spiritual profit." It is meant for private reading in connection with the Scriptures, and for Sunday schools and Bible classes. The plan is to give, briefly yet clearly, such information about the different periods of sacred history, and the several books that compose the Bible, as will make the reading more intelligent and profitable, including maps and pictures of objects of historical and antiquarian interest relating to the Old Testament, to which seventenths of the volume are devoted. For example, the first chapter has twenty pages on "the Times before our Bible;" the second nineteen on "the Times before our Bible was written," or between the Flood and the call of Abraham; the third twenty, on "the Life of Abraham." The nineteenth chapter has twenty pages on "the Times between the Old and New Testaments." The illustrations stimulate the reader's interest in the places and events concerned. An index of eight leaves is appended. The author is not indicated except by initials, nor have we known the earlier books named as from the same hand, so as to judge by that means of his or her qualifications; but we have examined enough of the work to see that proper sources of information are consulted, and pains are taken to make it a valuable help to the understanding of the Scriptures in their connection. The style is clear and the spirit is devout.

THE PERSON OF CHRIST.*--Nearly half of this work is occupied with an exposition of the testimony of the writers of the New Testament, and of Jesus himself, in respect to his person. By this exposition of the New Testament Christology, the author claims to contribute incidentally to establish the propositions, that the Christ of the Synoptic gospels and of John presuppose each other; that the Christ of the fourth gospel and of the Apocalypse are in perfect harmony; and that the Christology of Paul's epistles presents an organic whole; and thus to settle all critical questions respecting the New Testament.

In the remainder of the work the author presents and vindicates his views respecting the relation of the Son so the Father, and of the Spirit to both, and the nature of Christ's humiliation and glorification. He advocates the doctrine of eternal generation as

*The Scripture Doctrine of the Person of Christ. Freely translated from the German of W. F. GESS, with many additions. By J. A. REUBELT, D.D., Professor in Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind. Andover: Warren F. Draper. 12mo. pp. 456.

1870.

"the eternal flow of the divine life from the Father into the Son." "The Holy Ghost proceeds both from the Father and the Son, not only as to his coming from heaven into our hearts, but also as to the origin of his own life."

He teaches that "the eternal Logos underwent a change in his incarnation, divesting himself of his divine form of existence and of his divine attributes." "He laid aside his eternal divine selfconsciousness, in order to awake one really human. This involved the suspension of omnipotence and eternal holiness. . . . With omniscience, the omnipotent government of the universe and omnipresence were laid aside." Jesus, therefore, began his earthly life without the knowledge that he was the Son of God. This he gradually acquired by his study of the Old Testament and meditating thereon; by the indwelling of the Father's fullness in him; and by occasional flashes of remembrance from his antemundane state. After his ascension, the Son of God receives or resumes his divine glory, retaining, however, his real humanity. The flow of the divine life from the Father, which had been interrupted by the humiliation of the Son, is resumed after the ascension. "As the glorified Son remains man, a man is thus received into the trinitarian life of the Deity, from and by the glorification of the Son."

The method adopted by the translator is censurable. He has translated and published the work to communicate his own views rather than the author's. He avows that he has sometimes modified the text; where he does not agree with the author, he substitutes his own views in the text, and refers to the author's in a

note.

HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL.

CURTIUS' HISTORY OF GREECE. Vol. II.*-The volume of this excellent work which we have now before us will probably be regarded by the generality of readers as the most interesting and attractive of the series. Its predecessor was mainly occupied with descriptions of Grecian lauds, and with attempts to trace amid the haze of a remote antiquity the early movements and settlements of Grecian tribes. The leading subject of the present

Translated by

* The History of Greece. By Professor Dr. ERNST CURTIUS. ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, M.A., Fellow of St. Peter's College, Cambridge, Professor of History in Owens College, Manchester. Revised after the last German edition by W. A. Packard, Ph.D., Professor of Latin in the College of New Jersey. Vol. II. New York: Charles Scribner & Co. 1871. 12mo, pp. 675.

volume is that momentous hundred years' struggle with the Persian power, which not only rescued Hellenic freedom and culture from the overwhelming flood of barbarian conquest, but stimulated both to the fullest and most rapid development. The two volumes to come will be full of interest, but that interest will be mixed with much that is sombre and saddening; for the first will show how the best promise of political unity and strength for Greece was blasted by the complete overthrow of the Athenian power in the Peloponnesian war; and the second will show how the energies of the single states were exhausted in protracted conflicts with each other, till they became unable to resist the forces of a petty kingdom, wielded by an able and ambitious prince. Even in this volume the reader is continually and painfully impressed with the dangers and evils of the Greek political system: he is made to see how nearly the Greek cause was ruined, notwithstanding the courage and patriotism of its defenders, by the separate interests of the little states, their mutual suspicions, jealousies, and enmities,-how certainly it would have been ruined, but for the amazing fatuity with which the war was conducted on the Persian side. The American student of history may well rejoice that the secessionist theory, which maintained the separate independence of our states, and allowed only loose confederations subject to the continual danger of disruption, did not prevail in the trial by arms. He may justly feel that no sacrifices could be too great which were required to avert from our country the disastrous consequences of such a system.

The volume opens with a chapter on the causes and influences which kept up among the Hellenes, in spite of their political subdivision, a certain sense of national unity. Foremost among these he places the Delphic Amphictyony, with its oracle of Apollo on Mount Parnassus. Delphi, he holds, was the real centre and bond of union for the Hellenic races, the focus not of their religion only, but also of their civilization and their nationality. But the Delphic priesthood, by its selfishness and venality, had, even before the Persian wars, forfeited the respect of the Greeks, and lost the salutary influence which it formerly exercised.

The second chapter describes the conflicts of the Asiatic Greeks with the Lydian kings; their brief subjection to the power of Croesus; the sudden destruction of this power, which, though hostile to Greek independence, was a barrier against the far more dangerous onset of the Persians; the quickly following subjuga

tion of the coast cities by Harpagus; the restlessness of these cities under their new masters; and finally the disastrous revolt of the Ionians, with the barbarous destruction of their chief town Miletus. In the next chapter we see the flood of Asiatic invasion sweeping against Greece itself. Beaten back at Marathon, it returns with added force in the swarming hosts of Xerxes. Checked at Thermopylae and Artemisium, signally defeated at Salamis, it is at last utterly and irretrievably broken on the decisive field of Platææ. The narrative of these events given by Curtius is in a high degree distinct, rapid, and glowing. It does justice to the good qualities of the Persian invaders. The common impression, that the armies of Darius and Xerxes were composed of weaklings and cowards, finds no countenance here. The Persian soldiers fought with spirit and courage, and nothing but the enormous mistakes of their leaders--mistakes of every kind, military, political, religious--could have prevented their triumph. We say "religious;" for, as the author shows, one of the greatest blunders on the Persian side was that desecration of Greek temples, which was prompted by the fanaticism of the Magi, priests of the Zoroastrian faith, and which roused the religious feeling of the Greeks to the support of their often dormant patriotism.

The two chapters which remain are occupied with the history of Greece-which for this period is mainly the history of Athens --during the half century which separated the battle of Platææ from the breaking out of the Peloponnesian war. The first traces the external history, describing the advance of Athens to a dom- . inant position as head of a consolidated naval and maritime empire. This advance Curtius treats, not as the product of Athenian ambition and selfishness, but rather as a natural outgrowth of the existing circumstances, especially the necessity of a common defence against the Persians, together with the matchless energy and self-sacrifice which the Athenians had shown during the invasions of Greece. The closing chapter shows us the internal history of the same period. The portrait of Pericles, its guiding and organizing genius, is drawn with almost unqualified admiration: the condemning judgment of Plato, founded on Quixotic ideas of the state and statesmanship, but repeated by modern writers under the influence of anti-democratic prejudice, finds no echo here. The relations of Athens with her subject allies, her system of finance, her colonial policy, her commerce and manu. factures, and the like, are presented briefly, but with great sharp

ness and clearness. Still more masterly, perhaps, are the sketches of the intellectual life of Athens, the progress of history, philosophy, astronomy, of oratory and poetry, of tragedy and comedy, of painting, sculpture, and architecture. The fine taste of the author, his love of art, his liberal spirit, his ready sympathy, his long familiarity with the monuments of ancient genius,—all fit him in a preeminent degree for this part of his work as a historian.

KILLEN'S HISTORY OF THE OLD CATHOLIC CHURCH.*-Dr. Killen has published before a history of the first three centuries. Hence, on the ante-Nicene period, he is brief, in the present volume; giving results rather than the arguments and evidence by which they are reached. On the remaining portion of the first seven centuries after the apostolic age, he is more full. His learning is respectable and his style perspicuous. The portion relating to British Church history, especially in relation to Saint Patrick and the old British Christianity, prior to the Saxon victories, is of interest and value. There is manifested in this work something of that ungenial tone which is frequently exhibited in books which are written from the stand-point of Scottish Calvinism. Pelagius is not only an errorist, but a "heresiarch"; the old British Christians might have settled their disputes about Easter, by giving up that observance as a remnant of Judaism, etc. The metaphysical talent outstrips the historical, generally, in the Scottish mind, although Scotland has furnished a number of notable historical writers.

MELINE'S MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS.-The " some remarks on Mr. Froude's History," which are promised on the title page of this book, are a rancorous attack upon that work. The effect of the criticisms, which on some points are well-founded, for Froude is not a very trustworthy historian, is almost lost by the virulent partisan tone in which they are expressed, and by the frag mentary, disjointed way in which the discussion is carried for

*The Old Catholic Church, or the History, Doctrine, Worship, and Polity of the Christians, traced from the apostolic age to the establishment of the Pope as a temporal sovereign. By W. D. KILLEN, D.D. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. 1871. New York: Scribner, Welford, & Armstrong.

+Mary, Queen of Scots, and her latest English Historian. A narrative of the principal events in the life of Mary Stuart, with some remarks on Mr. Froude's History of England. By JAMES F. MELINE. New York: Hurd & Houghton.