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Beware of Substitutes and Imitations.

NEW ENGLANDER

AND

YALE REVIEW

NULLIUS ADDICTUS JURARE IN VERBA MAGISTRI

MAY, 1888.

ART. I. The German Empire.

Prof. Richard Hudson, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. II. In Memoriam. Nathaniel J. Burton.

Prof. Geo. B. Adams, Drury College, Springfield, Missouri.

UNIVERSITY TOPICS.

The Political Science Club.

CURRENT LITERATURE.

Governor Chamberlain's Administration in South Carolina. By Walter Allen.-History of the People of Israel till the Time of King David. By Ernest Renan.

NEW HAVEN:

WILLIAM L. KINGSLEY, PROPRIETOR.

Tuttle, Morehouse and Taylor, Printers, 371 State Street.

SCRIBNER'S IMPORTANT NEW BOOKS.

LIFE AND LETTERS OF GEORGE PERKINS MARSH.

Compiled by CAROLINE CRANE MARSH. With Portrait. Vol. I., 8vo, net $3.50. Published April 14.

The eminence of Mr. Marsh among American scholars and diplomats gives special importance to this full review of his life as compiled from his private papers. The work covers his long residence in Italy as the Minister from the United States, in which position he was brought into contact with many notable personages. The story of his life, as told in this, and the second and concluding volume soon to follow, presents a complete portrait of one of the most distinguished of Americans of strong intellectual fibre.

MR. MARSH'S WORKS:

"Lectures on the English Language." Revised and Enlarged. 1 vol., 8vo, $3.50."The Origin and History of the English Language and of the Early Literature it Embodies." Revised Edition. 1 vol., 8vo, $3.50.-The Earth as Modified by Human Action." Revised Edition. 1 vol., crown 8vo, $3.50.

"These notable volumes were received on both sides of the Atlantic with immediate and distinguished favor by the best authorities in English scholarship.”—The Andover Review.

ETERNAL ATONEMENT.

By ROSWELL DWIGHT HITCHCOCK, D.D., LL.D. With Portrait. 1 vol., 12mo, $1.50.

This volume is more than a collection of sermons. It is of importance and will attract attention because in it are embodied the ripest beliefs of a singularly acute theologian and because it reveals the breadth and symmetry of his mind. Dr. Hitchcock published so little in his lifetime that this volume, representing his profoundest convic tions and presented in clear, convincing style, is an addition of the highest value to theological literature of permanent interest.

THE SEMINARY METHOD

Of Original Study in the Historical Sciences, Illustrated from Church History. By FRANK HUGH FOSTER, Ph.D. (Leipsic), Professor of Church History in the Theological Seminary at Oberlin. 1 vol., 12mo, $1.00.

This book has received cordial praise from college authorities and from the public. The purpose of the author is to explain in detail the German Seminary Method which sends the student to original sources of information in such departments of knowledge as have had historic development. The bulk of the book is devoted to a discussion of the practical workings of the plan in its application to students in American colleges and universities.

SOCIETY IN ROME UNDER THE CESARS.

By WILLIAM RALPH INGE, M.A., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, and Assistant Master at Eton. 1 vol., 12mo, $1.25.

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THE EARLY DAYS OF MORMONISM;

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WHAT IS THE BIBLE?

An Inquiry into the Origin and Nature of the Old and New Testaments in the Light of Modern Biblical Study. By GEORGE T. LADD, D.D. 1 vol., 12mo, $2.00. "The reader may withhold his assent from conclusions which the author has reached in his laborious investigations, but he will find in this book an instructive review of the most important questions now engaging the attention of thoughtful students of the Bible."-The Independent.

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THE INDEX GUIDE

To Travel and Art Study in Europe. By LAFAYETTE C. LOOMIS, A.M., M.D. With Plans and Catalogues. 160 Illustrations. 1 vol., 16mo, leather, New and Cheaper Edition for 1888, Revised and Re-written. $3.00.

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AFTER the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the states of Germany, more than three hundred in number and ranging from great powers like Austria and Prussia to states a few square miles in extent and with a few hundred subjects, were practically independent, although the Empire to which they owed a nominal allegiance lingered on till the beginning of this century. Germany emerged from the Napoleonic era with the number of its states reduced by mediatization to thirty-nine, which now that the Empire was no more, possessed the name as well as the substance of sovereignty. The Confederation or league of states, established in 1815 under the presidency of Austria, was far from satisfying the national aspirations which had been quickened by the struggle against Napoleon. The rivalry between the two leading states of the Confederation, Austria and Prussia, had to be settled before satisfactory institutions could be established. It was not until the Prussian victory of Sadowa had excluded Austria from Germany that, under the leadership of Prussia, the North German Confedera

tion was formed, which after the victory of Sedan and the accession of the South German states, became the German Empire, though without any change in its fundamental principles.

It will thus be seen that there are marked points of resemblance between the history of Germany and that of our own country. After the abolition of the Empire the states were sovereign and as sovereign states established a league, the organ of which was the Diet at Frankfort, just as the American states established the government under the Articles of Confederation in which the sovereignty of the states was expressly recognized. In both cases this loose union was found inadequate and the league was converted into a federal state. The federal state, to which class the United States, Switzerland since 1848, and the German Empire belong, lies midway be tween a simple state and such a state as Austria-Hungary. Italy was formed by the union of several states, but the states were absorbed in the new kingdom leaving it not a compound but a simple state. Austria-Hungary, at the other extreme of state formation, is not one state but two, united under a common monarch and by mutual obligations voluntarily assumed. The federal state, however, is a real state; but the states by the union of which it has been formed, far from being absorbed in it, retain their individuality and continue to exercise in their own name and by their own authority many of the powers of government.

But while the United States and the German Empire are both federal states, there are between them many points of dif ference. In our American system the powers of government are divided in such a way that the possession or at least the exercise of any particular power by the United States, excludes its possession or its exercise by the states. Each government acts with perfect freedom and with complete authority on its own side of the line which forms the common boundary of the two jurisdictions. The United States can not prescribe to the states the manner in which they shall exercise their reserved powers. It is because the authority of the states is, within these limits, original and absolute that jurists usually designate it as sovereignty. In Germany also some subjects belong exclusively to the competence of the Empire and others to the competence