Gambar halaman
PDF
ePub

CONDITIONS.

(a)-Supply tank to be substantially constructed
of three-sixteenths inch, or heavier iron,
and equipped with indicator and man-hole;
(b)-To be under ground, and
(c)-Below the lowest point at which the oil is
burned;

(d)-To be fifty feet or more from any building;
(e)-Filling pipe to be perfectly closed, except when
used in filling;

(f)-A vent pipe, not less than ONE and ONE-HALF
INCH diameter to be attached to tank;
(g)-To extend at least FIVE FEET ABOVE the
ground;

(h)-Top to be made weather proof;
(i)-Oil to be conveyed DIRECTLY from SUPPLY
TANK to FURNACE by an approved
duplicate system of AUTOMATIC PUMPS;
(j)-All connexions to be made perfectly tight, with
well-fitted joints.

(k)—The feeding of oil by gravity pressure, whether through a stand-pipe or otherwise, is strictly prohibited.

(1)-Where storage tank for holding reserve supply of fuel oil is situated so that top of tank is above the level of the atomizers at furnace, it is prohibited to connect same with supply tank by any pipes whatever.

This form attaches to, and is hereby made a part of Policy No.. of the..

Insurance Company of

UNDERWRITERS' AGENCY OF LOUISIANA,

NEW ORLEANS, L.A.

No. 1-TEXAS FORM.

.Agent.

PERMIT TO USE CRUDE PETROLEUM FOR FUEL IN STEAM PLANTS Permission is granted to use Crude Petroleum, or earth oil, for fuel for generating steam on the premises described in this policy under the following conditions only, the strict observance of which is hereby warranted by the assured, otherwise this entire policy shall be null and void:

(1) The tank for storage of oil supply shall be of boiler iron, or No. 18 galvanized iron or steel, having proper ventilation at top, and shall be located not less than 50 feet from the risk described, if wholly underground, or 100 feet if wholly or in part above ground, in which latter case tank shall be enclosed by a substantial brick or stone wall, or earth embankment, of sufficient capacity to hold contents of tank in event the oil is released from any cause; and in every case tank shall be so placed that the highest point in said oil supply shall be lower than the furnace where such oil is to be burned or converted for burning.

(2) Where the oil supply does not exceed 50 gallons, tank shall be underground, or encased above ground in a brick vault with 8-inch walls, having proper ventilation at top, and in every case located outside of building described; tank to be so placed that top of tank shall be lower than the furnace where such oil is to be burned or converted for burning.

(3) The conveying of oil to furnace shall be by artificial pressure or suction, whether by pump, vacuum or other means that will accomplish the purpose. This expressly prohibits the feeding of oil by gravity pressure, or by other means from a storage supply higher than the furnace; provided, that oil may be fed to burners at furnace, under a maximum pressure of eight pounds to the square inch, from an iron stand-pipe-having a maximum capacity of five gallons-located at storage tank, and supplied from storage tank by pump while oil is being conveyed to furnace. Stand-pipe shall have an overflow pipe (with capacity equal to discharge of pump) to storage tank, and shut-off cock where supply-pipe leaves stand-pipe for furnace.

This permit is attached to and made part of Policy No..

of the...

UNDERWRITERS' AGENCY OF LOUISIANA,

NEW ORLEANS, L.A.

.Insurance Company of

Agent.

No. 2 CHICAGO FORM-Amended.

RULES GOVERNING THE USE OF CRUDE PETROLEUM FOR FUEL

Permission is granted to use Crude Petroleum, or earth oil, for fuel for generating steam on the premises described in this policy under the following conditions only, the strict observance of which is hereby warranted by the assured, otherwise this entire policy shall be null and void :

VAULT

Vault to be located so that the oil it contains can burn out without endangering property.

Location of vault to be left to the approval of an authorized inspector. Distance from any property to be regulated by the size of tanks.

Vault to be underground, built of brick or concrete, sides and ends to be at least 16 inches thick and to be made practically water-tight with hydrau lic cement; bottom to be dished toward centre and inclined to one end, so as to drain all overflow or seepage to that end, said incline to be towards the end from which the tank is to be tapped; top to be supported with heavy iron “"I" beams, with arches of solid brick or concrete sprung from one beam to its neighbours.

Vault to be accessible by one or more large manholes, which, when not in use, are to be kept securely locked, key to be held by some responsible party.

A trough must run from one end of the vault to the other, directly under each tank, and in the same direction as the tank or tanks.

The vault shall be air-tight as near as possible. A siphon or pump to be arranged so as to carry out any seepage or leakage from the vault, and discharge same upon the ground.

TANK

Tank to be of substantial construction, say: boiler iron or steel at least of an inch in thickness, rivets to be not less than of an inch in diameter and not over 14 inches apart between centres ; the entire outer surface of tank to have two good coats of coal tar or mineral paint before the tank is placed in position.

Size and number of tanks to be left to the Underwriters' organization having jurisdiction.

When tank is set, the bottom of the tank must be three inches above the floor of the vault, and must be in saddles of masonry not less than 8 inches in thickness, built from the floor of the vault, and laid in hydraulic cement, with an opening through centre for drainage.

The filling pipe, telltale or indicator, pump supply connexion, steam connexion and ventilating pipe, where they connect with tank, must be made petroleum-tight by the use of litharge and glycerine cement. Man-hole should be at least 16" in diameter with a vapour-proof screw top, contact surfaces to be faced.

Flanges to make tank of an inch in thickness to be riveted so as to furnish a satisfactory joint where pipe connexions are made.

Filling pipe connexion must have gas-tight valve which must be kept closed and locked unless the tank is being filled. Each tank must have a ventilating pipe at least 14 inches in diameter, so arranged that the outlet be weather-proof and project into the air at least 10 feet, so that all the gases that form in the tank will be constantly discharged.

Tank must have indicator to show at all times height of oil in tank.

All pipes leading from the tank to the furnaces or place of burning must incline toward the tank, and must be so constructed that the feed-pipe from pump to burners shall be entirely below burners.

PUMPING SYSTEM

All systems of delivering fuel to furnaces should be so arranged that oil will be fed automatically to the atomizers in such quantities as may be required for burning-oil to be freed from mechanical impurities and from the time it leaves the tank until it escapes to the furnace the oil is not to be exposed to the atmosphere-this is intended to prohibit the feeding of oil by gravity pressure whether through a stand-pipe or by any other method.

All systems shall have twin pumps, so that each one can be used independently of the other.

All pipes between tank and furnace within the building shall be placed within a box with movable top, so as to be easily accessible.

The oil and steam pipes, if any, between the supply tank and oil pumps shall parallel each other and be placed in the same box.

This permit is attached to and made part of Policy No.. of the...

.Insurance Company of

UNDERWRITERS' AGENCY OF LOUISIANA,

NEW ORLEANS. L.A.

.Agent.

BOARD OF FIRE UNDERWRITERS, OF THE PACIFIC

OFFICE OF DISTRICT “C”

LOS ANGELES, CAL.

Before any permit for the use of crude petroleum for fuel will be granted, an inspection of the premises must be made by a surveyor of the Board of Underwriters, and his report must show that all the conditions hereinafter named shall have been complied with.

No policy will be issued to cover on or in premises in which petroleum for fuel is used unless such permit is endorsed thereon, and additional premium charged at the rate of onequarter of one per cent. on the sum issued.

(A plant installed strictly in accordance with these specifications and under the immediate supervision of the Board Surveyor will not entail the one-quarter of one per cent. additional charge.)

After a plant has been approved by the Board Surveyor, any changes in its arrangements without due notice, inspection and approval of same will invalidate former certifi

cates.

Permission granted for the use of petroleum for fuel must be in the following words. (See form of permit and conditions below).

Form of Permit to be Attached to Policy.

In consideration of the following conditions, it being warranted by the assured that the apparatus shall be maintained as conditioned below during the life of this policy, permission is hereby granted to use crude petroleum for fuel.

CONDITIONS.

[blocks in formation]

(j)-To be covered at the top with copper gauze;
(k)-Petroleum to be forced directly from storage
tank to furnace by an improved pump;
(1)-All connexions to be made perfectly tight with
well-fitted joints;

(m)-All pipes, connexions, and pumps to be capable of
resisting a pressure of 300 lb. per square inch;
(n)-Storage tank to be connected with the boiler
by a steam pipe with shut-off cock;
(0)-Feed and overflow pipes not to exceed 2′′ in
diameter;

(p)-To be run in such a manner that they will
drain into the storage tank;

(q)-Drain pipes to be not less than 1-4" in diameter; (r)-Overflow and drain pipes to be free from all check, spring or shut-off valves.

Appendix No. 6

EXTRACT FROM REPORT OF MR. SCHOEN ON OIL STORAGE

In Beaumont the point I was most struck with was the general difference in the opinions given by various experts. In most instances I found their opinions very greatly biassed by that particular class of industry they represented, although their statements were made in perfect honesty. In many of the opinions obtained the statement of one man of acknowledged standing was entirely opposite to that of another standing equally as high as a man of experience and judgement, and it was rather a difficult matter to arrive at the true conclusion to be derived from this mass of conflicting evidence. For instance, one engineer considered an oil-tank fire a matter of small moment, and one which he would not hesitate to put out by means of going on top of the tank with wet blankets or other paraphernalia and smothering it, while another stated that no man with good sense would attempt such a thing and that he would not go near a tank under such circumstances, but would shoot a hole, by means of a cannon kept for the purpose, through the base of the tank, and allow the oil to escape into the surrounding reservoir and burn itself out there.

Mr. McDowell, the general manager of the Guffey Oil Company, places great reliance on the reservoir [or Moat] built around the tanks. He is a man of wide experience, and states that one of the greatest dangers from this oil is that, when burning in a tank, it becomes heated through and through and boils up like a yeast and is scattered over everything near, and that, without the reservoir walls, property is endangered within a large area adjoining the tank itself; but if the oil is allowed to run out and burn in a reservoir having a depth of say 4 feet, this boiling will not occur and the oil will burn itself quietly out without doing further damage. The only vital point on which Mr. McDowell differed from the engineers' committee was the 500 feet requirement as to location of tanks near the water front, as he thought that distance excessive, and that circumstances should determine the location. The practice of his company was to leave a distance of 300 feet from outside to outside of tanks, each tank being properly surrounded by its own levee.

Mr. Brown, of the Lone Star and Crescent Oil Company, did not think the 500 feet space excessive; he was separating his tanks from each other 400 feet from outside to outside, and surrounding each tank with suitable levees [Moats].

Mr. McFadden, of the Byrd Syndicate of London, was inclined to think the hazard slight, and the 500-foot distance excessive. There were other opinions, unnecessary to mention here, but none convinced the writer that there is any reason for changing the 500-foot space requirement.

I made flash-tests of the oil with an Eimer & Amend closed test apparatus. The flash varied a good deal, according to the well from which the oil was taken. One test of oil taken from a well and not opened until tested, showed a flash of 122 degrees F., while another sample flashed at 91 degrees F., which was at the ordinary temperature, without any fire being applied; and with the fire applied flashed freely and frequentlyafter passing 97 degrees F., the burning point being reached at 135 degrees F.

On the subject of pipe lines the engineers at Beaumont agreed that they should be constructed of wrought iron of standard oil pipe line thickness and dimensions, joints to be threaded not less than eight to the inch (11 threads per inch is English practice) and the line constructed to maintain a pressure of at least 1,200 pounds to the square inch, a maximum pressure being allowed of say 300 pounds to the square inch-in other words, allowing a factor of safety of four.

Pipes to be laid underground at such depth as to be unaffected by either heat or cold and the equipment arranged to be drained back to the main tank and empty itself when not in actual operation, such draining back to be through siphoning or pumps. The connexions with the individual tanks for supplying boiler equipments not to be permanent, but in every instance to be connected up through double valves and a lose break joint. This hose to be removed as soon as the small supply tank has been filled. The idea is to have a regular time for filling these tanks and the attendant connected with the pipe line company to go to each tank separately, connect up his hose length, open the valve on the pipe line side and the one on the tank side, meter the oil passing into the smaller tank, and when the proper volume has been supplied, shut off both the beforementioned valves and remove the section of hose. This avoids either hydrostatic or hydraulic pressure.

At all times when the equipment is in service and the pipe line attendant not present, there should be a blind cap for each end of the pipes where broken, the pipe from the pipe line to the hose connexion to be arranged to drain back and a vent pipe connected thereto, equipped with convenient hand valve in order that accumulating gases may be allowed to escape. Several pipe line breaks had occurred, due to the accumulation and expansion of these gases, and, therefore, at proper intervals, vent pipes should be installed.

Desulphurizing was being carried on by means of which the flash point of the oil is raised before it is sent out as a fuel. This is a very important part of the process, as otherwise the oil is liable to vary in flash from that of gasoline up to such point as may have been reached through the volatilization of the lighter oils and drawing off of the gases, which is, of course, largely dependent on the temperature to which it has been subjected, and to what extent the oil has been handled and stored.

The desulphurizing process is in itself a simple one and merely consists in driving off the more highly volatile oils in the shape of gases by means of a steam coil in the tank containing the oil. It would seem that the German Admiralty requirement is 188 degrees F., the British Admiralty 270 degrees F., and the Lloyds 160 degrees F. Some of the German Admiralty oil was being obtained at the time of my visit, and no trouble whatever was found in obtaining the flash test of 188 degrees demanded.

As a further important reason for desulphurizing this oil and raising the flash test. it has been found that the gases given off from the low flash oil attack the metals with which they come in contact, forming sulphides. Thus, it was found that sulphide of iron, sulphide of copper and sulphide of zinc had been formed, according to whether the gases came in contact with iron or brass. Some of the oil men in the field had experienced considerable trouble from this chemical action occurring, the metal principally affected being that above the ordinary level of the oil, it being the part most in contact with the gases.

« SebelumnyaLanjutkan »