.

444

884

DRESSER, SR Report of Sub-Committee on Electric Welding The report briefly presents an historical outline of electric welding and describes the various processes now in use. The field for its use, the general features from the standpoint of the central station and the comparative costs for various work are briefly dealt with. The major portion of the report consists of a compilation of data similar to that now contained in the Salesman's Handbook for other types of machines. The strength of welds made electrically has not been discussed. This and other similar details have been left for future papers. The report concludes with a bibliography of eighty-four references to articles and books on the various phases of the subject.

Discussed by Herz, Jones, Oltz, PenDell and Young.

475 899

DURGIN, WILLIAM A Lecture Lighting-A By-Product or a Buy-Product The common statement now being made that lighting is likely to become a by-product is having a deterrent effect on lighting men in general, even though at present electric lighting still furnishes over half of the central-station load. However, the use of lamps of the highest efficiency has not yet become as general as will be the case doubtless in the near future. If conditions continue unaltered, a decrease in income from lighting, together with its being placed in the by-product class, is bound to result. Mr. Durgin cites the extraordinary increase in the amount of light that can be purchased for a dollar and gives figures on the character and the change in relative value of the lighting load in Chicago. What is apparent is that this is a time to reorganize the lighting business, if it is to remain the mainstay of the industry. This can be done by active work along three lines: (1) securing much higher intensity of illumination than now generally prevails; (2) urging the general use of semi-indirect or pure indirect systems of illumination; (3) advocating the use of color filters and color control of light.

Mr. Durgin shows by simple and yet very effective demonstrations that the intensities generally used are very much lower than that of daylight. He shows the effect of various lighting intensities on acuity of vision and the effect of light on surroundings in the home. The value of properly shaded sources is emphasized, and

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CONCENTRIC WIRE

Progress along this line has been slow but chiefly because of delay in getting wire and fittings for field experience. There seems to be no apprehension that the underwriters will interfere with experimental installations, and when it has been shown that the system is safe, its general advantages will appeal to all users.

SOLID NEUTRAL

The committee anticipates no serious objection from the underwriters, but the manufacturers have been so busy that there has been no opportunity to obtain the field data on solid neutral panel boards upon which final conclusions should properly be based.

SAFETY CODE

The code has had consideration, the Committee cooperating with other committees and the interests concerned.

WIRING HANDBOOK

An arrangement with Mr. Cushing similar to that of last year for the use of his Manual on Standard Wiring has been continued, and will, the Committee is confident, result to the advantage of the Commercial Section.

STANDARDIZATION OF SCREW THREADS

The question of standardization was referred to this Committee jointly with the other N. E. L. A. committees, but as the matter was being well handled the Wiring Committee took no formal action except to approve the work.

WORK IN PROGRESS

The Committee reports progress on the question of adopting a standard color or distinguishing mark for the neutral or grounded wire; on standardizing the outer end of the portable cords; and on standardizing the connection to electric ranges.

FUTURE WORK

The Committee recommends that it be continued, since it is central stations alone that are interested in doing effective work toward reducing the cost to the public of wiring for electric service.

27

Discussed by Bell, Blood, Burrows, Bushnell, Cox, Jones, Sargent, Weiderman and Young.

HIRSHFELD, CF Report of Industrial Electric Heating Bureau

763

Industrial electric heating is defined as any application in which direct conversion of electrical energy to heat energy is the desired result. The development of industrial electric heating is then briefly given with consideration of the effect of energy cost upon the cost of product. Attention is called to the fact that energy cost is often a very small part of the total cost of industrial processes and that the use of electric heating often reduces these other costs to a great extent.

As an indication of the extent to which electric heating is now used industrially it is stated that the four companies now represented on the Committee have a connected industrial heating load of between 60,000 and 70,000 kilowatts.

The more prominent advantages of electric heating are then enumerated and this is followed by a discussion of the methods available for taking full advantage thereof.

A p'ra is made for the safe and sane development of this field gade, ate studies of every process which it is desired to eure actially doing so

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The lighting code is a discussion of the policies followed both abroad and in the United States, in legislating for the illumination of factories, and gives extracts from certain codes including the one prepared by the Illuminating Engineering Society.

The Committee has attempted to cover in this report general specifications for industrial and yard lighting. It cannot be hoped to cover adequately so large a field in a first report. It is hoped that the report will serve as a basis for subsequent work upon these lines. 530

Discussed by Adam, Burr, Burrows, Hard, Johnson, Macbeth, Muller, Spaulding, Stair and Stickney.

915

JENKINS, FRED R Report of Committee on Education of Salesmen The Committee has confined its efforts to introducing and conducting the correspondence course in Commercial Engineering, as outlined in the report of last year. This course is intended as a practical commercial course, and the Committee has kept in mind the fact that it is for the education of men now employed by member companies. This course and others to follow are intended to obviate the necessity of special educational departments in most of our member companies, and they are being compiled and distributed to the companies at small expense with the belief that the Association can and should issue all courses suitable for its membership.

The member companies are urged to organize their employees into classes. The benefits of this method cannot be overestimated.

The report contains a list of the companies and the number of students enrolled, as well as the states represented in the course. It appears that out of 1123 Class A member companies we have only 149 companies in the course, and it is apparent that there is still a large number of the smaller companies that have not taken advantage of the course.

Where some one person in the company takes an active interest in putting this course before its employees no difficulty is found in obtaining subscribers and in organizing a class.

A method which appears to work to the best advantage of all parties is for the company to advance the $12 cash price, which price is returned to the company by the employee in monthly payments of $2.

It is recommended that the educational work be so standardized as to make it a simple matter to add special correspondence courses for any branch of the business for which there appears to be sufficient demand. The proposed Course No. 1 is intended to give the student a fundamental knowledge of magnetism and electricity, by which he can acquire sufficient foundation to carry on any of the other special courses which are adapted to the work in which he is engaged. 81 Discussed by Burnett, Harding, Jenkins, Newman, Randel, Rogers and Walton. 783

KELLY, TF Report of Sub-Committee on Commercial Aspects of Highway and Municipal Lighting The report emphasizes the fact that general street lighting is a "good-will" asset and shows that the revenue from this source can be increased by keeping in close touch with municipal authorities and civic organizations, offering direct and indirect cooperation in regard to improvements in street lighting.

The Committee recommends that central stations maintain close relationship with all ornamental street lighting movements and the report mentions the different methods of securing funds for such systems, recommending that the central stations should control these.

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