efit to invalids. In the mountainous parts of Europe, the goat supplies the natives with many of the necessaries of life. The Ibex (Capra ibex) inhabits the highest Alps, and is found also in Candia; it is very wild, and the chase of it is attended with great danger. The Chamois (Antilope rupicapra) is very abundant in the mountainous parts of Europe, where it is found in flocks among the rocks. The hunting of this animal is very laborious and difficult, but followed with great ardor by the hunters, who frequently lose their lives in the pursuit. The Elk (Cervus alces) is the largest and most formidable of the deer kind of Europe. It inhabits the northern parts. It is 7 or 8 feet high, and its horns are of a large size. It is timid and inoffensive, and runs with great swiftness, in a high shambling kind of trot. The Reindeer (C. tarandus) inhabits the northern regions of Europe, and is of the greatest importance to the inhabitants, particularly to the Laplanders, who derive from it all the necessaries of life.

The Stag or Red Deer (C. elaphus) is found in the forests and mountains of the north of Europe; but it is not as numerous in its wild state as formerly in England; yet many of them are kept in parks. The hunting of the stag has always been a favorite diversion.

The Fallow Deer (C. dama) differs from the stag in the size and form of its horns, but in other respects these two animals are nearly the same. The Fallow Deer is found in nearly all the countries of Europe, with a slight variation of color. The Roe Buck (C. capreolus) was formerly common in England and Wales, but it is now only found in the Highlands of Scotland, and other northern parts of Europe. It is the smallest of the European deer, elegant in its form, and light and easy in its movements. It runs with great swiftness, and shows great artifice in eluding its pursuers.

The Wild Boar (Sus aper) is the original stock of the varieties of the hog. He is nearly black, and armed with formidable tusks in each jaw. He will not attack an animal if unprovoked. The hunting of the wild boar is a dangerous but common amusement, in the countries where he is found.

tion, been here carried to its greatest refinement. In England, more attention has been paid to the subject than elsewhere. The three kinds of horses best known in that country, are the Race horse, the Hunter, and the Carriage horse. It is a curious circumstance, that in the mixture of all these races, the influence of the Arab blood is observable. The Persian, Barbary, and Turkish horses, are

those which come nearest to the Arabian, in conformation and qualities; and the Spanish horses long enjoyed a high character in Europe, probably from the breed being kept up by the intermixture of horses from Barbary. In France are numerous varieties, and most of them are serviceable animals. The other European races, it would be impossible to enumerate.

The Lynx (Felis lynx) is very common in the north of Europe, and its fur is valuable for its softness and warmth. It is a long-lived, destructive animal, lives by hunting, and pursues its prey to the tops of the highest trees. Its sight is remarkably acute, and it sees its prey at a great distance. The Wild-cat (F. catus) exists with little variety in every climate of Europe, where it frequents the mountainous and woody regions, living in trees, and hunting small birds and animals. It is very fierce, and defends itself with great spirit from any attack. It is larger and stronger than the tame cat, of which it is the original stock, and its fur is much longer. The Weasel (Mustela vulgaris) is very common. The Stoat (M. erminea) is often met with in the northern parts of Europe, and is of a yellowish brown color in summer, and nearly white in winter, when it is called ermine. It is then much sought after for its valuable fur, which makes a considerable article of commerce. It resembles the weasel in its habits and manners. The Pine Weasel (M. abietum) is found in the north of Europe, living in large forests, and feeding on the tops and seeds of pine trees. The skins of these animals form an article of commerce. The Marten (M. fagorum) is very common, and lives wholly in the woods and feeds on small animals and birds. The Sable (M. zibellina) is highly esteemed for its fur, and is a native of the cold regions of the north. It lives in holes in the earth by the banks of rivers, and is very lively and active in pursuit of its prey. Immense numbers of them are taken in Russia. The Polecat (M. putorius) resembles the marten in appearance, but differs from it in having a most offensive smell.

Wild Boar.

The Genet (Genetta vulgaris) is met with in Turkey, and Spain, where it is found to be useful in destroying rats, mice, and other vermin. It yields an agreeable perfume. The Badger (Meles vulgaris) is a native of the temperate climates of Europe, but does not exist in warm countries. It is an indolent animal and sleeps much, and feeds only in the night. It lives in holes in the ground, and subsists on roots, fruits, grass, and insects. Its skin and hair are used for various purposes. The Glutton or Wolverene (Gulo luscus) is found in the northern countries of Europe. It is famous for its gluttony and strength. It attacks large animals by fastening itself on their necks; it then sucks their blood and devours the flesh. It is hunted for its skin, which is very valuable.

Genet.

The Brown Bear (Ursus Arctos) is found in almost every climate, and is a savage and solitary

animal, living in inaccessible precipices, and unfrequented places. This animal will often climb trees and devour fruit in great quantities. It climbs with surprising agility, keeps itself firm on the branches with one paw, and, with the other, collects the fruit. It is remarkably fond of honey, which it will encounter great difficulties to obtain. Its voice is a deep and surly growl, and it is easily irritated. It is often tamed and taught to perform various tricks. The Brown Bear is very widely diffused, being found in mountainous districts from the Pyrenees and Alps to the Arctic circle, and as far east as Kamtchatka. The Laplanders hold it in great veneration, and call it the dog of God, and among

Black European Bear.

the Norwegians there has long been a proverb, that it has the strength of 10 men, and the sense of 12. They never presume to call it by its own name, lest it should be offended, but mention it as "the old man with the fur cloak." It is a curious fact, that the North American Indians seem to hold the bear in the same respect, as has already been stated, under the head of North America. The bear, which figures so often in the accounts of the old English sports, as af

fording the cruel pastime of bear-bating, and as being taught to dance for the amusement of the people, was the brown bear. Some authors have thought, that there was another species found in Europe, to which they gave the name of the Black Bear (Ursus niger), but this is now considered to have been a mistake.

The White or Polar Bear (U. maritimus) is much larger than the Brown Bear, and is of a yellowish white color. It inhabits only the coldest parts of the globe, and sometimes lives on large islands of ice. It feeds on the carcasses of whales, fish, and seals. It is very ferocious, and is remarkable for its attachment to its young.

The Fox (Vulpes vulgaris) is spread over Europe, and everywhere displays the same activity and cunning. The chase of the fox is a very favorite diversion in Great Britain, where it is pursued with great ardor. The Greyhound Fox is found in the mountainous parts of England and Scotland. He is very bold and wild in his appearance. The Cur

The Common Fox.

Fox is the most common and the smallest species. It lurks about the houses, and steals every thing within its reach. It is very playful and familiar when tamed. The Black Fox (V. argentatus) is found in Russia, and its skin is esteemed superior to the finest sable. The Cross Fox (V. decussatus) is found in the coldest parts of Europe, where its fur is very valuable. The Arctic Fox (V. lagopus) is found in the frozen regions of the north, and is of a whitish color. It burrows in the ground, and sometimes lives in clefts of rocks.

The Wolf (C. lupus) is found in almost every country in the world, and is very common in Europe. Its appetite for every kind of animal food is excessive, and when hungry it will attack all sorts of ani

mals; even man himself has sometimes fallen a victim to its rapacity. The Jackal (C. aureus) is found in Greece. It goes in packs, and hunts like a hound in full cry. It destroys poultry and flocks, and carries off all it can find. It also seeks for dead bodies, and devours them. It hides in holes during the day, but hunts its prey in the night.

European Hare.

Dogs. Of these there are a great variety in Europe, the principal of which are the Shepherd's Dog, common in the northern parts of Scotland; the Cur Dog, the Bull Dog, Mastiff, Ban Dog, Dalmatian or Coach Dog, Irish Greyhound, Grey-hound Terrier, Beagle, Harrier, Fox-hound, Old English Hound, Blood-hound, English Setter, Water Spaniel, Springer, Turnspit, and Pug Dog.

The Hare (Lepus timidus) is a harmless and inoffensive animal, fearful of every danger, but provided with means of eluding its pursuers by its great swiftness. It is much hunted by man, and by beasts of prey, and is seldom permitted to enjoy a long life. It is found in all parts of Europe. The Alpine Hare (L. variabilis) changes in winter from gray to white. It lives in the mountains of the north of Europe. It is easily tamed, and is very playful and frolicksome. The Rabbit (L. cuniculus) though it resembles the hare in appearance, differs from it in its habits and propensities. It is common in various parts of Europe, and abounds in Great Britain, where its skin is used in the manufacture of hats.

Squirrels. The Gray Squrrel (Sciurus Vulgaris) is common in the northern countries of Europe, and changes its color in the winter. Its tail is long and bushy. It makes its nest in hollow trees, and lays up stores of provisions for winter use. Its fur is very valuable. The Fat Squirrel is found in France and the southern parts of Europe. It is of an ash color, and its fur is very soft. The Greater Dormouse is common in the south of Europe, where it infests gardens, and lodges in holes in walls. It is very destructive to all kinds of fruit. The Lesser Dormouse lives in woody or thick hedges, and makes its nest with grass or dried leaves. The Flying Squirrel (S. volans) is found in the northern regions of Europe; it sleeps in the day, but is extremely active at night. It frequently takes leaps of twenty or thirty yards, and where numbers of them are seen at a time leaping, they appear like leaves blown by the wind.

Marmots. The Marmot (Arctomys marmotta) inhabits the highest regions of the Alps, and is likewise found in Poland. It lives in holes formed in the side of a mountain. There are two entrances to each, and the chambers to which they lead are deep and spacious. In winter they shut themselves up by stopping up the entrance to their holes, roll themselves up in hay, and lie torpid till the warm season. The Lapland Marmot or Leming (Georychus) are found in the northern parts of Europe, in immense numbers, overspreading large tracts of country in their march from one place to another. Neither fire nor water prevents their progress; they go straight forwards, swim across lakes and rivers, and overcome every obstacle, or die in the attempt. Their march is mostly in the night. They rest during the day, and devour all the herbage that they meet with. Foxes, lynxes, and weasels destroy great numbers of them. The Hamster (Cricetus vulgaris) is found in various parts of Germany and Poland. It is of the size of a large water rat. It lives in the ground, where it lays up a great store of pro

visions for the winter.

The Soulisk (Spermophilus citillus) is about the size of a large rat; it is found on the banks

of the Volga, and burrows in the ground. The Rat (Mus Rattus) is of two kinds, the Black and the Brown; the last is known by the name of the Norway rat. The Water Rat (Arvicola amphibius) frequents the sides of rivers, ponds, and ditches, where it burrows and forms its nest. The Muscovy Musk rat is a native of Lapland and Russia, where it frequents the banks of rivers, and feeds on small fish. It has a strong flavor of musk.

The Beaver (Castor fiber) is found in the northern parts of Europe. The Mouse (Mus musculus) is well known over all parts of the world. It is sometimes of a pure white color. The Long and Short-tailed Field Mouse are found only in fields and gardens, where they feed on nuts, corn, and acorns. The Mole (Talpa Europea) is found in wet and soft soil, where it burrows with remarkable quickness with its broad and strong paws. It is very injurious to meadows and cultivated grounds.

The Porcupine (Hystrix cristata) resides in thickets and hedges, and lives on fruit, worms,

Porcupine.

beetles, and insects; it conceals itself in the day and feeds during the night. It is provided by nature with a spinous armor, which secures it from the attacks of all the smaller beasts of prey.

The Otter (lutra vulgaris) is found in most parts of the world. The Sea Otter (L. marina) is found in the northern parts of Europe. Its skin is of great value, and is of a beautiful, shining, black color. The Walrus or Sea Horse (Trichecus) is found in the northern seas. Great herds of them are sometimes seen together on the shore, or on an island of ice. This animal is hunted for its teeth, which are equal to those of the elephant for whiteness. The Seal is found in the northern seas of Europe, and in great abundance

on the coasts of Great Britain. It swims with great swiftness, is very playful, and feeds on fish. 13. Birds. In the following enumeration of European birds, we shall only name those that are original natives of the country. Among those which are domesticated from foreign climates, are the Turkey of America, the Peacock and domestic cock of India, and the Pintado of Africa. Of those which live in a partly domestic state, and are of foreign origin, are the common Pheasant and Golden Pheasant.

Eagles. The Golden Eagle (Aquila Chrysaetos) is found in most parts of Europe, but abounds