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those of us in the central station industries whose lot it is to obtain power business.

In Baltimore, too, we have had experiences similar to those mentioned by the previous speakers. One very interesting case of a gas producer outfit might be mentioned to show the useless investment which a textile manufacturer made before he realized the best form of power supply. This manufacturer installed, at great expense, a 1000-hp gas producer plant. The plant proved to be very expensive to operate, and the loss of time and material due to shut-downs and varying speeds caused him to replace it with a 1000-hp compound Corliss engine installation. This installation did not show the expected results, and in a short time the manufacturer was more attentive to the central station idea. Then after considering central station service in comparison with the steam turbine driven plant, he decided to try out the former.

He has now increased his manufacturing capacity until the connected motor load is 3000 horsepower and is so well satisfied that no proposition of an engine salesman will be entertained.

The only buckeyemobile we have in our territory was given to the Experimental Laboratory of the Johns-Hopkins University and some very attractive operating results have been obtained on this unit under ideal conditions. However, the engineers of Johns Hopkins have not recommended its use in any industry, and I hardly think they will.

The money value of the various items other than direct expenses that enter into isolated plant expense it is most difficult to have considered in any comparison of costs. In other words, it is very similar to the term "intangible assets" which we hear so much about in the value of property. We can properly add to the isolated plant cost what we may call "intangible costs," therefore, I would like to submit to go into the records, some intangible costs that will justify the rates at which the central station deserves to obtain the power business of industrial firms. Since the report just read has in view the furnishing of data and information to the central station man to meet the competition and arguments of engine people, it may not be amiss to point out further facts which will be of help along this line.

The great talking point for the types of units mentioned is the low fuel cost, but, as the report states, the guarantees as given

are seldom met in practice. When the fixed costs and maintenance are considered, the fuel cost amounts to just about one quarter to one sixth of the total cost. Iven though these units show up well in the early days of use, they are subject to gradual deterioration and corresponding drop in efficiency. Again, in the case of the steam units all guarantees are based upon a standard set of conditions which can not be exactly approached under working conditions, hence such guarantees amount to nothing.

It may be of interest to summarize some of the drawbacks of the various types of units, athough most of these points are well known to us.

For the Oil Engines

High first cost

Need of high class labor

Relation of fuel cost per unit to the cost of crude oil.
High maintenance charges

Noise and odor nuisance, which prevents their use in

built up sections

Vibration, which affects surrounding buildings

Possibility of break down in some vital parts broken crank shafts are of frequent occurrence

Lubrication is high perhaps 50 percent greater than for an equivalent steam plant

Variations_m_load must be gradual to maintain proper
regulation

Large amount of cooling water necessary
No steam for heating

No overload capacity, which must be provided for by in
stalling a larger unit

For the Newer Types of Steam Units

As stated, the actual effaiencies are not of conoder die gara over the best types of Corliss units In an an dyas of these we are confronted with the following facts

High first cost of su h units

Need of high class la's r

Complication in such pants hh pressure, 150 to 200 b

boilers, economizers, superheaters, high temperature, 50 to 100 degrees superheat, fittings, etc

High maintenance and depreciation

Greater heat in buildings due to higher temperatures.

For Gas Producer Plants

The gas producer plant has many of the objectionable features brought out under the oil engine.

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Fluctuations in speed due to varying conditions of gas

Shut-downs from time to time for repairs or adjustment.

One more word about the buckeyemobile. Mr. Seelman spoke about the one in Brooklyn being shut down. I understand that this plant was closed mainly as a result of the preparation of this report. It seems that when Mr. Tweedy desired results on the operation of this plant, he sent over to find out the cost of operation. The actual costs were ascertained and shown to the owner, and that was all that was necessary. I would suggest that for future reports an effort be made to secure operating data on as many of these types of plants as possible by having company sections report such installations to the Committee, and suggest a means of securing the facts. It has been found that in some cases information of this character can be secured through an out-of-town inquiry more readily than by the central station.

REPORT OF SUB-COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL

AND YARD LIGHTING

OLIVER R HOGUE, CHAIRMAN

DISCUSSION

MR. A. B. SPAULDING, Jersey City, N. J: Mr. Hogue and Lis associates are to be complimented for the excellent work they have done in preparing and presenting this subject. Their paper emphasizes strongly the importance of following up industrial lighting.

In industrial firms where private plants are or have been operating, you will find that in a majority of cases the lighting conditions are very inethcent and unsatisfactory.

This is undoubtedly due to the fact that many private plant engineers figure that lighting current does not cost them a great deal and it is, therefore, unnecessary to watch the ethuency of the lighting system.

Central station service is productive of ethetency, in fact, in order to compete with private plant operation it is necessary for the central station representative to lay out both ethoient power installations and efhcient lighting installations. In order that the good work done by power salesmen throughout the country in recent years may have a lasting effect and be accompame 1 by rual service, it is the duty of every central station to give thought and attention to industrial lighting, furnishing data and making recommendations for the betterment of the customer's installation, thereby giving better illumination and in many cases reducing the costs.

The field for industrial lighting is at least as large as the field for power business, and as our power representatives are making wonderful progress on their ground, it is simply a matter of cooperation between the power and 1,ting departments which will bring about the development of the intral trad business.

It is the duty of the power representative to utilize the ser

(SEE REPORT, PAGE 1391

vices of the industrial lighting department, for, if he neglects a proper lighting lay-out in connection with his power recommendations he is not giving to the customer all that we have to offer and is handicapping his power proposal.

MR. F. C. HARD, Boston: When your Committee on Industrial and Yard Lighting took up the work of gathering together the data contained in this paper it was found that certain information desired was somewhat difficult to obtain. I refer to "The Relation of Good Illumination to Accident Prevention." Such manufacturers and proprietors of industrial establishments as were interviewed were, of course, reluctant to admit that there had ever been accidents caused by poor lighting, much less to admit the fact that their establishments were not sufficient to inspire us to look in other directions for information that would assist us in bringing to the notice of our prospective customers the great importance of classifying with other Safety First measures good and sufficient lighting facilities.

Since Workingmen's Compensation and other forms of industrial insurance have been made compulsory in certain States, the Safety Inspection Boards of the various insurance companies soliciting this business have apparently recognized the fact that the average industrial establishment (excepting perhaps some of the newer types of modern buildings) are "hazards" from the illumination standpoint, just as buildings without modern sprinkler systems are poor risks on account of fire hazard.

To call your attention to the fact that we salesmen of the various central stations here represented, have a valuable asset to add to our stock of arguments for the sale of light, I wish to briefly quote some opinions from very good authority, namely, the representatives of some of the largest insurance companies in the United States.

Mr. C. J. Stoddard, Chief Inspector of the Employers Liability Assurance Corporation of the U. S. says that he is favorable to a perfected code for factory lighting. He finds in traveling about that a large majority of industrial establishments are inefficiently and defectively lighted, and that the schemes are generally poor. This is especially true in the metal industry, such as machine shops, foundries, etc. He has reported 119

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