plant, the tubes were found absolutely clean internally, and the economizer was kept in service without being cleaned or washed It is expected that the cost of cleaning will be reduced and that the etticiency of the economizers will be materially increased.

We feel that the success of operation and reduced cost of maintenance is largely a question of "layout." In many of the older installations, economizers were placed in inaccessible locations, where inspection and repair work were difficult, if not impossible, to perform

Table LV shows the comparative cost of repairs to economizer soot cleaners, as between scrapers and mechanical soot blowers:

Table LVI shows maintenance cost per year, both total and in cents per square foot of surface, for the last few years, of a number of economizer instal'ations, some of which are from live to twenty years old, which will give very interesting sideligh's on this item

Attention is called to the grand average maintenance cost representing approximately 401 000 square feet of economizer surface, installed between 1826 and 1918, is 5.79% per square foot

A report has been received of an ecotomizer having a small water caracity, called the kabitz System, made in Belgum Pas is described as a lowpressure economizer of cast iron pipe, with radang vanes, easy to dean Only one top header is used, the pipes forming V-tubes Five nm (3 16 inches) deposit inside of the pipes is sel to reduce the capacity 20 per cent and that it cannot be used for hard water or smoky flue gases carrying cinders On account of the smal contents of the economizer, danger of ex; levon, due to the ollection of com bustible ga es in the uter part of the binang reduced to a rum, fu It is stated that t'e de and for greater eft ceroy of boters has made their stal lation of econom zers compa' ory in practically all installations, and that the efficiencies are mareased from 5 per cent to 10 per cent in all cases

Uniform Boiler I aw Society

The following is a statement from Mr Charles

E Gorton, Chairman of the American Uniform Boiler Law Society, giving a (condensed) report of the progress made during the past year,

to The

"In giving a report of the various actrities of this Society during the past year, the feeling of our Execu tive (mmittce and mysef was t' at general conditions prevading throng', at the country. it was our duty to lend every assistance possle to the Inspection Departmen's of

afe operating under the Cove, in order that they m“, • better advantage, rat'er than push leg wat n which had for its obre、t the a 554, n of new States to thise that have already al pod the Code

"The Industrial Accident Commission of the State of Oregon on line 8, 1921, ad prod the rules of the American Society of M danical Engineers as revise i for the year 148 and also tend the dates upon which they be me effective as fil ws Part I. relating to new installations, becomes effective July 1, 1921 Part II, relative to existing installations, becomes effective January 1 1-22'

"We are pleased to report that the State of Calforn a has detr tels approved the a! phon of the 1-1× kali n of the (de and has a so ad prod the Lox motive Code, known as Section 3 Part 1, of the Cale

"During the 1-21 session of the l'inos Legislature, a Bul known as Senate 141 Na 19, was introduced in the interests of the Cdde legulatin The P was recommended out of e mmittee for passage, passed "rat and second reading and was on the cantar for third and tnal passage, when cowing to ĉimobications w`a h arise, it was deemed a forsale in it to a 'wit tog to fnal v te, but to remain upon the ca er lar Wut action at that session

"In our last annual report, mention was male of the petition w! h we fed with the Marra ty and of Ferer kule At the pubs hearing he'd m boston, November, 1929, the Bard of Euler Kules upon their own initiative, incorporated some of te

the Masa bretts Fules wish we had designated as min r ¢ Heret.crs and at the prewrit time there exist only three it for ma ལྟ་བའི་སའི་རྒྱས པ མར པ་ The ASME Cole Cemitter has atp-ed Dr DS Jacobus ard Mr Fred R. Low of New Ya and Mr Irving Modt p of Pan ས་ ཐོ་ སྙ ོ་ཛཝ-ཛནི་མཁོ་ • fer with the Mana busetts Pard in may awertain if it is not poiss." e to re feren es Our Society is comperate "Aiter quite some corrente r firms and especia' v the

t'at we

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Ass wat n in the Terr↑ ry ,།』 a༞ན༔་དཱིན ༴ ས་ཛོ་ཟིང་ tain if it would be advisaxe to take up with the Inn torial Governor the queen of having Det

as the star fard of the Terrd ry, we ficrands irgin ma'i n

***As a matter of fat the Hawa, an Astxat n has ts * I

having already adopted the Code as the State Boiler Standard for Delaware.

"Some nineteen bills have been introduced during the legislative sessions of the States during the past year, some of which were inimicable to our work and the interests of the members of our Society, and we have endeavored to meet this class of legislation in a way that we felt would be satisfactory to those interested.

"During the latter part of 1921 and early part of 1922, we were called upon to adjust differences that had arisen between manufacturers, members of our Society, and the boiler inspection departments of some of the States that have adopted the Code as their standard. We were also called to adjust differences that had arisen in some departments in relation to misunderstandings that have been brought about through department interpretations of the Code.

"The Chairman was called hurriedly, before the holidays, to San Francisco, Los Angeles and Portland, Oregon, to see what could be done in adjusting actions that had been taken by the inspection departments, that apparently were in a way contrary to the Code or to interpretations that had been rendered by the Code Committee. Although these cases were very much complicated, we are pleased to state that all of them have been adjusted satisfactorily to all interested parties, and had we not taken the action we did, serious trouble would have resulted.

"We have before us now questions looking toward the strengthening of the inspection departments of two or three other States. This being an off year, our efforts, as far as legislation is concerned, will be confined to the States of Virginia and Kentucky, and possibly Georgia, later on, if our Executive Committee deem it advisable.

"You will readily see that our work during the past year has been of such a nature that it was not advisable to issue our usual Bulletins; also that the work has been such that it would be almost impossible to go into minute details. That being the case, we have tried to give you an outline of the work that has been carried on, by the members of the Administrative Council Executive Committee and the Chairman during the year 1921 and forepart of the year 1922."

Manufacturers' Statements-Boilers

The Babcock & Wilcox Co.

"There was so little purchasing or even inquiry during the year 1921 that there is little to say regarding improvements in our products, except perhaps that we are experimenting upon an arrangement of heating surface in boilers which makes efficient provision for the removal of slag accumulations on boiler tubes resulting from high rates of burning coal having high sulphur content and other impurities, which have a low fusing

point. The experiments are not sufficiently advanced to warrant publication of details."

Phillips-Badenhausen

"Over three and one-half years ago there was a series of tests run on Badenhausen boilers containing 16,760 sq. ft. of heating surface, to which was attached a Badenhausen Perfect Circulating Preheater, having 8247 sq. ft. of heating surface.

"There were several tests run on one of the seven boilers, one being for twenty-four hours continuous operation. This boiler was fired with Hocking Valley coal having 11,629 B.t.u. as fired, using a twelve-retort, 22-Tuyere Taylor stoker and when the boiler and preheater were delivering 3460 hp. mean of test, which is equivalent to over 200 per cent rating when referred to the boiler, the efficiency was 85.14 per cent.

"This performance has never been equalled by any installation of preheater boilers since; to our knowledge the nearest approach is that of a Stirling boiler installed in the plant of the Philadelphia Electric Company, where the efficiency of the boiler, preheater and superheater was 81.7 per cent.

"A recent installation of Badenhausen boilers, 750 hp. each, and superheaters when using oil as fuel, a combination indicating 13.7 CO, has shown the gas exit temperatures to be within 20 degrees of the heat of the water in the boiler when the boiler was operating from 150 per cent to 200 per cent of rating.

"Improvements have also been made in the baffles and baffling which should produce higher efficiency and practically constant efficiency at any rating."

The Bigelow Company

"Little can be said other than covered in the report made by our company last year to the Prime Movers Committee.

"There is now in operation, however, the new powerhouse of the Hartford Electric Light Company, known as the South Meadow Station, Hartford, Conn. (Stone & Webster, engineers), which have installed at present four Bigelow-Hornsby boilers, equipped with integral steel economizers, having a total heating surface of 16,670 sq. ft. each, designed to operate at 275 pounds pressure, with final steam temperature of 650 degrees, each boiler having an excess of 10,000 hp. maximum rating. Furnace volume 4.2 cu. ft. per rated hp. The interesting features of this furnace are shown in Fig. 348 of the section on Stoking Equipment and Furnaces.

Higher Pressure and Superheat

"We have had practically no demand for the furnishing of boilers over 300 pounds gauge pressure and final steam temperature in excess of 650 degrees. We have not attempted to go into the design of boilers above this pressure, believing that the demand will not develop for boilers of greater pressure.

"In regard to the matter of final temperature, we, of course, are not manufacturers of superheaters, but believe that for final temperatures much in excess of 600 degrees, it will mean adopting superheaters for absorbing of radiant heat, rather than the location merely for the absorption of the heat by the travel of the gases over the heating surface.

"As to the advisability of going to pressures higher than 300 pounds, or temperatures much in excess of 650 degrees, we believe that the difficulties encountered will be beyond the matter of design of the boiler and superheater."

The D. Connelly Boiler Co.

"We have recently completed in the Congress Street Station of the Detroit Edison Company, Detroit, Michigan, a six-drum double-end type water tube boiler, of exactly the same design as shown by Fig. 48, page 54 of the 1921 Prime Movers Report.

"This boiler, however is 2982 hp.. being 52 tubes wide. This boiler, we believe, is the largest steam

boiler that has ever been built, and it is at present in operation, but test data is not yet available. The boiler is baffled so as to get five passes of the gases in exactly the same manner as the two 1543-hp. units recently installed."

Edge Moor Iron Company

"We have not installed any large or representative plants. While we have some interesting studies in hand, we have nothing that we could bring to your attention at this time."

Heine Boiler Co.

"Up to within a year or two ago, we built nothing but Heine boilers of the typical stayed waterleg type. The practical limit for boilers of this type is approximately 1000 hp., of which size we have built a very considerable number, all of which are giving satisfactory service.

"It has, however, been apparent to us that the demand for still larger boiler units is growing, and it is clear, therefore, that unless we are prepared to furnish such larger units, we must be barred from much desirable business. With this idea in mind, we have, for several years past, been engaged in designing a vertical bent tube type of boiler, as well as a cross drum sectional header horizontal straight tube type, known as our V-type and S-type respectively, and of which some sales have been made.

"Last December, we closed a contract with the city of Lansing for three (3) 1500-hp. V-type boilers, the general arrangement of which is shown in Fig. 306. These boilers are designed for a safe working pressure of 275 lb. per sq. in. and will be set with underfeed forced draft stokers. Particular attention is directed to the unique arrangement of tubes, and especially to the use of radiant heat type of superheater. The usual facilities for removing dust and soot accumulations are provided, and all parts of the boilers are readily accessible.

"Early in February, we closed a contract with the Kansas City Power & Light Company for two (2) 1270 hp. S-type boilers, the arrangement of which is shown in Fig. 307. These boilers are built for a safe working pressure of 300 lb. per sq. in. They will be equipped with forced draft chain grate stokers, designed to develop from 250 to 300% capacity. The headers are of the general shape shown in Fig. 308, and are made of cast steel. The limit of size of boilers is dependent largely upon the practical length of drum which can be fabricated."

The George T. Ladd Company

"During the past year there has been very little installation work showing departure from our standard designs.

"The large boilers at the Ford plant have now been in operation for sixteen months, with three boilers on the line during the daytime, each one deliverng from 220,000 to 240,000 lb. of steam per hour from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m.; 80,000 lb. being its normal rating.

"The total steam temperature varies less than 8% between 150 and 300% rating.

"One of these boilers has operated at 300% rating for 14 hours, then at 360% for 1 hour, and then at 370% for 20 minutes, dropping back to 200% for the remainder of the twenty-four hours, and subsequently operating at 402% of rating. The exit temperatures were 520 degrees at 200% and 680 degrees at 402% of rating.

"Two boiler tubes have been replaced in the four boilers in fifteen months' operation. These were removed during periods of inspection, due to the presence of small blisters which it was feared might later cause trouble. It is hoped to get a complete set of tests on these boilers this year.

"We have also worked out a design for a boiler which can be built in sizes up to 9000 hp. Two of