gressive, they were the most contented and happy of all the people who settled our country.

The rule of Lovelace, on the whole, was quiet and uneventful. He showed his temper, however, when the Long Island towns refused to contribute to renew the New York fortifications, by ordering their votes to be publicly burned. France and England declared war against the Netherlands March 17, 1672, and on the seventh of August following, a fleet of twenty-three ships, carrying sixteen hundred men, anchored in the outer bay of New York, a short distance below Staten Island. The Dutch within the city were delighted to see their countrymen, who were surprised to learn from them that the place was in no condition to make an effective defense, the fort in fact having a garrison of less than a hundred men, while most of the guns were dismounted, the governor absent, and the people dissatisfied with the English rule.

The visit of the Dutch fleet was unexpected. While Lovelace was in Connecticut, Manning had charge of the city, and he did his utmost to rouse the people to a defense against the enemy, but his experience was similar to that of Stuyvesant nine years. before. The citizens would not respond. Being repeatedly summoned to surrender, he tried to gain time, until the Dutch commanders lost patience, and announced that only thirty more minutes would be allowed him. That there might be no mistake, an hourglass was set up to mark the time. When this had run out, fire was opened on the fort and several were killed and wounded. Manning, weak as were his forces, returned the fire, but six hundred Dutch were landed just back of where Trinity Church now stands, and advanced to the assault. Manning then surrendered.

With Dutch rulers again came Dutch names. The province was again called New Netherland, and the town, instead of either New Amsterdam or New York, was named New Orange, in honor of the Prince of Orange. There was little disagreement, however, between those of the different nationalities, Dutch and English, and in a short time every thing was moving along in the same peaceful channel as before. Anthony Colve was appointed temporary governor, and, leaving him two ships of war as a protection, the fleet sailed away in September. The towns along the Hudson quietly submitted, and New Jersey and Delaware made no resistance. Some of the settlements on Long Island required a sharp summons, which being given, they yielded. When the news reached New England there was much anger and alarm. In Hartford, many urged an attempt to retake the city, but Massachusetts held back. Colve, however, busied himself in preparing for an attack which he believed was more than likely to come from that direction.

He and his officers were thus employed in May, 1674, when two men entered the town from Connecticut, bringing with them a rumor of a treaty of peace between England and Holland, by which the Dutch province was restored to the British crown. The citizens of New Orange were so infuriated that they arrested and punished the innocent messengers for bearing such bad news. They swore that they would never consent to the surrender, but would fight to their last breath before they would give up the town again. But the news was true; England and the Netherlands had made a treaty of peace, one article of which was the surrender of the Dutch possessions in

1674.]

NEW NETHERLAND RESTORED TO ENGLAND.

165

America. Of course Colve had to obey; New Netherland once more changed hands, to remain henceforth, so long as it was a colony, the English colony of New York.

From Blaew's Theatre Monde. (In this curious map the north is at the bottom and the south at the top.)

As the re-conquest of New Netherland by the Dutch had extinguished the grant made to the Duke of York when the country first came into the possession of England,

so now, as the province had again changed hands, it was necessary to renew his patent.
This was done in June, 1674, and he appointed Major Edmund Andros as governor of
the territory. But any question of the loss of the Duke of York's title involved also the
title of Carteret and Berkeley to New Jersey, which they had held under grant from the
duke.
When, therefore, England once more gained possession of the territory by
treaty in 1674, Carteret went to the king and got from him a grant of all New Jersey
before the duke had moved for a renewal of his patent. Carteret, moreover, was
shrewd enough to leave out of this arrangement his old partner Berkeley, and this
brought up a new question. For Berkeley had sold out his share of the old grant from
the duke to Edward Byllinge, for whom it was held in trust by John Fenwicke, to whom
Byllinge was in debt. Here then were three serious controversies involving the whole
province of New Jersey: first, between the Duke of York and Carteret; second, between
Carteret and Byllinge and Fenwicke; and third, between Byllinge and Fenwicke them-
selves, who disagreed about the debt in security for which Fenwicke held Byllinge's
title to that part of the territory he had bought of Berkeley. An agreement was
reached at last, however, among all concerned by dividing the province into two parts,
to be called East New Jersey, to belong to Carteret, and West New Jersey, to belong
to Penn and his associates, the line between them running from Little Egg Harbor
on the coast to latitude 41° 40' on the upper Delaware River.

All these difficulties being thus disposed of for the time, Penn and his associates published proposals to Friends in England to form a colony, promising political and religious freedom, and all the land they wanted, to all who joined it. Fenwicke had already gone to West Jersey with a few persons and settled near Delaware Bay at Salem; and in March, 1677, a company of two hundred and thirty Friends, induced by Penn's representations of how much they might better their condition by going to America, sailed from London in a ship called the Kent. They stopped at New York, where Governor Andros detained them for some time, questioning their right to settle in New Jersey. Allowed at length to go on, the Kent reached Newcastle on the Delaware, August 16th. Three months more passed before the place of settlement was agreed upon, but finally the site of the present town of Burlington was selected. It was named Bridlington, as the larger part of the emigrants were from a town so called in the county of Yorkshire in England; but gradually the name changed from Bridlington to Brellington, and then to Burlington.

Meanwhile the proprietary right to the Jerseys remained unsettled, notwithstanding all the previous negotiations and agreements. Andros and Carteret kept up their quarrel about jurisdiction in East Jersey, and at one time Andros sent a file of soldiers to Elizabethport who took Carteret out of his bed and carried him a prisoner to New York. But at last, in 1680, the commissioners, to whom the various questions involved were left for decision, decided against the Duke of York; and he abandoned all claim to West Jersey, and gave a deed of East Jersey to George Carteret, the grandson of James. Two years afterward Penn and nine of his associates bought East Jersey of its new proprietor, and both the Jerseys thus came into the possession of the Friends.

CHAPTER XVI.

NEW HAMPSHIRE AND KING PHILIP'S WAR.

THE

HE region now divided between the states of New Hampshire and Maine, though earlier known than any other part of New England, except the shores of Massachusetts Bay, was settled more slowly. In 1623 the Plymouth (or northern) company, in England, granted to two of its most active members, Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason, all the country lying between the rivers Merrimac and Kennebec, bounding it at the north on the St. Lawrence, and westward on the Great Lakes. A western boundary at that period, however, had hardly any meaning; it was often made the Southern (or Pacific) Ocean, and how far that meant, nobody knew. Gorges and Mason named their grant Laconia; but in 1631 they divided it between them, Mason taking the western part and calling it New Hampshire, after the county of Hampshire, in England; and Gorges, the eastern part, which after a while came to be called Maine, for at that time it was common to speak of any long stretch of coast as the main, or, as we say now, the main land.

-

Settlements were made from time to time along the coast, which at first were only trading-posts, whence fish, timber, and furs were shipped to England. Some of them grew into towns, as Strawberry Bank - now Portsmouth Kittery, Exeter, Dover, and York, where a great city, to be called Gorgeana, was projected; but it never came to any thing beyond a project. Gorges and Mason were good loyalists and faithful members of the Church of England; and many of the settlers were of their way of thinking. But there were many more to whom the proprietary government of Gorges and Mason was irksome; who preferred, like the Massachusetts people, to govern themselves, and who inclined to the Puritanism of that colony. At the request of this portion of the inhabitants, New Hampshire came, in 1641, under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and so remained for about forty years.

It was a stormy period in the history of that province. The heirs of Mason got decisions in the courts of law in their favor, but the people resisted all attempts to collect rents, or to eject them from their houses and farms. The king, Charles II., at length interfered, and made New Hampshire a royal province in 1679. But that did not mend matters in the least. The people were as impatient of royal governors as they were of proprietary rule, so long as these governors attempted to enforce the proprietary claims.

As an evidence of the temper of the people, it may be related that when a sheriff tried to make an arrest during divine service, one of the young maidens brought down a

folio Bible on his head with such a thwack that he went over with his heels in air. The rest of the worshipers rallying around the damsel, the whole posse was put to flight. In many of the houses, the wives kept a goodly quantity of boiling water, with which to douse the odious officials when they presented themselves. In 1685 Walter Barefoot was the royal deputy-governor. Two sturdy settlers called on him one day to give him

a piece of their mind, for his too eager devotion to the interests of the Mason heirs. Robert Mason, the son of John, the original proprietary, was present; hot words were soon passing back and forth, and the visitors were ordered to leave the house.

To hurry matters Mason attempted to put one of them out of doors. Quick as a flash, the settler caught him by the throat, and tumbled him into the fire-place. Bare