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Thus: (1) Bring £27-6-4 into pence.
20 of the next lower equals one of the
highest pounds.

12 of the next lower equals one of that higher, shillings,

£27-6-4

20

546 shillings.

12

Ans. 6556 pence,

NOTE, The sum, 1 27-6-4 is changed or reduced to 6556 pence, and both terms express the same absolute value, for 127 6 4, equals 6556 pence; and 6558 pence equals 127-6-4.

GRAMMAR.-LESSON 4.

Exercises in Parsing.

RULE 14. When nouns, or pronouns, of the singular number, are connected by a copulative conjunction, expressed or mplied, then the verbs, nouns, and pronouns, which follow in connexion, must be in the plural number.

Thus: Jane and Mary, who love their parents, are obedient girls. Wheat and barley grow in the middle States of the Union. They both find a market in our sea ports, on the coast.

OBS. 1. When a distributive adjective pronoun is attached to each subject, then, the verbs, nouns, and pronouns, in connexion, must be in the singular number.

As: Every man and every boy was at work. Every day and each hour brings the living nearer the dead.

OBS. 2. When nouns or pronouns of the singular number are connected by a disjunctive conjunction, expressed or implied, then the verbs, nouns, and pronouns, in connexion must be in the singular number.

As: Jane or Mary, who loves her parents is an obedient girl. Wheat or barley grows in yonder field; it is ripe and fit to cut. John or James, who owns the field is the reaper; by the sweat of his brow he earns his bread.

SPELLING.-LESSON 5.

con-serve kon'sĕrv cop-ped kõp ́pěd
con-sort kon'sòrt cop-per kop pur
con-stant kon'stant cop-y kop'pē
con-strue kön trở
con-sul kon'sul

cor-al kör'ǎl

cos-tal kos'tăl

con-tact kon'tǎkt

cos-tard kos'tard

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cov-et kŭvět

cov-ey kŭv'vē
cough-er köfür
cov-in köv'in
coup-le kup'pl
coup-let kup❜lēt
kúp
cour-age kur ridje
cour-ant kur❜rănt

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Molasses, Sugar Candy, Barley Sugar, Rum, Distillation, &c. Jane. Is not molasses', Ma', the coarse remains of the syrup'?

Ma. Treacle, or molasses, is made from the remains of the syrup', and the drainings of the brown sugar. And there is a kind called sugar baker's molasses', which is made from the remains of loaf sugar.

Mary. And sugar candy, Mamma', of what is that made? Ma. Sugar candy is merely common brown sugar', clarified, crossed by strong threads', and placed in a stove The stove is then heated to a high degree', by the warmth of which the sugar is crystalized or made transparent', and fixed to the threads'.

Mary. Yes'; I have often seen threads attached to the sugar candy'; but barley sugar is a different preparation, I suppose. Ma. Barley sugar takes its name from the circumstance of its having been formerly boiled in a decoction of barley`; but now pure water is used', and it renders the sugar much clear

er

A little lemon peel is sometimes added to the syrup', and it is then formed into twisted sticks for market`.

Jane. Ma, I think I have been told that rum is made of mo·lasses'.

Ma. Rumis aspirit, distilled from molasses', or the coarser parts of brown sugar`.

Jane. Distilled', Ma', what does that mean?

Ma. Distillation is a chemical process. Heat separates the light parts from the heavy', which are received on a cold 'body', condensed and restored to a liquid again'. I will explain it to you when we make rose water'.

Jane. I think I know now Ma. You filled a vessel full of rose leaves and water', last season, and placed it over the fire'. The light parts flew off in steam to the upper part of the vessel where it was condensed', and collected into large drops which fell from the tube of the vessel into the bottle'. I remember the whole process well, for I took particular notice`.

ARITHMETIC.-LESSON 7.

Reduction.

RULE. 2. When a low name is to be brought into a high one, then divide the low name, by as many of itself as will make one of the next higher name; and so on through all the terms required.

Thus: (2) Bring 6556 pence into pounds and parts.

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NOTE. I first divide the lower name 6556 pence, by 12, because 12 of that lower pence, will make one of the next higher shillings; and I divide secondly, by 20 (cutting off the 6, and the cypher, agreeably to a former rule,) because 20 of that lower shillings, make one of the next higher pounds. Thus I arrive at the answer and obtain a proof of the first sum in reduction.

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32X20+5 645s; X12+6=6546d; X4+3=26187qrs. ans. 26187÷4=6546-3qr; 6546÷÷12=645+6d; 645÷20=32 +5, or £325-6 3 proof.

(4) Reduce $346. 36 7 into mills and back för proof. 346X10+3=3463 dimes; X 10+6=34636 cts; X10+7= 346367 mills, Ans.

346367-10=34636+7m; 34636-10-3463+6cts; 3463÷ 10=346+3 dimes, Answer, or $346. 36 7 proof.

GRAMMAR.-LESSON 8.

Exercises in Parsing.

RULE. 15. When nouns or pronouns are used in apposition, then they must be put in the same case. As: Pride; the vice of fools, destroyed his prospects. In this example,

Pride, is a noun common, third person, singular number, made masculine gender, by way of figure, and the subject of the verb destroyed; the, is a definite article, referring to the noun vice, in limitation; vice, is a noun common, third person, singular number, figuratively masculine gender, and the subject of the verb destroyed; in apposition to the noun pride, Rule 13; of, is a preposition, referring to the noun fools; fools, is a noun common, third person, singular number, of one or the other gender, and in the objective case after the preposition of, Rule 8th; destroyed is a transitive verb, 3d person, singular number, and

agrees with its subject pride, Rule 1; his, is an adjective pronoun, referring to the noun prospects, in possession, Rule 9; prospects, is a noun common, third person, singular number, of neither gender, and the object of the transitive verb destroyed, Rule. 3.

Hope, the charmer, lingers still behind. Clinton, the governor, lives near the capitol. Honour your parents, them that protected you. Mary has two brothers, James and John, them that were here last week. The butterfly, child of summer, flutters in the sun beams. Every leaf, twig, and drop of water, teems with life.

work.

craf-ty kräftē

Every man and mother's son is at

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READING. LESSON 10.
Brandy, Gin, Wine, &c.

Mary. But', Ma' the drops distilled from the vessel of rose leaves', were perfectly colourless'.

Ma. All distilled liquors are colourless', and the dark hue of rum, &c. is subsequently produced by admixture of some other matter'.

Jane. But brandy is not produced from sugar'; is it Ma'? Ma. Brandy is made of wine by a similar process'. It is distilled generally, from pricked or spoiled wine'; and the mode of doing it, practised in France, is esteemed the best`.

Jane. And Gin`, Ma`: we wish to know how that is made`. Ma Gin, or Geneva', from Geneivre', the Juniper', is an ordinary malt liquor, distilled a second time with the addition of Juniper berries`.

Mary. We have seen the Juniper', Ma', among the shrubberry; and have often squeezed the berries to extract the perfume.

Jane. You said', Ma', that brandy is distilled from wine`; do inform us how wine is made'.

Ma. Wine is the fermented juice of vegetables'; of which there are many kinds'; but the wine made from grapes is by

far the most valuable`.

Mary. I have tasted of several kinds', Ma', and you know we have the raspberry', the gooseberry', and the currant wines all of which are better, I think, than those which Pa drinks with the gentlemen who visit him".

REDUCTION.-LESSON 11.

English and Federal Money.

RULE 1. To reduce dollars to dimes, multiply by 10. Thus: 231X10=2310 dimes, and 2310÷10=231 dollars. RULE 2. To reduce dollars to cents; multiply by 100. Thus: 231X100=23100 cents, and 23100÷100-231 dolls. RULE 3. To reduce dollars to mills, multiply by 1000. Thus: 231X1000=231000 mills, and 231000÷1000=231 dollars.

NOTE, Hence, it is obvious that to multiply by 10, is simply to add a cypher. and, by a 100, two cyphers, and, a 1000, three cyphers, &c, and to divide by those numbers, is nothing more than to cut off the cyphers respectively.

RULE 4. To reduce pence, N. Y. currency to cents, multiply by 12, and divide by 12.

Thus: 144dX12}=1800÷÷12150 cents, and 150cts. ×12 =1800, and 1800÷12}=144d. The proof, and also the mode of reducing cents to pence, N. Y. currency.

RULE 5. To reduce pounds in money to shillings, multiply by 20.

Thus: £231X20=4620s. and 4620÷20=£231, proof.
RULE 6. To reduce shillings to pence, multiply by 12.
Thus: s.4620X12=55440d, and 55440-12=4620s.
RULE 7. To reduce pence to farthings, multiply by 4.
Thus: d.55440×4=221760qr. and 221760÷4=55440d.
RULE 8. To reduce pounds in money, N. Y. currency to
dollars, multiply by 23, or by 20, and divide by S.

Thus: £234X2)=$585, and 585-21 £234, proof. Or, £234 X204680s. ÷8=$585, and $585X8=4680÷20= £234.

GRAMMAR.-LESSON 12.

Exercises in Parsing.

RULE 16. Nouns or pronouns, used in the form of a direct address, are said to be in the Nominative case independent. As: My son, give me your heart.

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