EVERYBODY'S CYCLOPEDIA A concise and accurate compilation of the world's knowledge, Chronological History of the World graphically represented by colored charts, showing the most And a Treasury of Facts containing much valuable information often in demand, but not A Statistical Record of the World PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF CHARLES LEONARD-STUART, B.A. GEORGE J. HAGAR, M. A. EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Assisted by a corps of eminent editors, educators, scientists, New York SYNDICATE PUBLISHING COMPANY 12 and 14 West 32d Street HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY J. Harold Libby Copyright, 1911, by F. E. Wright Theodoric Theophrastus Theology, a term applied by the Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths; born in Pannonia in 455; son classic authors to treatises on the naof Theodemir, King of the Ostrogoths ture and worship of the gods. Auof Pannonia. From his eighth to his gustine quotes Eusebius and Varro as 18th year he lived as a hostage with dividing theology into three kinds: the Emperor Leo at Constantinople. the fabulous, that of the poets; the Two years after his return he succeed- natural, that of the philosophers; and The first and ed to the throne. In 493 after several the political, that of the priests and bloody engagements, Theodoric induced the common people. Odoacer, who had assumed the title of second kinds could be changed accordKing of Italy, to grant him equal au- ing to the will of the investigators; thority. The murder of Odoacer at a but the last could not be altered banquet soon after opened the way without national consent. In Christianity, theology is the for Theodoric to have himself proclaimed sole ruler. Theodoric ruled science which treats of divine things, with great vigor and ability. He at- especially of the relations of man to tached his soldiers by assigning them God. Doctrinal formulas are recoga third part of the lands of Italy, on nized in Scripture, but the term the tenure of military service; while theology does not occur, though the among his Italian subjects, whom he elements of which it is compounded conciliated by introducing an improved are found in close connection. Theoladministration of justice, he encour-ogy is primarily divided into naturar aged industry and the arts of peace. and supernatural, or revealed; the Though, like his ancestors, he was an former deduced by reason from a surNatural religion is Arian, he never violated the peace or vey of the universe, the latter founded revelation. privileges of the Catholic Church. He on died in Ravenna, Italy, August 30, recognized in Scripture (Ps. xix: 1-6, Rom. i: 19, 20), and is held to estab526. lish the being, power, wisdom, and goodness of God, the obligation of His moral law and the folly and danger of transgressing it, and the immortality of the soul. Revealed religion is considered to superadd to these doctrines those of the Trinity, the creation and fall of man, the penalty of sin, the mission, work, and atoning death of Christ, His resurrection, ascension, and second advent, with many other doctrines. Theophilus, a legendary coadjutorbishop at Adana in Cilicia, who, when deposed from his office through slanders, gave his soul in bond to the devil, and consequently was reinstated Theodosius I., the Great, son of Theodosius, a general; one of the most notable and most capable of the later Roman emperors; born in Cauca, Spain, about 346; served under his and father in Britain, Germany, Africa, and won fame as a general by his exploits in Mæsia. On his father's death he retired to his native farm, whence he was summoned by Gratian to become his colleague in the purple and emperor in the East (379). He made Thessalonica his headquarters, and within four years, through patience and tact, after reviving the spirits of the imperial troops by small but decisive victories, he broke up the vast Gothic army, attached many of overtaken with remorse, and through its members to the empire as faithful the next morning. But he was soon soldiers and allies under their own 40 days' fasting and prayers prevailed chiefs, and restored tranquillity to the troubled country S. of the Danube, He became sole Roman emperor in 394, and died on Jan. 17, 395a date memorable in the history of the later Roman empire, for almost immediately thereafter followed the barbarian invasions of Greece and Italy, which led directly to the subsequent Teutonic settlements in the S. and indirectly to the formation of the kingdoms of modern Europe. on the Virgin to make intercession for him. She tore the bond from the devil, and laid it upon the breast of the repentant sinner as he lay asleep in the church. Theophilus then made a public confession of his crime and of the mercy of the Virgin, and died three days after. Theophrastus, a Greek philosopher; often called the "father of botany"; a native of Eresus, in Les Therapeutæ, an ascetic sect, supposed to live chiefly on Lake Mareotis, near Alexandria. Their discipline resembled that of the Essenes, but was more severe in food and in the preference for the solitary life to the common fellowship. Throughout the week each lived in his lonely dwelling, but on the Sabbath they assembled for worship. bos; flourished in the 5th century B. C. the Universal Spirit manifested in He became a pupil of Plato at Athens, and through the universe. In this genand made, at the academy, the ac-eral sense it includes mystics differquaintance of Aristotle; but he left ing from one another in details. the academy after Plato's death, and was absent from Athens for some years. On his return, he gladly studied philosophy under his friend Aristotle, who had so high a regard for him as to bequeath to him his library, and to name him his successor. Theophrastus had extraordinary success as head of the Lyceum, and was attended, it is said, by 2.000 disciples. Among them were Demetrius, Phalereus, and Menander. A charge of impiety was Therapeutics, the science which brought against him, but he success-deals with the form, manner, and time treats of the healing of diseases. It fully defended himself, and generously in which drugs should be administered, interposed to save his adversary from classifies remedial agents, and investithe popular vengeance. He was, however, compelled to leave Athens in 305 gates the laws of health. B. C., under the law which banished all philosophers. The law was soon re pealed and he returned to his post and peacefully taught and commented on the system of his master, Aristotle, till his death. Theorbo, in music, an old stringed instrument resembling the lute in form or tone. It had two necks, to the longest of which the bass strings were attached. It was employed for accompanying voice, and was in great favor during the 17th century. Theorem, in geometry, a proposition to be proved; a statement of a principle to be demonstrated; that is, the truth of which is required to be made evident by a course of reasoning called a demonstration. Thermite, a welding compound of oxide of iron and alum, useful also, with titanium oxide, in manufacturing castings free from air-holes. Thermo Barometer, an instrument for measuring altitudes by means water. They consist essentially of a of determining the boiling point of small metallic vessel for boiling water, fitted with very delicate thermometers, which are only graduated from 80° to 100°; so that each degree occupying a considerable space on the scale, the tenths, and even the hundredths of a degree, may be estimated, and thus it is possible to determine the height of a place by means of the boiling point to within about 10 feet. any age of the heat lost by one body called the source, on account of its connection with another body called the refrigerator, is converted into kinetic energy or mechanical effect, and made available for the performance of work. Thermodynamic Engine, form of heat engine (as gas or steam Theoria Motus, or Theoria Mo-engines) by means of which a percenttus Corporum Coelestium, the names by which is usually quoted the work of Gauss, in which he first showed the method of computing an orbit from three determinations of a planet's or comet's position, and thus rescued astronomers from the danger of losing the newly discovered asteroid Ceres after it had disappeared in the region of the sun. Theosophy, a name which since the time of Ammonius Saccas, in the 3d century after Christ, has been used in the West to cover various schools of religious philosophy, which all unite in the fundamental conception that man, in his innermost nature, is a spiritual being, one in his essence with Thermodynamics, the branch of theoretical physics which treats of heat as a mechanical agent, and is the basis on which the modern doctrine of energy is built. Thermodynamics is based on two laws. The first law enunciates heat to be a form of energy and subject to the conservation principle. A given quantity of work can always be transformed into an equivalent quantity of heat; but in transforming heat into work a cer Thermoelectricity tain limitation exists which is expressed in the second law of thermodynamics. This law asserts that it is impossible, by physical processes, to transform any part of the heat of a body into mechanical work except by allowing heat to pass from that body to another at a lower temperature. Thermoelectricity, electricity produced at the junction of two metals, or at a point where a molecular change occurs in a bar of the same metal, when the junction or point is heated above or cooled below the general temperature of the conductor. Thus when wires or bars of metal of different kinds, as bismuth and antimony, are placed in close contact, end to end, and disposed so as to form a periphery or continuous circuit, and heat then applied to the ends or junctions of the bars, electric currents are produced. Thermograph, a thermometer provided with a recording device. The form generally used has a crescent shaped bulb, filled with alcohol and hermetically sealed. A change in the temperature affects the curve of the bulb, and the alteration of form is communicated to a series of multiplying levers, which in turn exaggerate the motion, and give impetus to a recording pen. This pen makes a tracing on the ruled paper of a moving cylinder. Thermopyla the boiling point 100°; on the Reaumur thermometer the freezing point is 0° and the boiling point 80°; on the Fahrenheit thermometer (in general use in the United States and England), the freezing point is 32°, and the boiling point is 212°. Degrees above 0° are termed + degrees, while those below 0° are termed degrees. Mercury can only be used for temperatures between -40° and + 675°, since it freezes at-40° and boils at 675°. For lower temperatures alcohol is used; and for high temperatures air thermometers are employed, in which changes of temperature are measured by the expansion or contraction of a known volume of air. Thermometric Alarm, an instrument to release an alarm when a dangerous heat is reached in an apartment; a form of fire alarm. in a Thermometric Analysis, chemistry, a term applied to certain approximate methods of analysis, depending on the observation of the temperature when a phenomenon takes place, or of the changes of temperature accompanying chemical reactions. Thermometric Ventilator, chimney valve consisting of a circular disk accurately balanced on a spindle. On one side of the disk is an inverted siphon, open at one end and having a bulb at the other. The lower part of the siphon tube contains mercury, and the bulb is full of air. Any increase of temperature expands the air in the bulb, depresses the mercury and, causing it to rise in the other arm of the tube, opens the valve, thus allowing the air to pass. Thermometer, in physics, an instrument for measuring intensity of heat or temperature. Its construction involves the arbitrary selection of a thermometric body, with standard thermal states equivalent to ice and boiling water at standard pressures, a Thermopylæ, a famous pass number being given to one of these leading from Thessaly into Locris, standard temperatures, and a scale or and the only road by which an invadnumber of degrees established between ing army can penetrate from Norththe two. Mercury is generally em- ern into Southern Greece. It lies S. ployed, and an ordinary thermometer of the present course of the river consists of a spherical or cylindrical Spercheius, between Mount Eta and glass bulb at the end of a very fine what was anciently an impassable tube, the bulb being completely filled morass bordering on the Maliac Gulf and the tube partly filled, with mer-In the pass are several hot springs, cury, while the space above the mercury contains only a small quantity of mercury vapor, which offers no resistance to the expansion of the mercury. On the Centigrade or Celsius thermometer (used by scientists everywhere), the freezing is 0° and from which Thermopylæ probably received the first part of its name. Ther mopyla has won an eternal celebrity as the scene of the heroic death of Leonidas and his 300 Spartans in their attempt to stem the tide of Persian invasion (480 B. C.). Again in |