GIEEAH, a city in the tribe of Benjamin, not far from Jerusalem: it is frequently called Gibeah of Suul, from being the birth-place of the first Hebrew monarch. GE GI Zephaniah. (ii. 4.) Subsequently Gabinius rebuilt this city, GETHSEMANE, a garden beyond Kedron, at the foot of Mount which Augustus bestowed on Herod the Great, after whose death Olivet, so called from the wine-presses in it: it is memorable in it was annexed to Syria. (Schleusner and Robinson, voce г.) the evangelical history, as being the scene of our Saviour's The city of Gaza is mentioned in Acts viii. 26. with the paren- agony. It is described by recent travellers, as being a small thetical remark, that urn or iphμos-it [or the same] is desert: plat of ground, with a low hedge or enclosure of stones; no which has greatly exercised the ingenuity of commentators, some verdure growing on it, save six or eight venerable-looking olives, of whom refer an to ides, and translate it by unfrequented; which have stood there for many centuries: they are highly while others referring it to the city, explain it by deprived of venerated by the Christians here, who consider any attempt to fortifications: others again suppose the ancient city to have cut or injure them as amounting to an act of profanation. (Misremained desolate, and that which flourished in the days of St.sionary Register for 1824, p. 504. Jowett's Researches in Syria, Luke to have occupied a somewhat different site nearer to the p. 303. Carne's Letters, p. 290. Rae Wilson's Travels, vol. i. sea; and others consider these words to be a mere gloss which p. 212. third edition.) has found its way into the text. A passage, however, in Josephus, which has escaped the researches of most of the learned men, clears up the difficulty, and shows the minute fidelity of the sacred historian. A short time before the siege of Jerusalem, in consequence of a massacre of the Jews at Caesarea, the whole nation became greatly enraged, and in revenge laid waste many villages and cities; and among these were Anthedon and Gaza, which they utterly demolished. Gaza therefore was actually ips, a desert, at the time St. Luke wrote. (Josephus, Bell. Jud. lib. ii. c. 18. § 1. Hug's Introd. vol. i. p. 25.) The neighbourhood of modern Gaza is described by Captains Irby and Mangles as being richly wooded with olives, sycamores, mulberries, cedars, fir trees, &c. &c. The country is enclosed by hedges of prickly pears, the hills gently rising to the view beyond each other, and the whole has a beautiful appearance. Excepting the perishable materials, with which the houses are constructed, stone being substituted for mud, the town partakes of the wretched appearance of those in Egypt. (Travels, p. 178.) GEBAL, Mount, 31. GEDALIAH, the son of Ahikam, was left by Nebuchadnezzar in Palestine, after the destruction of Jerusalem, to govern the remainder of the people who continued there. He was treacherously slain by Ishmael the son of Nethaniah. (2 Kings xxv. 22-25.) GEHAZI, the servant of the prophet Elisha, who, contrary to his master's intention, fraudulently obtained presents of Naaman, the Syrian general, and was smitten with leprosy for his wickedness (2 Kings v. 20—27.); a judgment which ought to warn us not only of the curse which cleaves to ill-gotten wealth, but above all, of the just vengeance of God, which pursues all who, for purposes of worldly gain, bring a scandal and reproach upon their religion. GEHINNOM, or the Valley of Hinnom, 32. GENTILES, Court of, in the temple, 99. 13-40. GERGESA, a town near Gadara, so called, either from the Girgashites, the posterity of Canaan (for neither did Zebulon nor Naphtali drive out all the Canaanites, Judg. i. 30. 33.), or from Gergishta, signifying clay, the soil being clay; it gave name to a region so called, which comprehended in it Gadara, Hippo, and Magdala. See GADARA, p. 423. GERIZIM (Mount), a peak of Mount Ephraim, over-against Mount Ebal; between the two the city Shechem was situated. (Deut. xi. 29. xxvii. 11, 12.) In subsequent times this mounrain became the seat of the religious worship of the Samaritans, who erected a temple there; for a notice of which, see p. 101. GERSHOM and ELIEZER, the sons of Moses and Zipporah, were only simple Levites, while their relations, the sons of Aaron, enjoyed the highest honours of the pontificate. GERSHON, a son of Levi, who gave his name to one of the three great branches of the Levites. The office of the Gershonites was, to carry the veils and curtains of the tabernacle, on the western side of which they encamped. GESHUR, a country in Syria, the daughter of whose king GESSIUS FLORUS, the procurator of Judæa, notice of, 53. GIBEON, the capital city of the Gibeonites, who took advantage of the oaths of Joshua, and of the elders of Israel, on an artful representation which they made of their belonging to a very remote country? (Josh. ix.) Joshua and the elders had not the precaution to consult God on this affair, and inconsiderately made a league with these people: they soon discovered their mistake, and without revoking their promise of giving them their lives, they condemned them to carry wood and water to the tabernacle, and other servile work, as a mark of their pusillanimity and duplicity, as slaves and captives; in which state of servitude they remained, till the entire dispersion of the Jewish nation, A. M. 2553, B. c. 1451. Three days after the Gibeonites had surrendered to the Hebrews, the kings of the Canaanites being informed of it, came and besieged the city of Gibeon. (Josh. x. 3, &c.) The Gibeonites came to Joshua, and desired speedy help. Joshua attacked the five kings early in the morning, put them to flight, and pursued them to Bethoron. The Gibeonites were descended from the Hivites, the old inhabitants of that country, and possessed four cities; Cephirah, Beeroth, Kirjath-jearim, and Gibeon, the capital, afterwards given to Benjamin, excepting Kirjath-jearim, which fell to Judah. The Gibeonites continued subject to those burdens which Joshua had imposed on them, and were very faithful to the Israelites. Nevertheless Saul, through what mistaken zeal we cannot tell, destroyed a very great number of them (2 Sam. xxi. 1, 2, 3, &c.); but God, as a punishment of his cruelty, in the reign of David, sent a great famine, which lasted three years (A. M. 2983, B. c. 1017); and the prophets told David that this calamity would continue so long as that cruelty remained unrevenged, which Saul had exercised against the Gibeonites. David asked the Gibeonites, what satisfaction they desired? They answered, "Seven of Saul's sons we will put to death, to avenge the blood of our brethren." The Gibeonites hung them up before the Lord. This happened early in the spring, when, in Palestine, they begin barley-harvest. From this time there is no mention of the Gibeonites, as composing a sort of separate people. But it is probable that they were included among the Nethinim, or Given, who were public slaves, appointed for the service of the temple. (1 Chron. ix. 2.) Afterwards, those of the Canaanites, who were subdued, and had their lives spared, were added to the Gibeonites. We see (Ezra viii. 20. ii. 58. 1 Kings ix. 20, 21.) that David, Solomon, and the princes of Judah, gave many of them to the Lord; these Nethinim being carried into captivity with Judah and the Levites, many of them returned with Ezra, Zerubbabel, and Nehemiah, and continued as before, in the service of the temple, under the priests and Levites. Gibeon was seated on an eminence, as is evidenced by its name. It was forty furlongs from Jerusalem (according to Josephus) north. It is called Gabaa. (2 Sam. v. 25. compared with 1 Chron. xiv. 16.) There is mention of the fountain and pool of Gibeon. (2 Sam. ii. 13.) We neither know when, nor by whom, nor upon what occasion, the tabernacle and altar of burnt sacrifices made by Moses, in the wilderness, were removed to Gibeon; but this we certainly know, that toward the end of David's reign, and in the beginning of Solomon's, they were there. (1 Chron. xxi. 29, 30.) David, seeing the angel of the Lord at Araunah's threshing-floor, was so terrified, that he had not time or strength to go so far as Gibeon, there to offer sacrifice, but Solomon being seated on the throne, went to sacrifice at Gibeon, because this was the most considerable of all the high places, where sacrifices were then tolerated, the temple being not yet built. (1 Kings iii. 4.) GO GIDEON, the fifth judge of the Israelites, whom he delivered from the oppression of the Midianites. (Judg. vii. viii.) He was the son of Joash, of the tribe of Manasseh; and, having destroyed the worship of Baal, was surnamed JERUBBAAL. (Judg. vi. 25-32.) GIDEON, Ephod of, 137. GIHON. 1. One of the four rivers of Paradise; which Bishop Patrick and Dr. Wells suppose to be the easterly channel of the two, into which the Euphrates is divided after its junction with the Tigris. Others, however, (and among them, Gesenius,) suppose it to be the Oxus or Araxes. Josephus considers it to be the Nile, (Ant. Jud. lib. i. c. 1. § 3.), which now is said to be called Guyon by the Abyssinians. 2. A fountain or watercourse near Jerusalem, where Solomon was anointed King by Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet. (1 Kings i. 32-40.) It is supposed to be the same which was afterwards called SILOAM; for a notice of which, see p. 28. Balm of, 36. GILBOA, Mountains of, notice of, 30. GILEAD, Mountains of, notice of, 31. GILGAL, a celebrated place on the east of Jericho, and on this side Jordan, where the Israelites encamped for some time after their passage over that river. A city was afterwards built there, which became memorable for many events. It was a seat of justice (or, as we should now term it, an assize-town): Samuel, when travelling in circuit through the land, went yearly to Gilgal. (1 Sam. vii. 16.) Here Saul was crowned king of the Hebrews. In subsequent times it was the seat of idolatry. (Hos. iv. 15. Amos v. 5.) GIRDLES, notice of, 156. Military girdle, 88. GOD, crimes against, how punished by the Jews, 61, 62. НА (Gen. xlvii. 11.), and "the fat of the land." (Gen. xlv. 18.) The land of Goshen lay along the most easterly branch of the Nile, and on the east side of it; for it is evident, that at the time of the Exodus, the Israelites did not cross the Nile. In ancient times, it was considerably more extensive, both in length and breadth, in consequence of the general failure of the eastern branches of the Nile; the main body of the river verging more and more to the west continually, and deepening the channels on that side. (Dr. Hales's Chronology, vol. i. p. 374. Madden's Travels in Turkey, &c. vol. ii. p. 182.) GOVERNMENT of the Jews, under the patriarchs. See p. 40, 41. Under Moses and the judges, 41, 42. Under the kings, 42-48. During the Babylonian captivity, 49, 50. Under the Asmonæan and Herodian princes, 50—52. Under the Roman procurators, 52, 53. GOZAN, a city or country in northern Mesopotamia. (2 Kings xvii. 6. xviii. 11. xix. 12. Isa. xxxvii. 2.) By the geographer Ptolemy it is called Gauzanitis, now Kausehan. GRAIN, threshing of, 178.. GREAVES (Military), use of, 88. GREECE, in the Scriptures, often comprehends all the countries inhabited by the descendants of Javan, as well in Greece as in Ionia and Asia Minor. Since the time of Alexander the Great the name of Greeks is taken in a more uncertain and enlarged sense, because, the Greeks being masters of Egypt and Syria, of the countries beyond the Euphrates, &c. the Jews called all those Gentiles Greeks. In the Maccabees, the Gospels, and Paul's writings, a Greek commonly signifies-a Gentile. In the Old Testament Greece and Greeks are named Javan. Isaiah says (lxvi. 19.), that the Lord shall send his ambassadors to Javan, to the isles afar off. Ezekiel tells us (xxvii. 13. 19.) that Javan, Tubal, and Meshech came to the fairs at Tyre. Daniel (xi. 2.), speaking of Darius, says "that he shall stir up all against the realm of Javan." Alexander the Great is described by the name of King of Javan. (Dan. viii. 21. x. 20.) GRINDING of corn, 178. GYMNASTIC exercises of the Jews, 190. GOG and MAGOG, the accurate chronologer, Dr. Hales, thinks, are the general names of the northern nations of Europe and Asia, or the districts north of Caucasus, or Mount Taurus, colonized by Gog, or Magog, another of the sons of Japhet (Gen. x. 2.), called, by the Arabian geographers, Jajuie and Majuje. (Rennel. Herod. p. 112.) Gog rather denotes the people, Magog the land. Thus Balaam foretold that Christ would be "a king HABAKKUK, the eighth of the twelve minor prophets, who higher than Agag," or rather "Gog," according to the more foretold the captivity and restoration of the Jews. For an analycorrect reading of the Samaritan Hebrew text, and of the Sep-sis of his predictions, see Vol. IV. p. 277. tuagint version of Num. xxiv. 7.: and Ezekiel, foretelling a HADRACH (Land of). This land, which is mentioned in future invasion of the land of Israel by these northern nations, Zech. ix. 1., occurs in no other part of the Old Testament. But Meshech, Tubal, and Togarmah, styles Gog their chief a Syrian king, who is called Rehob in 2 Sam. viii. 3., is by Joprince," and describes their host precisely as Scythian or Tar-sephus named Apacs or Apaxos, which Dr. Blayney thinks was tarian; "coming out of the north, all of them riding on horses;" his proper and real name; that of Rehob, or the charioteer, having "bows and arrows" their weapons; "covering the land, like a been added characteristically on account of the number of his cloud, and coming like a storm," in the "latter days." (Ezek. chariots. (2 Sam. viii. 4.) This prince reigned over that part xxxviii. 1—17.) He also describes their immense slaughter, in of Syria which was called Zobah; so that, if by the land of Hathe valley of the passengers on the east of the sea, thence called drach or Arach be meant the kingdom of Zobah, the three capithe valley of Hamon Gog, "the multitude of Gog." (Ezek. tal kingdoms of Syria-Zobah, Damascus, and Hamath, will xxxix. 1-22.) This prophecy seems also to be revived in the then be cited for the whole. (Blayney on Zechariah, p. 37.) Apocalypse, where the hosts of Gog and Magog are represented as coming to invade "the beloved city," and perishing with immense slaughter likewise in Armageddon, "the Mount of Mageddo," or Megiddo. (Rev. xvi. 14-16. xx. 7-10.) Dr. Hales's Analysis of Chronology, vol. i. p. 463. (first edition). GOLDEN CALF, worship of, 136. Golden calves of Jeroboam, ibid. GOLGOTHA, notice of, 19. GOLIATH, a Philistine giant, a native of Gath, well known for his combat with David. (1 Sam. xvii.) HAGAR, an Egyptian woman, handmaid of Sarah, and mother of Ishmael. (Gen. xvi. 1. xxv. 12.) In Gal. iv. 24, 25. St. Paul applies this name by allegorical interpretation to the inferior condition of the Jews under the law, as compared with that of Christians under the Gospel. (1 HAGARITES OF HAGARENES, the descendants of Ishmael. Chron. v. 10.) They constituted a tribe of Arabians, who are supposed to have settled in the vicinity of Mount Sinai. HAGGAI, the tenth of the minor prophets: he exhorted the Jews to rebuild the temple. For an analysis of his predictions, see p. 287. HAI. See A1, p. 404. of this Index. GOMER, the son of Japhet (Gen. x. 2, 3. Ezek. xxxviii. 6.), whose posterity peopled Galatia, according to Josephus; Phrygia, according to Bochart; but, according to Calmet and Gesenius, HAIR, Jewish mode of dressing, 156, 157. Plucking off, a they were the Cimmerians or Cimbri, a little known and barba-punishment, 66. Forbidden to be cut in certain forms, 142. rous northern nation. HAM. GOMORRAH, one of the four cities in the vale of Siddim, which were sunk in the Dead Sea. (Gen. x. 19. xiii. 10.) GOSHEN (Land of), was the most fertile pasture ground in the whole of Lower Egypt: thence called Goshen, from Gush, in Arabic, signifying "a heart," or whatsoever is choice or precious. There was also a Goshen in the territory of the tribe of Judah, so called for the same reason. (Josh. x. 41.) Hence Joseph recommended it to his family as "the best of the land" 1. The youngest son of Noah, from whom, according to Gen. x. 6-20., most of the southern nations were descended. According to Gesenius the name literally denotes warm or southern. 2. Land of Ham, a poetical name for Egypt, probably (says Gesenius) of Egyptian derivation, but to the Hebrew presenting the same signification as above. (Psal. Ixxviii. 51. cv. 23. 27. cvi. 22.) HE HAMAN, a Persian nobleman, celebrated as the persecutor of the Jews: he was an Amalekite by nation, and descended from the posterity of Agag. (Esth. iii.—ix.) HI HEBRON, anciently called ARBA, and KIRJATH-ARBA, a city of Judæa, was situated on an eminence, twenty miles southward of Jerusalem, and twenty miles north from Beersheba. Abraham, HAMATH, on the northern boundary of Canaan, a colony of Sarah, and Isaac, were buried near Hebron, in the cave of MachPhoenicians, and the residence of a king who was in friendship pelah. (Gen. xxiii. 7, 8, 9.) Near this place was the oak or with David. (Num. xiii. 21. Judg. iii. 3. 2 Sam. viii. 9.) In turpentine tree, under which Abraham received three angels. Amos vi. 2. it is called Hamath the Great, and in 2 Chron. viii. (Gen. xviii. 1.) Hebron was allotted to Judah. The Lord as3. Hamath-Zobah. In Gen. x. 8. the inhabitants are called Ha- signed it to Caleb for inheritance. (Josh. xiv. 13.) Joshua first mathites. took Hebron, and killed its king (Josh. x. 3. 23. 37.), but afterHANANEEL, a prophet in the reign of Asa king of Judah, by wards Caleb again conquered it, assisted by the troops of his whom he was imprisoned for his fidelity in reproving the mo- tribe, and the valour of Othniel. It was appointed for a dwelnarch for forming an alliance with Benhadad king of Syria. ling of the priests, and a city of refuge. David, after the death (2 Chron. xvi. 7—10.) of Saul, settled the seat of his kingdom here. At Hebron, Absalom began his rebellion. During the captivity of Babylon, the Edomites, having invaded the south of Judah, took Hebron; wherefore in Josephus it is sometimes made a part of Edom. Here Zachariah and Elisabeth resided, and John the Baptist was born. It is described, in 1823, as being a large town, with a Turkish mosque erected over the supposed burial-place of the patriarchs. (Carne's Letters, p. 280.) HANDMILLS of the Jews, 154. HANNAH, the wife of Elkanah, and the mother of the prophet Samuel, whom she consecrated to the service of God. (1 Sam. i. ii.) HANUN, the son of Nahash, king of the Amorites. By the advice of evil-counsellors he maltreated, contrary to the law of nations, the ambassadors whom David had sent to congratulate him on his accession. (See p. 157.) This transaction led to a war, which terminated fatally for Hanun, whose army was utterly discomfited, his capital taken, and his subjects destroyed. (2 Sam. x. xi. 1. xii. 26-30.) Hanun is supposed to have perished during the war. HAPHTOROTH, or sections of the prophets read in the synagogues, 104. Table of them, 105. HARAN. HELIOPOLITAN Temple, notice of, 101. HERMOGENES, the name of a man who at first was St. Paul's companion, but afterwards deserted him. (2 Tim. i. 15.) HERMON, Mount. See p. 30. HEROD the Great, account of, 50, 51. Massacre of the infants at Bethlehem by his order, 51.; I. 419. HEROD Agrippa, I. and II., account of, 52. HEROD Antipas, account of, 52. Why he was at war with HERODIAN FAMILY, genealogy of, 51. 1. The eldest son of Terah, and brother of Abraham and Nahor, the father of Lot, Milcah, and Iscah. He is said by Moses to have died before his father (Gen. xi. 28.), a circum-Aretas king of Arabia, I. 50. stance which to us may appear too minute to be recorded; but in those days, when life was longer, and subject to fewer diseases than at present, the death of a son before his father was an event of sufficient importance to be distinctly noticed. With the exception of Abel, Haran is the first man mentioned in the sacred history, whose father beheld him depart this life. 2. HARAN OF CHARAN, a city in the northern part of Mesopotamia, where Abraham sojourned for a time in his passage to the land of Canaan. It was probably the same city, which the Greeks afterwards called Kappa and the Romans Carræ, and which became celebrated for the defeat and death of Crassus. HAREM (Royal), notice of, 47. HARETH, Forest of, 36. HAROSHETH of the Gentiles, a city near Lake Merom, which HARVESTS of Palestine, account of, 23. 177, 178. 1. Two districts in Yemen, the one inhabited by the descendants of Havilah, the son of Cush, and grandson of Ham (Gen. x. 7.), the other by descendants of Shem. (ver. 29.) 2. A gold country (Gen. ii. 11.), perhaps a general name for Arabia (and India), which accords best with the opinion of those who imagine the Pison to be the Ganges. HAURAN, a district in the north-eastern part of Canaan, which derived its name from the town or city of Hauran. (Ezek. xlvi. 18.) It is the same with the Auranitis of Josephus and the ITUREA of St. Luke. (iii. 1.)-For its limits, &c. see p. 18. HAZAEL, a general officer of Benhadad king of Syria, whom he treacherously murdered and usurped his kingdom. During a reign of more than forty years he was the vigilant and successful enemy of the Hebrew princes, whose territories he laid waste, and at length he laid siege to Jerusalem, whence he consented to withdraw, only on condition of the treasures of the temple and of the palace being delivered up to him. HEAD, covering for, 156. HEADS of tribes or families, 41, 42. HEATHEN NATIONS, account of their deities worshipped by, 139. Allusion to their idolatrous rites explained, 139-142. HEBER. 1. The son of Salah (Gen. xi. 14.), from whom some critics and commentators have supposed that his descendants the Hebrews derived their name. 2. A descendant of Hobab, the brother-in-law of Moses, and husband of Jael, who killed Sisera. HEBREWS OF THE HEBREWS, who they were, 108. HERODIAS, the grand-daughter of Herod the Great, and sister of Herod Agrippa I. She was first married to her uncle Philip (Herod); but afterwards abandoned him, and connected herself with his brother Herod Antipas, whom she persuaded to put John the Baptist to death, because he had boldly denounced their incestuous union. (Matt. xiv. 3. 6. Mark vi. 17. 19. 22. Luke iii. 19.) HESHBON, the capital city of the kingdom of Sihon, situated about 20 miles eastward of the river Jordan: it was given to the tribe of Reuben. It is supposed to be the same place which is now called Hhubhzan. Numerous ruins attest its ancient splendour. This town is situated on so commanding a position, that the view from it extends at least 30 miles in every direction; and, to the southward, where the prospect is most extensive, the eye ranges, probably, a distance of 60 miles in a direct line. (Buck ingham's Travels among the Arab Tribes, p. 106.) HEZEKIAH, the son and successor of Ahaz king of Judah: he was a wise and pious prince, who extirpated idolatry, and restored the worship of the true God throughout his dominions. For a notice of the disease with which he was afflicted, see p. 196. HIDDEKEL, one of the four rivers which watered Paradise. (Gen. ii. 14.) It is generally supposed to be the same as the Tigris. HIEL, of Bethel, rebuilt Jericho, notwithstanding the malediction denounced in Josh. vi. 26.; the effects of which he felt in his own family; his eldest son dying when the foundations of the walls were laid, and his youngest son when the gates were set up. (1 Kings xvi. 34.) HIERAPOLIS, a city of Phrygia, in the vicinity of Colossæ and Laodicea (Col. iv. 13.), celebrated for its mineral waters, which now flow disregarded by the Turcomans. "Once there existed on the self-same spot a life-giving stream: but Epaphras and his successors, who said to the then countless multitudes of Hierapolis, Whosoever will, may come and take of the water of life freely,' have ages ago been silent in the grave." (Arundell's Seven Churches of Asia, p. 83.) The ruins of Hierapolis are still considerable: they are described by Mr. A. (Ibid. pp. 79-82.) This place is now called Pambouk Kalesi. HIEROGLYPHIC STONES, forbidden to be worshipped by the Israelites, 139. HIGH PLACES, account of, 101-103. 140. HIGH-PRIESTS, functions, dress, and privileges of, 113, .14. Their succession, 115. HINNOM, a person who is known only from the circumstance of his having given his name to a VALLEY, situated at a very short distance from Jerusalem; for a notice of which, see p. 32. HO HIRAM I. king of Tyre, the ally or tributary of David, to whom he sent ambassadors to congratulate him on his accession to the throne. The dominions of Hiram are supposed to have extended over the western part of the chain of Mount Lebanon. When David was building a palace, Hiram sent him cedar timber and able artificers. (2 Sam. v. 11. 1 Chron. xiv. 1.) HIRAM II., the son and successor of the preceding, who congratulated Solomon on succeeding his father on the throne of Israel. He also furnished Solomon with timber, stone, and artificers for his magnificent buildings, especially the temple at Jerusalem. He is known under the same name by profane historians. HIRAM or HURAM, a celebrated artificer, was the son of a widow, belonging to the tribe of Dan, and a Tyrian. He was sent by Hiram II. to Solomon, for whom he executed the principal work in the interior of the temple, as well as several of the sacred utensils. (1 Kings vii. 1. 3. 2 Chron. ii. 14. iv. 11.) HISTORICAL Geography of the Holy Land, 13-22. HISTORICAL WRITING, cultivated by the Jews, 185, 186. HITTITES, the descendants of Heth, the second son of Canaan. They dwelt in the south part of the promised land, near Hebron. HIVITES, a tribe of the Canaanites. They seem to have been the same with the Avim, whom the Philistines expelled. Driven from the south-west of Canaan, part of them appear to have settled about Avim, Gibeon, and Shechem, whose inhabitants are called Hivites in Josh. ix. 11. 19. xvii. 23. Gen. xxxiv. 2.; and another part seem to have settled near Mount Hermon. (Josh. xi. 3.) HOBAB, the son of Jethro, and the brother-in-law of Moses, at whose earnest request he accompanied the Israelites as a guide through the wilderness. His family dwelt among them during the time of the first judges. HOLOCAUSTS, account of, 118. HOLY LAND, the country of the Jews, why so called, 13. HOPHRAH. See PHARAOH-HOPHRAH. I S whence they were subsequently expelled by the Edomites. (Deut. ii. 12. 22.) HORSES, notice of, 175. HORTICULTURE of the Jews, account of, 179, 180. 1. The earlier name of JosHUA, the servant and successor of Moses. (Num. xiii. 8. 16.) 2. The last king of Israel, who, having conspired against Pekah, slew him and usurped his throne. In his reign Shalmaneser king of Assyria invaded Israel, took Samaria, which he reduced to a heap of ruins, and removed the Israelites beyond the river Euphrates. 3. The first of the minor prophets. For an analysis of whose predictions, see pp. 260-262. HOSPITALITY of the Jews, 173. Notice of Tesseræ Hospitales, 173, 174. HOT SEASON in Palestine, 24, 25. HOURS of the Jews and Romans, 72, 73. HOUSES of the Jews and their furniture, 151-154. Leprosy of houses, 134. HULDAH, a prophetess, the wife of Shallum, who was consulted by Josiah concerning the book of the law, which was found in the treasury of the temple. (2 Kings xxii. 14.) HUR, whom some have supposed to be the husband of Miriam, and the brother-in-law of Moses, appears to have been one of the most intimate friends of the latter. During the battle between the Hebrews and the Amalekites, he upheld the weary arms of Moses, and when he was absent he shared with Aaron the authority over the Israelites. (Exod. xvii. 10. xxiv. 14.) HUSBANDRY of the Jews, account of, 174-178. HUSHAI, the friend of David; who, during the rebellion of Absalom, remained with that prince, and was of eminent service to David by infatuating the counsels of Absalom. (2 Sam. xvi.) HYMENEUS is supposed to have been a citizen of Ephesus; who being converted by St. Paul, afterwards fell into the heresy of those who denied the resurrection of the body, or, rather, who maintained that the term was to be understood figuratively in reference to conversion, as being a resurrection from their former death in trespasses and sins; and that no other resurrection was to be expected. (Valpy on 2 Tim. ii. 17.) Hyssop, notice of, 35. note 7. IBZAN, the eighth judge of Israel, governed seven years. His prosperity is indicated by the circumstance of his having thirty sons, and as many daughters; and his riches, by all of them being married. (Judg. xii. 8.) ICONIUM, a city of Lycaonia, the chief of the fourteen belonging to that tetrarchy. Here was a synagogue of Jews and proselytes, to whom Paul and Barnabas preaching, and confirming their doctrine by miracles, converted many to the Christian faith (Acts xiv. 1, 2, 3.); and here the unbelieving Jews and Gentiles made an assault upon them, to use them despitefully, and to stone them. (ver. 5.) It is now called Konieh. IDOLATRY, origin and progress of, 135. History of it among the Israelites, 135, 136. Different kinds of, and its punishment, 61. Idols worshipped by them, 136-139. Idols of Greeks and Romans mentioned in the New Testament, 139. Allusions in Scripture to the idolatrous rites of the heathen explained, 139, 140. IDUMEA, Or EDOм, country of, 18. 1. A mountain on the confines of Edom where Aaron died (Num. xx. 22-28.), whose pretended tomb is still shown to travellers; but, from its appearance, it should seem to have been rebuilt at no very distant period. The view from this mountain is extensive. (Irby's and Mangles' Travels, pp. 433-438.) 2. A mountain in Lebanon. (Num. xxxiv. 7, 8.) HOREE, a mountain in Arabia Petræa, so near Mount Sinai that Horeb and Sinai seem to be two hills of the same mountain. Sinai lies east, Horeb west: so that when the sun rises, the latter is covered with the shadow of Sinai. There are springs and fruit-trees on Horeb, but only rain-water on Sinai. At Horeb God appeared to Moses in the burning bush. (Exod. iii. 1, 2, 3.) At the foot of this mountain Moses struck the rock, and drew ILLYRICUM, a province lying to the north and north-west of water from it. (Exod. xvii. 6.) Elijah retired here to avoid the Macedonia, along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea or Gulf persecution of Jezebel (1 Kings xix. 8.); and the cave or grotto, of Venice. It was divided into two parts, Liburnia to the north in which the prophet found shelter, is yet pointed out by tradition, (now called Croatia), which is not mentioned in the New Testathe truth of which is confirmed by the appearance of the sur-ment; and Dalmatia to the south, which region still retains the rounding scenery. This cave "is as desolate a place of refuge as the fancy can conceive:-no brook or pool is nigh, to quench the burning thirst; not a shrub grows on the soil, but sad and useless precipices are on every side. Every part of the way was strewed with broken fragments of rocks." (Carne's Recollections of the East, p. 345.) It is frequently said in the Old Testament, that God gave the law at Horeb, though other places expressly name Sinai; because Horeb and Sinai in some sort form but one mountain. From its lofty summit nothing is to be seen on every side, as far as the eye can reach, but ranges of naked mountains succeeding each other, like waves of the sea. This mountain is now called St. Catherine's. (Carne's Letters from the East, pp. 197, 198.) HORITES, a people who dwelt in Mount Seir (Gen. xiv. 6.), same name. Hither, St. Paul informs Timothy, Titus went INAUGURATION of the kings of Israel and Judah, ceremonial of, 44. INCENSE, offering of, 119. INJURIES (corporal), punishment of, 63, 64. IRRIGATION practised by the Jews, 176, 177. ISAAC, the son of Abraham by Sarah, and one of the patri. JA archs of the Israelitish nation. He married Rebekah, and was the father of ESAU and JACOB, by whom he was honourably interred in the cave of Machpelah, about ten years before Jacob -went into Egypt. ISAIAH, a celebrated Hebrew prophet, distinguished for the strength and sublimity of his conceptions and language. For a further account of Isaiah, and an analysis of his predictions, see pp. 262-269. In Acts viii. 28. 30. Esaias or Isaiah is metonymically put for the book or prophecy of Isaiah. ISH BOSHETH, or ISHBAAL, the son and successor of Saul. He reigned only two years; his whole party being thrown into confusion on the death of Abner, and himself being assassinated by two captains of his own troops. (2 Sam. ii. 1 Chron. viii. 33. ix. 39.) ISCARIOT. See JUDAS, p. 432, infra. ISHMAEL, the son of Abraham and Hagar. On the birth of Isaac, Hagar and her son were expelled from the house of Abraham, at the desire of Sarah, and dwelt in the wilderness of Paran, to the south of Palestine. Of Egyptian origin by his mother, Ishmael married an Egyptian woman, by whom he had two daughters, one of whom Esau married, and twelve sons, who gave their names to as many tribes of Arabians, conformably to the predictions concerning Ishmael. (Gen. xvii. 20. xxv. 9. xxviii. 9. xxxvi. 5.) For a notice of these predictions and their fulfilment, see Vol. I. p. 122. Ishmael died, aged 137 years. JE was destroyed, as well as the preceding; and Jabin himself perished at the destruction of his capital, Hazor. (Josh. xi 1-12.) JABIN II. king of Hazor, was probably descended from the preceding sovereign. During one or other of the servitudes of Israel under Cushan or Eglon, the kingdom of Hazor, which Joshua had destroyed, appears to have been re-established; and Jabin must have possessed a powerful dominion, since he is said to have brought into the field 900 chariots armed with scythes. This Jabin oppressed the Israelites for twenty years. After the death of his general Sisera, who had been conquered by Barak, the war was prolonged for some time, but it was finally terminated by the ruin of Jabin. (Judg. iv.) JACOB, the second son of Isaac and Rebekah, and the father of the twelve tribes of Israel. Having surreptitiously obtained his father's blessing (Gen. xxvii.), to avoid his brother's resentment, Rebekah sent him away alone into Mesopotamia, to Laban her brother, whose daughters, Leah and Rachel, he married. After serving Laban many years, he returned into the land of Canaan; having during his journey had an amicable interview with his brother Esau. He afterwards dwelt at Shechem, in a field which he had purchased of the Hivites; but being apprehensive of the resentment of the people, for the slaughter of the Shechemites by Simeon and Levi on account of the violation of their sister Dinah by Shechem, Jacob removed to Bethel, where he offered sacrifice, ISLES OF THE GENTILES (Gen. x. 5,), probably mean many of and God renewed his promises. Many years after this he went the maritime countries washed by the Mediterranean Sea. The down to Egypt to his son Joseph, where he resided seventeen Hebrews also used the word isles to signify all those countries years, and died in a good old age, after giving his prophetic which were divided from them by the sea. (Isa. xi. 10, 11. xl. 15. blessing to his sons. Jacob is, in Scripture, frequently put metoJer. ii. 10.) nymically for his posterity, that is, for the Israelitish nation. JACOB'S WELL, notice of, 28. ISRAEL, (that is, a prince of God, or a mighty prince,) the name given by the angel to the patriarch Jacob at Peniel. (Gen. xxxii. 24.) By Israel, in the Scriptures, is sometimes meant the person of Jacob, and sometimes his whole progeny, including both the kingdom of Judah and the kingdom of Israel, or the ten tribes as distinct from Judah. ISRAEL, Land of, 13. Kingdom of, 17. 48. Mountains of, 31. ISRAELITES, the descendants of Israel. At first they were called Hebrews, from the patriarch Abraham, surnamed the Hebrew, from his having passed over the Euphrates into the land of Canaan. After the exodus from Egypt, they were generally called Israelites; and on their return from the Babylonish captivity, they were denominated Jews, from the tribe of Judah, the most considerable of the twelve tribes. Their political state from the time of Moses to the subversion of their kingdom by the Assyrians, 40-50. Idols worshipped by them, 136-139. Court of the Israelites, 99. ISSACHAR, the fifth son of Jacob and Leah, and the head of one of the twelve tribes of Israel. For the limits of the canton allotted to which, see p. 17. ITALY, an extensive and fertile region of Europe, bounded on the north by the Alps, on the east by the Adriatic Sea or the Gulf of Venice, and on the west and south by the Ligustine and Tyrrhene Seas, which names were formerly applied to parts of the Mediterranean Sea. ROME was its capital, and the seat of almost universal empire in the time of the writers of the New Testament. (Acts xviii. 2. xxvii. 1. 6. Heb. xiii. 24.) ITUREA, region of, 18. JABBOK, Brook, notice of, 26. JABESH, a city in the half-tribe of Manasseh beyond Jordan, generally called Jabesh-Gilead, because it lay in Gilead, at the foot of the mountains so named. According to Eusebius it was six miles from Pella towards Gerasa; consequently it must have been east of the sea of Tiberias. Jabesh-Gilead was sacked by the Israelites, because its inhabitants refused to join in the war against the tribe of Benjamin. (Judg. xxi. 8.) Nahash, king of the Ammonites, laying siege to Jabesh, proposed hard conditions to the inhabitants, from which Saul delivered them, A. M. 2909, B. c. 1094. They ever after showed great gratitude to Saul and his family: they carried off his and his sons' bodies, which the Philistines had hung upon the walls of Bethshan, and buried them honourably in a wood near their city. (1 Sam. xxxi. 11-13.) JABIN I. king of Hazor, one of the most powerful Canaanitish chieftains, ruled over the northern part of the land of promise. After the ruin of the confederation formed against the Israelites by Adonizedek, Jabin assembled his tributaries near the waters JAEL, the wife of Heber the Kenite. She killed Sisera, general of the Canaanitish army, whom she had received into her tent, by driving a nail into his temples: concerning this transaction, see Vol. I. p. 411. JAIR, a Gileadite, who judged the Israelites for twenty-two years. He had thirty sons who governed thirty towns, which also bore the name of the towns of Jair. JAIRUS, a ruler or presiding officer of a synagogue, whose daughter Jesus Christ restored to life by a miracle: the circumstances of which are considered in Vol. I. p. 105. JAMES. 1. JAMES, the son of Zebedee, and the brother of the apostle John: he was put to death by Herod Agrippa, about A. D. 44. (Matt. iv. 21. x. 2. Mark iii. 17. Luke vi. 14. Acts i. 13. xii. 2.) 2. JAMES, surnamed the Less. (Mark xv. 40.) He was the son of ALPHEUS, and wrote the epistle which bears his name. For an analysis of which, and a further account of James, see pp. 359, 360. JANNES and JAMBRES, two of the principal Egyptian magicians; who withstood Moses and Aaron by attempting to imitate the miracles which they actually performed. (Exod. vii. 11, 12. viii. 7. 18, 19.) As these names are not found in the Old Testament, the apostle probably derived them from tradition (2 Tim. iii. 8.), as they are often mentioned in the rabbinical books. JAPHET, the eldest son of Noah, was a witness of the deluge, and one of those who were saved in the ark. His descendants first settled in the isles of the Mediterranean Sea, and on the coasts of Asia Minor and of Europe, whence they spread into the north and west. JARHAH, the Egyptian slave of an Israelite named Sheshan, who gave him his daughter in marriage, and consequently gave him his liberty. It is not improbable that Jarhah was a proselyte to the religion of Israel. (1 Chron. ii. 34.) JAVELINS of the Hebrews, notice of, 88. JAZER, a city beyond the Jordan, given to the tribe of Gad: it afterwards became one of the Levitical cities. (Josh. xxi. 30. xiii. 25.) The SEA OF JAZER, (mentioned in Jer. xlviii. 32.), Dr. Blaney is of opinion is the Dead Sea, Jazer being in the north border of Moab. JEBUS, the son of Canaan, and father of the JERUSITES (Gen. ii. 16.), who dwelt in and around Jerusalem in the mountains, where they continued until the time of David, when Joab took the place. (2 Sam. v. xxiv.) JEDUTHUN, a Levite, one of David's choristers. (1 Chron. ix. 16. xvi. 38. 41, 42. xxv. 1.) His sons were employed as musi cians. (2 Chron. xxxv. 15. Neh. xi. 17.) JEHOAHAZ. 1. JEHOAHAZ, or Shallum, the second son of Josiah king of of Merom, and summoned all their forces to arms. This coalition | Judah, whom he succeeded on the throne. He reigned only |