salary over $300, maximum $30; for urban schools, thirty per cent. of the excess of principal's salary over $300, maximum $60; for both urban and rural schools, twenty-five per cent. of the excess of the principal's salary over $600, maximum $60. The foregoing grants are for Grade A schools; lesser grants are paid for Grades B and C schools. According to teachers' certificates: grant of $25 for principal with a first-class certificate.

(b) For Art.-An annual grant of $60 to the supervisor of art in an urban municipality who holds an art supervisor's certificate, and an extra grant of $60 if he holds the diploma of A.O.C.A. from the Ontario College of Art. An annual grant of $40 to the teacher of art in the schools of a town or village who holds an elementary art certificate. An annual grant of $30 to the teacher of art in a rural school of at least six rooms. The board whose supervisor or teacher of art has earned the above grants must spend an equal amount upon equipment, towards which the department gives grants of $30, $20, and $20 respectively.

(c) For Music.-Mutatis mutandis, the grants for music are exactly the same as those for art outlined above.

(d) For Manual Training and Household Science. To each board complying with the regulations: An annual grant for manual training of $200; for household science, $120; ten per cent. of teachers' salaries above $600, maximum of $200. For manual training and for household science equipment, first year, forty per cent. of value, maximum $400; next three years, twenty per cent. of value, maximum $200. An annual grant according to manual training accommodation, four grades running to totals of $65, $49.25, $32.50, and $16.25. The same for household science accommodation, $50, $38, $25, and $12.50.

(e) For Agriculture and Horticulture.-Providing the highest requirements of the department are met, a grant of $30 may be earned by the trustees, and $40 by the teacher. The grant to the trustees must be expended solely for the promotion of the cause of agriculture and horticulture in the community through the work of the school. Inspectors receive annual grants of $8 or $6 for each school teaching agriculture and horticulture through the medium of a teacher certificated or uncertificated in the subject respectively.

(f) For Physical Culture.-Providing the cadet corps consists of at least twenty boys, and certain specified conditions are fulfilled, the Dominion department of militia and defence gives an annual allowance of $1 per cadet, and $1 per cadet towards the

provision and upkeep of uniform, while the Ontario department of education makes an annual grant of $50, which is to be spent as an addition to the instructor's salary or on equipment.

(g) Rural School Libraries.-The grant is distributed on a percentage basis. The purchase of books must not be less than $10, and the grant in no case exceeds $10 per school.

The scheme of grants for the public and separate schools of Ontario has been set out at some length to show the detail into which a department of education can go in the matter of distributing the government grants. The scheme works well in Ontario, but on general principles it seems as if a simpler scheme would accomplish the same ends. Any good scheme of grant distribution has to take the following factors into consideration: (a) the excellence of the teaching staff; (b) the regular attendance at school of all pupils of school age; (c) the encouragement of worthy educational effort along any line; (d) the equalisation of the educational burden throughout the whole province; and (e) the special needs of the poorer areas.

IV. THE ELEMENTARY TEACHING STAFF

No branch of Canadian educational effort deserves greater praise than that which is concerned with the academic and professional preparation of the teaching staff for elementary schools. Notwithstanding the newness of many sections of the country, attempts are everywhere made to secure teachers who have had, at least, a modicum of professional training. The ideal set before the country is that of a qualified teacher (or teachers) for every school. The teacher on permit or temporary licence is, therefore, a last resort. And even here it is necessary to add a note of explanation. Some of the teachers on permit are remarkably well qualified academically; they lack the current professional certificates which can only be obtained after a course of professional training. Some permit teachers are university graduates who enter the teaching profession for a year or two in order to earn a little money to carry them through the university professional schools of law or medicine. These teachers are frequently very successful. They have ambition and initiative. It must be confessed, though, that generally speaking the teachers on permit are the worst qualified, both academically and professionally, that are to be found in the schools. Canada is anxious to get rid of them.

Classification of Teachers.-Teachers may conveniently be

classified according to the professional certificates which they hold. Besides teachers with provisional or limited certificates, teachers with first, second, or third class certificates are found in every province. As the country develops, the number holding only third class qualifications tends to diminish; those holding second and first to increase. The standard for each grade of certificate varies according to the province. Ontario has the highest requirements; Quebec and the maritime provinces the lowest. The nomenclature also varies. Quebec certificates are designated diplomas; New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, licences; Nova Scotia, ranks. Manitoba and Ontario again divide the first class into two parts: Grade A and Grade B.

Taking the Ontario certificates as the standard (for although the highest, they represent the standard which other provinces are constantly endeavouring to attain), we find that:

The third class certificate is obtained at a minimum age of nineteen years. It represents, on the academic side, scholarship attainments equivalent to two years in a standard high school; on the professional side, graduation from a model school with a four months' course. It is valid for five years, and trustees are forbidden to employ teachers with a third class certificate if teachers with a higher grade can be secured.

The second class certificate is also obtained at a minimum age of nineteen years. Graduation from a four years' course of high school academic work, and a year's professional training at a normal school, are its standards of qualification. An interim certificate is first awarded, which is made permanent at the end of two years' successful experience thereon, duly certified to by an inspector, provided the teacher is then twenty-one years of age. The first class certificate is divided into two grades, A and B. Both grades demand, as a minimum pre-requisite qualification, graduation from a four to six years' course in a standard high school. The minimum age of entrance upon the course of professional preparation is nineteen years. Interim first class grade B certificates are granted after the satisfactory completion of a full year's prescribed course at a faculty of education of an Ontario university. Interim first class grade A certificates require a further three months' professional study. They are open only to candidates who hold either professional grade B or high-school certificates. These interim certificates, grade A and grade B, after at least two years of successful experience on the part of the holders of them, may be made permanent, providing the

candidate is twenty-one years of age and the report of the inspector is satisfactory.

The variations from these standards may be classified as follows:

Minimum age.-Alberta, Manitoba and Prince Edward Island allow women a minimum age of sixteen years for all grades of certificates. Saskatchewan has the following minima: females, seventeen years for third, eighteen for second and first; males, eighteen for third, nineteen for second and first. Quebec (Protestants) and New Brunswick have seventeen years for both sexes and for all grades of certificates. Nova Scotia's minimum ages are seventeen, eighteen and nineteen for third, second and first class certificates respectively.

Academic Qualifications.-Quebec Catholic school certificates have very low academic requirements. The elementary school diploma scholarship is equivalent to graduation from a sixth or seventh grade of a standard elementary school; the model school diploma from the eighth grade; the academy diploma (the highest) from a two years' high-school course. New Brunswick standards are not much higher. The scholarship demanded of the third class licentiate is that of a good eighth grade course; second class one year of high-school work; first class-two to three years of high-school work. Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia standards are on the average one year higher than those of New Brunswick.

Professional Qualifications.-In Prince Edward Island the only professional training given to any grade of teacher is that which is associated incidentally with the academic work of the Prince of Wales College. There is no professional test for the temporary diploma of the Protestant schools of Quebec, but if the teacher on permit is successful in teaching for two years and passes a written examination in school law and the art of teaching, the certificate is made permanent. The great demand for teachers in the west causes the period of professional training to be curtailed. Normally two groups of students pass through a training school each year. British Columbia requires two months' professional training for the third class certificate, six months' each for second and first. Alberta grants the third class to teachers who are successful in an examination in pedagogy. For second and first class certificates, four months' training at a normal school is required. Manitoba requires thirteen weeks' for third class; seven and one-half months' plus one year of experience for second;