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report submitted of the efforts hitherto made to create a chair of entomology in the State university. The people of the Pacific coast are evidently alive to the importance of studying their insect enemies, and we may expect soon to see some definite action taken by the State government.

DILAR IN NORTH AMERICA.-Mr. R. McLachlan describes in the August number of the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine (p. 55), under the name of Dilar americanus, the first species of this very singular (Neuropterous) genus known from North America. The typical specimen (a female) was collected by Mr. F. G. Sanborn at Bee Spring, Ky., in June, 1874.

LOCUSTS IN NEVADA.-The Reno (Nevada) Journal reports that the countless locusts that hatched in Western Nevada this spring did not do any damage, but emigrated in great swarms after having acquired wings, towards the Sierra Nevada, failing, it seems, to cross the mountains.

ODOR IN BUTTERFLIES.-Dr. Fritz Müller read a paper before the London Entomological Society, June 5, 1878, on the peculiar odor emitted by the males of some Brazilian butterflies. Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt calls attention, in the April number of Psyche, to the fact that some years before the publication of Dr. Müller's paper she observed, while spreading fresh male specimens of Callidryas eubule, a delicate, violet-like odor emitted from the specimens, and which was retained, to some extent, for several days; the females being not at all fragrant.

ENTOMOLOGY AT THE RECENT MEETING OF THE A. A. A. S— Our report of the meeting of the permanent sub-section of Entomology of the A. A. A. S. is crowded out of this number.

ANTHROPOLOGY.1

THE INDIANS OF BERKS COUNTY, PA.-In our bibliographical list will be found the complete title of a work upon the Indians of Berks county, Pennsylvania, by Mr. D. B. Brunner. The volume consists of 110 pages of printed matter and 34 plates, containing 176 figures of stone implements and pottery. The people who held this territory when it was visited by the whites were the Delawares, or Lenni Lénape (original people), divided into three sub-tribes: the Unamis, or Turtles, the Unalachtgos, or Turkeys, and the Minsis, or Wolves. The Wolf tribe extended over the south-eastern part of Pennsylvania, including Berks county. The greater part of the matter in the volume is of the highest local interest, but there are several sections invaluable to the anthropologist. We notice on page 65 a very sensible and sufficient reason assigned for the Indian massacres and the expulsion of the Delawares from Berks county. Some allusions to aboriginal writing will be found at page 68, to cemeteries on page 73, to collections 1 Edited by Prof. Oris T. MASON, 1395 Q Street, N. W., Washing ton, D. C.

of relics, page 76, followed by quite an elaborate description of the principal types.

It needs only a little observation to remark what kinds of books and information students of our day are most eager to procure relative to the centuries that are gone. It is doing no violence to the rules of logic to infer that the men of the coming centuries will laugh at our vain speculations and pay enormous prices for old books which contain solid, local information. We never read a work of this character without wishing to take the author by the hand. The greatest scrupulosity should be exercised in compiling such records, for in most cases they become the court of last appeal.

THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF GREAT BRITAIN.-Volume X, No. III, issued in Feb., 1881, is at hand. The contents are as follows:

Brabrook, E. W.-Memoir of the late Paul Broca, honorary member, with a portrait, pp. 242-260.

Codrington, Rev. Robert Henry-Religious beliefs and practices in Melanesia, pp. 261-314.

Lubbock, Sir John-Notes on a stone implement of Paleolithic type found in Algeria, pp. 316–319.

Price, F. G. Hilton-Camps on the Malvern hills, pp. 319-330.

Fison, Rev. Lorimer-Land Tenure in Fiji, pp. 332-351.

Gooch, William D.-Notes on the occurrence of stone implements in South Russia, PP. 352-357.

One is not astonished to find stone implements anywhere in our day, and these belonging to the various classes set up by specialists. Sir John Lubbock lays before us a specimen of palæolithic type from Algeria. In the same paper he denies objects of this class to Russia. The edge is quite taken from this assertion, however, by the paper of Mr. Gooch, in the same number, wherein appears the drawing of one very rude implement from that quarter. Of more general interest are the papers of Messrs. Codrington and Fison.

To begin with the former, the observations of beliefs were confined principally to the Banks, New Hebrides, and Solomon groups. The beliefs of the Banks group are first worked up with care and those of the other two are then compared with these. Some very just observations are made upon the two difficulties in the path of the observer of religious phenomena among lower races, viz: the difficulty of sympathizing with the people and the want of a vocabulary.

The author also endeavors to trace the evidences of mixture in blood between the Negritos and pure Polynesians by the changes wrought in their beliefs. This is dangerous ground. The truth is, regulative ideas give place before a different civilization slowly, and so far as yet known capriciously. Again, we are constantly met with the dictum that like causes produce like effects in culture. The Melanesians believe in ghosts, Tamate, and spirits, Vui, the

former are the disembodied spirits of men, the latter including beings corporeal and incorporeal, but never human. The reader will be highly interested in the slight step which this theology has made above fetichism, as, for instance, on page 275, "These Vuis are very generally associated with stones. It is not that the stone is a Vui, or that the Vui is in the stone, but that there is a connection between the Vui and the stone, that the stone is the spirit's outward part or organ. To a certain extent the same connection exists between Vuis and snakes, owls and sharks."

Mr. Lorimer Fison's paper touches most interestingly upon one of our own difficulties. Time and again we have been told, after paying a round sum to extinguish some Indian title: Those men had no right to make that treaty; according to the usage of our tribe the Council were the proper parties. So in Fiji, “an investigator who will listen to that only which the chiefs have to say about it, may easily come to the settled conviction that they, and they alone, are the owners of the land, and indeed of everything else; while another who takes the statement of the commoners only, may easily satisfy himself beyond all doubt that it is they who are the real proprietors of the soil. Both of these inquiries would be right to a certain extent, and both of them would also be wrong. The statement of the commoners I believe to represent the ancient custom. That of the chiefs sets forth the extent to which they have been able to override the custom."

HARVARD UNIVERSITY BULLETIN.-One must have many eyes to keep the run of anthropology. Mr. Justin Winsor, the librarian of Harvard University, is issuing monthly bulletins of the University in continuation of the Library Bulletin. The accessions to the Peabody Museum library appear in the lists. On page 216, June number (No. 19; or Vol. II, No. 6) will be found an account of explorations at Madisonville, Ohio, by Professor F. W. Putnam.

THE ARCHEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA.-The first of the American series of papers to be issued by the Archæological Institute of America, is a neat volume in sober brown octavo, containing 133 pages and eleven plates. It is the report of Mr. A. F. Bandelier upon his researches among the Pueblos, and consists of two distinct portions: I. Historical introduction to studies among the sedentary Indians of New Mexico; and 2. Report on the ruins of the Pueblo of Pecos. As our praise will be much longer than our censure, it were better to administer the latter first. Well, here is a handsome book with neither table of contents nor index to guide the eager seeker after truth. This, however, is a venial offence compared with the reckless manner in which the excellent plates are scattered about the volume. As we conscientiously hunted them all out, a list with their localities is appended: Plate XI, front; VI, page 41; VII, page 42; 1, page

45; IX, page 47; 11, page 52; III, page 58; IV, page 67; x, page 70; v, page 78; VIII, page 81.

Both chapters are among the very best of Mr. Bandelier's writings, the latter especially meriting our unqualified praise. It shows what an enthusiastic man can do who adds to a profound knowledge of what has been accomplished, a clear apprehension of what remains to be done. The present volume is also free from that overburdening of foot-notes, which renders Mr. Bandelier's former treatises difficult to read, and lays him open to the charge of pedantry.

In the Historical Introduction the author not only utilizes the very latest authorities, but has enjoyed rare opportunities of examining unpublished manuscripts through the courtesy of his friends in Mexico and New Mexico.

The description of the Pecos ruins occupies the greater part of the book. About thirty miles south-east of Santa Fé, the valley of the Rio Pecos widens into a triangular space, in the center of which rises a table land on whose southern end are located the old church of Pecos and directly north the ruins of the ancient Pueblos. The church was erected about 250 years ago by the Indians, under the direction of the Catholic fathers. It is now a total ruin, even the roof having been used for building outhouses. There were two grand edifices upon the mesilla besides numerous smaller ones. From the walls now standing, Mr. Bandelier was able to secure enough measurements to recover the ground plans of the two ancient Pueblos, one of which was an oblong building, the other a hollow square partly open on the south; the area was enclosed by a wall of circumvallation. It will be impossible to do more than to allude to the excessive care exercised in securing the measurements of the hundreds of rooms in detail.

Three periods of occupation were brought to light in the investigations; a pretraditional epoch, marked by corrugated pottery; a traditional epoch, and a documentary epoch.

The pretraditional epoch rests upon the discovery of walls and graves built above a layer of ashes, charcoals, corncobs and corrugated pottery. The traditional period, which is also partly documentary, commences at an epoch unknown, but marked by glazed pottery and pueblo structures, and extends to 1598. The documentary period covers the remaining time up to the present day, although we are indebted to modern vandalism for the loss of precious material. The explosion of the Montezuma myth, p. III, is done in Mr. Bandelier's best manner.

ANTHROPOLOGY IN NEW ZEALAND.-There is no foreign journal of scientific work more prompt in its appearance than the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, the thirteenth volume of which, issued April, 1881, is now before us.

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The papers will be noticed under the title of their authors for the convenience of the bibliography:

Colenso, W.-On the Vegetable Food of the ancient New Zealanders before Cook's visit, pp. 3-38.

-Historical Incidents and Traditions of the olden times translated from old Maori writings and recitals, 38-57.

-Contributions to a better knowledge of the Maori race, pp. 57-84.

Kirk, T. W.—Description of Maori comb and arrow-heads, 436.
Hocken, Dr.-Lectures on the early history of New Zealand, 452.

ZUNI AND THE ZUNIANS.-A very handsome quarto pamphlet of thirty pages, with the foregoing title, bearing the name of Mrs. Tilly E. Stevenson, has come into our hands. Although there is no title page, one is not long in ascertaining that Mrs. S. is the accomplished wife of Col. James Stevenson, the explorer, of Major Powell's Bureau. The lady accompanied her husband to the Pueblo country in 1879, and gives us, in the work before us, the benefit of her own observations, some of which are entirely new. The modern pueblos are very plausibly connected with the ancient cliff-houses. The collection of snow in large reservoirs to supply water in the drought of summer, links on very happily with some of Mr. Bandelier's explorations. The pueblo and people of Zuñi are very graphically described, including their house life and cookery. An important intimation is to the effect that the wealthy portion live in the lower stories, those of moderate means next above, while the poorer families have to be content with the upper stories. The grinding of meal and the baking of bread are better described than we remember to have read elsewhere.

The most important part of the pamphlet and that which is of lasting value, is the description of pottery making. We did not know before that lignite is used as a degraissant, that some ware is made of strings of clay, while other varieties are built up by means of ribbon-like strips, that a surface wash is made by rubbing down sticks of dried white clay on a fine stone, that brushes made from the Spanish bayonet are used in the decoration, that the baking is done with sheep and goats' dung; and finally, that the beautiful black gloss is imparted to some vessels by rubbing them down with the utmost care before baking, and by suffocating them with a fresh supply of dried dung just as they are done baking, in order to compel them to suck in the smoke as they cool. Really this last mentioned fact, to use a familiar phrase, is worth the price of the book. A feast of good things must be in store in the voluminous report which Col. Stevenson is preparing in reference to his collections.

THE INDIANS OF CANADA.-Professor J. Campbell, of Montreal, read a paper before the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, December 17, 1880, which has since been published in pamphlet form. The object of the lecture was no less a task

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