Dr. Junkin, however, was a true patriot. He was not, like some of the politicians of his party, a man ready to abandon his country in the hour of her need, or to advise the mild course when the enemy had assailed the nation's life. From the outbreak of the war, he was a firm, unyielding, and self-sacrificing advocate of the cause of the Union. The day for action, even to his view, had come, and the time for persuasion was ended. The story of his leaving the Southern college with which he was connected is worthy of a place in the annals of the conflict. He proved himself a true man, and the readers of his biography will pardon much that may seem unwise or mistaken in the earlier days, because of this heroic stand which he took at the end. Had his brother left his life where he left it-with no late defense of the wrong views, but with the act that contradicted and, as it were, atoned for them-the book would have honored its subject more perfectly than it has done.

The reader of this volume will find much that is interesting in it. The man, of whom it gives the life-story, was a man of unusual powers and prominence. He was a distinguished preacher and teacher and leader in the Church. He was decided and firm in his opinions, and fearless in his defense of them. He was an earnest Christian, but with that want of toleration for others which characterized the party with whom he was associated and among whom he was educated. He was one whose biography may properly have been written and may well be read. If his biographer had written it, without defending the course which he took on the great questions to which reference has been made, we should have only commendation to bestow upon the book.

GENEALOGY OF THE STRONG FAMILY.*-Dr. Benjamin W. Dwight, of Clinton, N. Y., has rendered, in this book, a service to the family whose name it bears, which can scarcely be overestimated. With indefatigable industry and an enthusiasm which knows no bounds, he has searched out all the branches of a race, which is as strong in members as it is in name. In two volumes of 750 pages each, he has given an account of some 30,000 persons, and has, thus, enabled any one of the race who examines the book to trace out his

* The History of the Descendants of Elder John Strong, of Northampton, Mass. By BENJAMIN W. DWIGHT, Author of The Higher Christian Education and of Modern Philology. Albany, N. Y.: Joel Munsell. 1871. 8vo. 2 vols. pp. 768,

relationship in every direction. The recording of such a family history is a great and important work. It is a part of the country's history, and shows how the best character of the nation has been gradually developed. Dr. Dwight's method is, by far, the best that we have ever seen in any genealogical book. In the · first place, he abandons the absurd course of most writers of his class, who limit themselves to the lines of the male descendants, as if the daughters had not as much claim on the family as the sons, and their children had not the family blood and inheritance as fully as the sons' children. The glory of a family, indeed, in the successive generations, is often most conspicuous in the descendants of the female line. Dr. Dwight gives the daughters and the sons an equal place, and, in this way, gives, as every genealogist ought to give, the history, not of one half of the family, but of the whole of it. He, also, presents the line of descent in each family within the general family, instead of giving each generation by itself. In this way, every person is enabled to find, at once and without long searching, his own descent from the original stock, as well as the line of his immediate ancestry and relatives. No one can examine the book, without perceiving the great advantage to the reader of this method of giving the genealogy. Dr. Dwight is connected, on the maternal side, with the family to whose record he has so generously devoted so much of his time. It is quite remarkable to notice how many distinguished persons are found within the circle of the descendants. The good old stock of New England is seen in its excellence in such a book. The fathers and mothers of our early history shine out in their virtue and in the vigor of their mental power, as one after another of their posterity, in the progress of the generations, is continually rising to eminence or blessing the world by his influence.

This book must, from the nature of the case, have a limited circulation. But to all interested in family-histories we heartily commend it. Its author ought to be abundantly repaid for his labor of love.

MISCELLANEOUS.

HALF-HOURS WITH MODERN SCIENTISTS.—Messrs. C. C. Chatfield & Co., of New Haven, have collected in a volume the essays on scientific subjects which they have heretofore published in the separate numbers of the "University Scientific Series." The contents are: On the Physical Basis of Life. By Prof. T. H. Huxley.

-Correlation of Vital and Physical Forces. By Prof. G. F. Barker, M.D.-As regards Protoplasm-Reply to Huxley. By James Hutchison Stirling.-On the Hypothesis of Evolution. By Prof. E. D. Cope.-Scientific Addresses, by Prof. John Tyndall, on the Methods and Tendencies of Physical Investigation.-On Haze and Dust.-On the Scientific Use of the Imagination.

THE TRUE SITE OF CALVARY.*—In a little volume, so thin that but for its binding it would be called a pamphlet, Mr. Fisher Howe has proposed a theory concerning the locality of our Lord's crucifixion, and has wrought out an ingenious and striking argument in support of what might seem at first a mere conjecture.

King James's translators, following the example of all their predecessors from Wycliffe onward, have given us in Luke xxiii, 33, as the proper name of the place in question, a word from the dialect of Latin Christianity, “Calvary." The name by which the place was known in Jerusalem is given by Matthew, by Mark, and by John, as "Golgotha;" and they add in Greek the significance of the name, " the place of a skull." Luke, whose style is more polished and to whom the Hebrew word may have seemed too uncouth for readers like the "most excellent Theophilus," names the place only by the Greek word Kranion, "Skull." Probably the name Calvaria was never known in Jerusalem till after the New Testament had been translated into Latin. Had the translation of Kranion been, uniformly, "Skull" in our Bible, as it is Calvaria in the Vulgate, the name "Calvary" would have had no currency among English-speaking Protestants.

Assuming that the name Golgotha or Skull was descriptive and denoted some skull-shaped eminence-an opinion which has been held heretofore by learned and judicious critics, and without which there is no reason for talking as preachers and hymn-writers do about "Calvary's mournful mount" or "The hill of Calvary "-Mr. Howe maintains that the cavernous rock known as the Grotto of Jeremiah agrees more exactly than any other place with every hint given by the sacred writers. (1) Jesus "suffered without the gate:" this eminence is outside of the ancient as well as the existing wall, and is near the well known Damascus Gate. (2) The place where Jesus was crucified was "nigh to the city:" so is this place.

* The True Site of Calvary, and Suggestions relating to the Resurrection. By FISHER HOWE, Author of "Oriental and Sacred Scenes." With an Illustrative Map of Jerusalem. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Co. 8vo, pp. 68.

(3) It was known by a name signifying Skull: other travelers as well as Mr. Howe have observed a resemblance to the shape of a human skull in "the cliff directly facing the wall, with its rounded cranium and its black socket." (4) The place of the crucifixion was near a road where Simon the Cyrenian was coming to Jerusalem out of the country, and where "they that were passing by" reviled the august sufferer: this place is hard by the great thoroughfare northward. (5) The place in question was so conspicuous that the women who had followed Jesus from Galilee, standing afar off, could see what was done; and that not the mob only (who would be kept at some distance by the military guard), but the chief priests (would hardly follow a condemned prisoner to the place of execution) could stand beholding: so this hill is strikingly conspicuous; spectators on the city wall over against it could see distinctly all that was done, and many a taunt or execration from the crowd could be heard across the chasm between. (6) Golgotha was in the vicinity of rich men's gardens and sepulchers, for Joseph of Arimathea had a garden there with a new tomb in it, hewn out of the rock: such must have been the vicinity of this hill before Jerusalem fell; for "the region here about the head of the Kidron is rocky and full of excavated tombs all the way down to Jerusalem." Without affirming that the argument is absolutely conclusive, we may say that no other place has been proposed which is more likely to be recognized by anybody as the true site of Calvary, after the ecclesiastical tradition certifying the genuineness of the showplace in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher shall have become a little more palpably preposterous than it now is.

When this little book had been waiting on our table only a few days, we were startled by the announcement of the author's death. Sharing with nearer friends in the sorrow that we shall see his face no more, we may here transcribe the last words of his modest essay.

"If we shall have, in this unprofessional effort, subserved the cause of truth in any measure, or if it has been our privilege to shed any light on the locality of that grand event-of all others the most momentous in its influence and consequences to human character and destiny-we would be devoutly thankful to our Heavenly Father."

THE SECOND SERIES OF FROUDE'S SHORT STUDIES ON GREAT SUBJECTS* is no less attractive than the first, for the interest of

* Short Studies on Great Subjects. By JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE, M.A. Second

the topics themselves, and the freshness and strength with which they are treated. Calvinism; An Address to the Students at St. Andrews; A Bishop of the Twelfth Century; Father Newman on "The Grammar of Assent;" Condition and Prospects of Protestantism; England and her Colonies; A Fortnight in Kerry, Part I; Reciprocal Duties of State and Subject; The Merchant and his Wife; On Progress; The Colonies once more; Education. A Fortnight in Kerry, Part II; England's War; The Eastern Question; Scientific Method applied to History; make a list of titles which of themselves would attract the reader if they were treated with only moderate ability. As treated by Froude, they present a succession of brilliant and effective essays by one of the most masterly of living writers. When we say masterly, we do not say trustworthy in respect to either arguments or conclusions, for we must confess that Froude is often extravagant and one-sided, even when his aims and direction are in the main such as we approve. But even in his most extravagant and unqualified utterances, he displays a manliness of conception, a brilliancy of illustration, and a directness and force of style which command attention and respect. His extreme and one-sided opinions even have some semblance of truth that make them worth considering. The essay on the Condition and Prospects of Protestantism in the present volume is for very many reasons fitted to repel and offend a right-minded man. And yet the truths which it almost caricatures are set forth with a spirit and power which make the essay most valuable and effective for a reader who knows how to use it aright. We feel warranted in recommending these volumes to those who are capable of discrimination as eminently quickening and instructive.

FOUR YEARS AT YALE.*-One of the recent graduates of Yale College, whose name, though he modestly withholds it from the title-page, we believe is generally known in New Haven, has presented to the public, in this volume, an account of the interior life of the institution from the undergraduate standpoint. The book is intended to give to those who are outside of the University an explanation of the customs and peculiarities of the student community. The author has gathered together a large amount of information on a great variety of matters. We think that he has been as successful in his work as could well be expected. Mistakes

* Four Years at Yale. By a Graduate of '69. New Haven: Charles C. Chatfield & Co. 1871. 12mo, pp. 713.