4 Q. How is ch sounded in French words?

A. ch in French words sounds like sh, as chevalier, machine, capuchin, chagrin.

5 Q. How is g sounded in proper names, and foreign words? A. g keeps its hard sound in most proper names and foreign words before e and i, as Geba, Gilboa, Gilbert, Gelderland, Rhegium; except some few, as Geoffry, George, Gyles, Egypt, and all French words, where 'tis sounded soft.

6 Q. Is h sounded in foreign words?

A. It is usually sounded as in English; but the sound of it quite lost in these following proper names, Dorothy, Esther, Anthony, Thomas, `Arthur, John, Humphry, or Humphrey, and at the end of words after a vowel, as Messiah, Jeremiah, Shiloh.

7 Q. Wherein doth t change its English sound?

A. ti in Greek and Hebrew proper names keeps its own natural sound, Pelatiah, Phaltiel, Adramittium, &c. In Latin words 'tis sounded like sh, as Gratian, Portius, as it is in the English.

CHAP. IX. Of the Sound of Vowels in Foreign Words.

1 QUESTION.

IS a sounded in all foreign words?

Answer. The sound of a is almost lost in Bilboa, Guinea, Pharaoh, Israel, and some others.

2 Q. Is e at the end of a foreign word pronounced?

A. Yes; always in Hebrew words, as Jesse, Mamre; in Greek, as an epitome, a catastrophe, Candace, Phebe; and in Latin as a simile, pramunire: except where the termination or end of the word is made English, as Eve, Tyre, Crete, Kenite, Israelite, ode, scheme, dialogue, &c. which the English learner can know only by custom.

3 Q. How are the diphthongs sounded in foreign words?

A. The learned languages, as Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, have but few diphthongs in comparison of English; therefore in words that are borrowed thence, two distinct vowels generally make two distinct syllables; as the Latin, de-ist, po-et, cre-ale, co-operate, Je-su-it: the Greek, Ide-a, oce-an, Archelaus, Zacche-us, Co-os; the Hebrew, Kadesh-barne-a, Ephra-im, Abi-ezer, Zo-ar, and Gibe-on.

4 Q. How is double a, or double e sounded in foreign

words?

A. We meet with these chiefly in Hebrew names, and they are sounded for the most part like single a, or single e; as Isaac, Canaan, Balaam, Baal, Beershebah, and Beel-zebub.

5 Q. What are the chief diphthongs in Latin that are brought into the English tongue?

A. a e and o e, in which the two vowels are joined together ́often in writing, as e and œ, and always sound like a English e; as Eneas, Etna, Casar, aconomy; and oftentimes are so written; as Eneas, Cesar, &c.

"Here let the scholar learn the following rules, and perfectly understand and remember the two next chapters, at least the sense of them,

CHAP. X.-Of Dividing the Syllables in Spelling.

HAVING finished all that is necessary concerning the sound of letters, I proceed to consider them as joined in syllables and words in spelling,

1 Q. What is spelling?

A. Spelling is the art of composing words out of letters and syllables, either in reading or writing.

2 Q. How are the letters to be divided in spelling words of several syllables?

A. All the letters that make up the first syllable are to be put together, and pronounced; then put the letters that make up the second syllable together, and having pronounced them, join them to the first, and thus proceed till the word is finished: As for example, in the word Philosopher.

3 Q. How shall I know how many syllables are in a word ? A. Consider how many distinct sounds are in it, or how many pauses or stops may be made in the pronouncing of it, for there are just so many syllables in that word, as in butter, any, candle, are two syllables, because they are two distinct sounds; in tes-ti-fy, are three syllables, because three sounds; and in tes-ti-mo-ny there are four.

Note here, That a word of one syllable is called a monosyllable, a word of two is a dyssyllable; and three make a trissyllable: Words of more syllables are called polysyllables.

4 Q. What is the great general rule for true spelling?

A. In dividing syllables aright, you must put as many letters to one syllable as make one distinct sound in pronouncing that word; as tri-al, con-straint, i-vy, but-ter, mag-ni-fy, temp-ta-tion.

5 Q. What are the four particular rules for true spelling?

A. The first rule is this: A consonant betwixt two vowe's must be joined to the latter of them, as a-bide, pa-per, na-ked; except the letter x, which is always joined to the vowel that goes before, as ox-en, ex-er-cise.

Observe here, that ch, ph, th, and sh, are to be counted single consonants, and belong to this rule, as fa-ther, cy-pher, except where they are sounded apart, as up-hold, pol-hook, grass-hopper.

6 Q. Are there not some words wherein a single consonant, between two vowels, is pronounced in the former syllable; as image, body, mother; and some others?

A. In all such words the sound of the consonant is truly double, and belongs to both syllables; but custom has determined that the consonant shall be rather joined to the latter in writing and spelling, as i-mage, bo-dy, mo-ther.

7 Q. What is the second rule for true spelling?

A. When two consonants of the same kind come together in the middle of a word, they must be parted, that is, one to the former syllable, and the other to the latter, as bor-row, common, lit-tle.

8 Q. What is the third rule?

A. When several consonants come together in the middle of a word, thy must be placed in the syllables according to the distinct sounds; as in the words re-store, be-speak, a-skew, asquint, fa-ble, all the middle consonants belong to the last syllable but the very same consonants in mas-ter, whis-per, bas-ket, mus-quet, pub-lish, must be divided, one to the first syllable, and the other to the latter, because they are so pronounced.

9 Q. What is the fourth rule?

A. When two vowels come together in the middle of a word, and both are fully pronounced in distinct sounds, they must be divided in distinct sounds, as cre-ate, ru-in, No-ah; though the very same vowels are diphthongs in the words fear, guilt, goat, and make but one syllable.

CHAP. XI.-Of Compound and Derivative Words.

I. QUESTION.

WHAT sort of words are excepted from these particular

rules?

Answer. Compound words and derivatives.

2 Q. What is a compound word?

A. A compound word is either made up of two distinct words, as where-in, thank-ful, sap-less, cart-horse, up-hold; or it is made of one word, which is called the primitive, and a syllable going before it which is called a preposition; such as ad, en, un, sub, per, de, dis, pre, trans, re, &c. whence arise

such words as these, en-able, un-equal, dis-case, re-strain, trans-act, and such like.

3 Q. What is a derivative word?

A. A derivative word is made of one word and a syllable coming after it, which is called a termination; such as ed in painted, en in gold-en, ess in count-ess, est in read-est, eth in speak-eth, er in hear-er, ing in talking, ish in fool-ish, ist in art-ist, ous in covet-ous, ly in kind-ly; and several others.

4 Q. How must compound and derivative words be divided in spelling?

A. The single words must keep their own proper letters and syllables distinct, and the little prepositions or terminations must be spelt distinct by themselves.

5 Q. Are any compound words excepted from this rule?

A. In such as are derived from the Latin, Greek, or Hebrew, as adorn, proselyte, transient, iniquity, Bethel, and several others, the primitive word can never be distinguished without the knowledge of other tongues; and therefore the English scholar may spell them according to the common rules, without just blame; as pro-selyte, tran-sient, a-dorn, ini-quity, Be-thel.

6 Q. Are any derivative words reduced also to the common rules?

A. Yes, there are two sorts:

First, Such as end in a single consonant, and double it before the termination, as cut, cut-teth, glad, glad-der, commit, commit-ting.

Secondly, Such as end in e, and lose it before the termination, as from write come writ-est, writ-eth, writ-er, writ-ing; all which must be spelled by the common rules.

Note, The following chapter is not necessary for children.

CHAP. XII.-Of Quantity and Accent.

I. QUESTION.

ARE all words and syllables to be pronounced with the same sort of voice or sound.

Answer. Every syllable must be sounded according to its proper quantity, and every word of two or more syllables must have its proper accent.

2 Q. What is quantity?

A. Quantity is the distinction of syllables into long or short. 3 Q. How are long and short syllables distinguished? A. All long syllables have a diphthong in them, as gain, heap, or else the vowel has a long or a broad sound, as gall,

mate, hope; all other syllables are short; as mat, hop, bank, string, punch.

4 Q. What do you mean by accent?

A. The accent is a particular stress or force of sound that the voice lays upon any syllable, whether the syllable be long or short, as ó in ó-pen, pé in pé-ny.

5 Q. Doth not the accent then always belong to the long syllable?

A. Though the accent is laid much more frequently on a long syllable, than a short one, yet not always; for in these words, money, borrow, the last syllable is long, and the first short, yet the accent belongs to the first.

Yet bere let it be noted, That though in reading Verse, the accent must be on the same syllables as it is in Prose, and the words must have the same pronunciation; yet a syllable in Verse is called Long or Short, not according to the long or short vowel, but according to the accent.

6 Q. Is the accent always the same in the same words?

A. It is for the most part the same; yet there are two cases wherein, sometimes the accent differs.

First, The same word when it signifies an action, is accented upon the last syllable, as to contract, to rebél: when it signifies a thing, the accent is sometimes transferred to the first, as a contract a rébel.

Secondly, Though compound words and derivatives are most times accented like their primitives, yet not always; as maker has a strong accent on the first syllable, which is lost in shoe-maker; prefer has the accent on the last syllable; but préference and preferable on the first: Finite has its accent on the fi, but infinite on the syllable in; and infinity, has it restored to the syllable fi, again.

7 Q. Doth the accent change the sound of letters?

A. Wheresoever the accent is laid on a short vowel before a single consonant, it makes the consonant be pronounced double, as malice, séven, bódy, must be sounded like mal-lice, sevven, bod-dy.

8 Q. Have any words more accents than one?

A. Yes, Some long words have two accents, as únivérsal, 6mnipresent, both which are accented on the first and third syllables Transubstantiation has three; but generally one of those accents is much stronger than the other.

9 Q. Are there any certain directions where to place the accent in words of several syllables?

A. Though there can no certain rules be given where to place the accent, but custom must entirely determine: yet there is this general observation, which may be of some use, namely, That it is the custom of the English, in most words, to remove the accent far from the last syllable; whence these particular remarks follow: