death if they surrendered. One warrior, overpowered and captured, remarked to the surgeon dressing his wounds, "Cure him; kill him again."

Eight hundred Indians were killed. Among the American dead was Major Lemuel Purnell Montgomery, after whom Montgomery county is named. Sam Houston, afterward the hero of Texas, was among the wounded.

12. Treaty of Peace Signed.-Jackson now built Fort Jackson on the site of Fort Toulouse. Turning his command over to General Thomas Pinckney, he and his troopers returned to their Tennessee homes. Soon afterwards Jackson was made a major-general, and returned to the command of Fort Jackson. Here he received the surrender of Weatherford and other chiefs. Here also was signed the Treaty of Peace Aug. 9, by which the Indians were compelled to cede lands that "opened up half the present area of the State to the whites." This cession was demanded as payment and punishment for the expenses and losses of the war. It completely separated the Creek territory from Florida.

13. Jackson in Florida.-Some of the Indians refused to sign the treaty and fled to Florida. British and Spanish agents in Pensacola continued to tamper with them. Jackson marched into Florida, captured Pensacola, and forced the British agents to leave.

As border raids and cruelties continued, Jackson, four years later, was ordered to Fort Scott on the Appalachicola river to "put an end to the Seminole War." He acted with usual quickness and decision. He marched into Florida, then Spanish territory,

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paid no attention to the protests of the Spanish governor, garrisoned Spanish forts with American soldiers, and in true Jacksonian style ended the war. He scoured the country wherever the Seminoles were to be found, and gave them to understand that neither the British nor the Spaniards could shield them from his vengeance. He captured two Englishmen, Ar' būth not and Am' bris ter, charged with exciting the Indians to war against the United States. He had Arbuthnot hanged and Ambrister shot, and that, too, in a Spanish province.

Several hundred hostile Indians, supported in Pensacola by the Spanish governor, marched out in open day and killed Mr. Stokes and family, who were American citizens. This caused Jackson's advance upon Pensacola and Fort Barrancas. Both places yielded promptly, and in his report to his friend, George W. Campbell, Jackson regretted that he had not stormed the works and hung the governor for the murder of Stokes and his family.

14. Jackson's Military Conduct Approved.These high-handed acts of Jackson gave the national government a great deal of trouble, but they created dread of American arms, which Indians and others have ever since regarded. A majority of the people approved of his conduct as an army officer, and later they elected him President of the United States.

Jackson was a true patriot, but he would submit to no opposition when he was carrying on war. He did what he thought right and needful for the success of military plans, regardless of law and consequences. He did so many things contrary to law

that one historian asks whether he could have done more “if he had been Andrew I, by the grace of God Emperor of the United States?"

SUMMARY

The massacre of Fort Mims was reported to Governor Blount of Tennessee, and Generals Jackson and Coffee collected troops and marched rapidly to the territory of the Creek War. The low stage of the Tennessee river cut off the means of transporting supplies for the soldiers, and much suffering resulted. Jackson blamed General Cocke and General White for the lack of provisions for his men. Coffee defeated the Indians at Tallasehatche, and here was found the child, Lincoyer, whom Jackson adopted. At Talladega, Enitachopco, Emuckfau, and Horseshoe Bend, Jackson had desperate battles with the Indians. General Floyd, with Georgia troops, fought the battles of Autosse and Calebee. General Claiborne had overpowered Weatherford at Holy Ground. These battles broke the power of the Creeks, and they surrendered at Fort Jackson.

Jackson, in 1818, entered Florida, quartered American troops in Spanish forts, and conquered the Seminoles. He made the nations respect American rights and fighting qualities.

QUESTIONS

1. Describe the action of General Jackson and General Coffee when they received the report of the massacre at Fort Mims. 2. What duties were assigned to General Cocke and General White? 3. Describe the battle of Tallasehatche. 4. How was Talladega relieved? 5. Give an account of the mutinies of soldiers. 6. What mistake led to an attack on the Hillabees? 7. Give the results of General Floyd's battles with the Indians. 8. What battles occurred when Jackson entered the Creek country? 9. Describe the fortifications and battle of Horseshoe Bend. 10. When, and where, and by whom was the Treaty of Peace signed? 11. What were its terms? 12. What did Jackson do in Florida? 13. What do you understand by "Jacksonian style"? 14, How was his conduct regarded by the people?

1. Parentage and Early Life.-Captain James Gaines, the father of George Strother Gaines, was a colonial officer in the Revolutionary War and a member of the North Carolina convention that ratified the constitution of the United States. His home rested on the dividing line between Virginia and North Carolina, and was said to be half in one State and half in the other. His large family of children were about equally divided between the two States, being Virginians or North Carolinians, as they were

born in one side or the other of the house. George Strother was born in the North Carolina side. The 1784 Gaineses were related to some of the most distinguished families* of this country.

Captain Gaines removed to Găl' la tin, Tennessee, and there George Strother grew to manhood and entered into business as clerk in the store of John and Robert Allen.

2. United States Agent at St. Stephens.-In 1804, George Strother accepted an invitation from Joseph Chambers to take charge of the United States trading-house at St. Stephens, on the Tombigbee river in Alabama. In his passage down the Cumberland, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers he saw much of the country and became acquainted with many influential men of Mississippi Territory.

At Natchez he met the learned and cultivated Silas Dinsmore, the United States agent to the Choctaws. Colonel Dinsmore was preparing to meet the Indians at St. Stephens in order to make a treaty for the purchase of the lands between the widely separated Tombigbee and Natchez settlements, and thereby make it easier for these settlements to protect themselves and their business interests. A long delay at New Orleans enabled Colonel Dinsmore to

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*Mr. Gaines's family was kin to the Prestons, Pendletons, and Strothers. His mother, Elizabeth Strother, was first cousin to Sarah Strother, the wife of Richard Taylor and mother of President Zachary Taylor. The two children of President Taylor were General Richard Taylor, of Confederate fame, and Sarah Knox, the first wife of President Jefferson Davis.