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Koleksiku
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CONTENTS
FIRST CHAPTER
PHRASING THE PROPOSITION
I. THE PROPOSITION SHOULD BE DEBATABLE
II. THE PROPOSITION SHOULD NOT EMPLOY AMBIGUOUS
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5
IV. THE PROPOSITION SHOULD EMBODY ONE CENTRAL IDEA
V. THE PROPOSITION SHOULD GIVE TO THE AFFIRMATIVE
THE BURDEN OF PROOF.
VI. THE PROPOSITION SHOULD BE INTERESTING
VII. THE PROPOSITION FOR FIRST PRACTICE SHOULD COVER
FAMILIAR GROUND
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IMPORTANCE OF THE MAIN ISSUES
ISSUES MAY NOT BE CHOSEN ARBITRARILY
I. THE IMMEDIATE CAUSE FOR DISCUSSION
II. THE ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE QUESTION
III. THE DEFINITION OF TERMS
Inadequacy of dictionary definitions
Special methods of definition .
IV. THE RESTATEMENT OF THE QUESTION AS DEFINED
V. THE EXCLUSION OF IRRELEVANT MATTER
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VI. STATEMENT OF ADMITTED AND WAIVED MATTER
VII. REACHING THE SPECIAL ISSUES BY CONTRASTING THE CON-
TENTIONS OF AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE
SUMMARY OF THE STEPS IN ANALYSIS
II. RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING THE BRIEF
III. SHORT SPECIMEN BRIEFS
IV. DEVELOPMENT OF A LONGER SPECIMEN BRIEF
V. COMPLETE WORKING BRIEF
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82
VI. SUMMARY OF THE RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING THE BRIEF 89
2. Is the authority capable of giving expert testimony? . 103
3. Has the authority had sufficient opportunity to know
the facts?
. 104
6. Is the authority aware of the significance of his testi-
mony? .
107
7. Is too great reliance placed on one authority?
8. Is the authority used by opponents?
9. Is the authority likely to be accepted? .
SUMMARY OF THE TESTS OF AUTHORITY
V. DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVIDENCE
VI. SELECTION OF EVIDENCE
VII. USE OF EVIDENCE
VIII. TAKING NOTES OF EVIDENCE
IX. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE
EXERCISES
Four tests of generalization
SUMMARY OF THE TESTS OF GENERALIZATION
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152
159
162
163
164
Three tests of the argument from analogy
ANALOGY AS EXPOSITION AND ARGUMENT
ANALOGY RARELY SUFFICIENT AS ARGUMENT
SUMMARY OF THE TESTS OF THE ARGUMENT FROM
DEFINITION A Safeguard against FallaCIES
I. FALLACIES OF THE ARGUMENT FROM EXAMPLE
A. Hasty generalization
B. False analogy
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. 190
. 193
194
II. FALLACIES OF MISTAKEN CAUSAL RELATION
A. Mistaking the cause, by employing -
1. Another effect of the cause
2. That which is associated with the effect by chance 195
3. That which operates after the effect
4. That which is causal but insufficient.
Refutation of fallacies in mistaking the cause
B. Mistaking the effect
III. FALLACIES OF IGNORING THE QUESTION
196
. 197
. 200
. 202
204
1. To infer from the character, professions, or conduct
of an individual the truth or falsity of a general
proposition
2. To reach a conclusion through appeal to tradition,
prejudice, passion, or sense of humor
4. To proceed to a conclusion other than the one at issue. 209
5. To overlook a part of the question through the fallacy
IV. FALLACIES OF BEGGING THE QUESTION
1. To argue in a circle
2. To assume a more general point which involves the
point at issue
3. To assume a particular truth which the proposition
involves
4. To employ "question-begging" words
5. To assume a point at issue in defining the terms
USE OF STATISTICS
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213
. 214
215
. 216
DEVELOPING THE ARGUMENT FROM THE BRIEF: THE
PRINCIPLES AND QUALITIES OF STYLE