tank through a heater seen on the right. This heater contains exhaust steam, and heats the oil on its way to the burners. The oil is drawn off from the tank as in fig. 9a by means of a floating arm, which always takes the highest oil from an area which is heated by a steam pipe coil placed under the intake of the oil pipe. The heat thins the oil and allows any enclosed water to drop away, thus securing dry oil. A small pump forces the oil to the distribution system, a relief pipe carrying any

excess back to the pump suction. Air is supplied to the burners by a separate pump on the left, being heated in the ash pit through which the pipe is laid. The copper steam pipe to the float is flexible to allow for the float movement, and the float is kept steady laterally by a piece of angle iron bent to a circular form to suit the path of the float arm. Blow through steam pipes are fitted for clearing the oil pipes when required. The atomizer, fig. 10, is triple, oil entering through the centre passage

with needle regulating spindle. Steam comes outside the oil through an annular passage and air is introduced outside the whole, the mixture being blown through the spreading orifice as spray. The oil does not come through as a solid jet into the combining nozzle, but as a thin annular shell jet easily atomized. The atomizer, however, differs from some others which admit air at the centre. The trunnion for the atomizer is shown in fig. 11.

Highly superheated steam is intended to be used (preferably 600°F.).

The annexed table gives a few results of actual use of oil at sea. It is extracted from a paper by Sir F. Flannery, in the Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects.

In each case, except the Sithonia, which had quadruple engines, the engines were triple expansion.

In fig. 12 is shown an arrangement of furnace and combustion chambers brickwork, by the Wallsend Slipway and Engineering Company, for a marine boiler, the bars being removed. In fig. 13 the general arrangement of a ship is given which was fitted with the furnace arrangements shown in figs. 4 and 7.

Lancashire Boiler with Orde's System.

The Lancashire boiler as arranged by the Wallsend Slipway and Engineering Company for burning oil with or without a grate is given in fig. 14.

A single injector is applied to each furnace door, the grate is covered with broken brick, and at the middle of its length a brick baffle is built, round and through which the flames escapes, and after passing a low bridge at the rear of the grate escapes unimpeded.

Without a grate, the furnace is fitted with a brick oven and striking bridge, beyond which is a cellular baffle of brick which gives a final mixing to the gases before they are quite consumed.

A gravitation tank is placed about 10 feet above the level of the atomizers with suitable valves, vent pipe, overflow and gauge. The supply pipe to the atomizer has a strainer in its course.

These various arrangements differ very little from those of other engineers. the chief object being the atomizing and the arrangement of the firebrick oven and bridges.

The Körting System.

In this system, as fitted to the Hamburg-American ss. F. C. Laeisz, the water is first separated out of the oil which is raised by a pump, and is heated to 60°C. = 140°F. by a heater on the suction pipe, and it is filtered before it reaches the pump