Phillips, Wendell, II, 88n, 102, 138,
140, 142, 143, 144, 155.
Pinkerton detectives, strike breakers,
II, 186, 366, 415, 496, 497.
Pittsburgh, conventions, II, 292,
321-326, 333; labour party, II,
277.

Pittsburgh and Vicinity Manufac

turing Association, co-operative
marketing, I, 95; dividends, I,
99; sales, I, 98.

See also, Cordwainers of Pitts-
burgh.

Pittsburgh Manifesto of Interna-
tional Working People's Associ-
ation, II, 295.

Political Commonwealth, see New

Democracy.
Political Action, Beginning, I, 18.

Elections: 1830, I, 262-268,
287-289, 290-294; 1832, I, 269;
1838, 1837, I, 465, 466; 1866,
II, 102; 1876, II, 171; 1877, II,
273, 277 279; 1878, II, 245,
246; 1879, II, 282-284; 1880,
II, 290; 1886, II, 462, 463;
1887, II, 466-470.
Issues: agrarianism, I, 531; anti-
monopoly, II, 168; Chinese, II,
260-262; class antagonism, I,
192, 193; eight-hour day, I,
103-109; financial reform, II,
142; greenbackism, II, 242, 243,
250; in 1828, I, 216; in 1830,
I, 217, 221-229; in 1877, I, 274–
284; in 1892, II, 518; land re-
form, I, 535; Lassalleanism, II,
227-234; religion, I, 272, 273;

Stewardism, II, 91; ten-hour
day, I, 537-539.

Massachusetts: 1833, 1834, I,
315-317; 1865, II, 92; 1869, II,
141, 142; 1876, II, 143, 144.
New Jersey, I, 287.

New York: 1829, I, 238-240;
1830, I, 232; 1835, I, 461-465;
1877, II, 242.

Ohio: II, 248.
Opinions: farmers' alliance, II,
489; Lassalle, II, 206; news-
papers, I, 144; Schilling, Rob-
ert, II, 163; socialist, II, 278,
279, 449; Walsh, I, 528.
Organised Labour: American Fed-
eration of Labor, II, 509, 529;
Central Labor Union, II, 444,
446; convention action, I, 558-
560; II, 99, 100, 129, 130, 153,
154, 155, 161, 238, 324, 327;
Crispins, II, 140, 153; Federa-
tion of Organised Trades, II,
463, 464; International Work-
ingmen's Association, II, 218,
219, 250; Knights of Labor, II,
341, 350-352, 488, 492-493; Me-
chanics' Union of Trade Associ-
ations, I, 191; Molly Maguires,
II, 183; National Labor Union,
II, 114; trade union, II, 152,
158, 317; trades' assemblies, II,
23, 38; trades' union, I, 361,
410, 411, 426.

Pennsylvania: 1828, I, 195, 459-
461; II, 247.
Philadelphia, II, 93.
Political Parties, anti-monopoly, II,

264; Equal Rights, I, 463-465;
Erie People's, I, 207, 208; Fe-
male Labor Reform Association,
I, 533; Independent Party,
Massachusetts, II, 141; Loco-
Foco Party, I, 462; National
Party of California, II, 255-
261; National Party of Ohio,
II, 241.

See also, Association of Working
People of New Castle County;
Citizens' Alliance; Greenback
Labor Party, National; Green-
back Party; Labor Party of
Illinois; Labor Party of New-
ark; League of Deliverance;
National Party; National Re-
form Association; National
Union Labor Party; New
Democracy; New England Asso-

ciation of Farmers, Mechanics,
and Other Workingmen; New
England Working Men's Asso-
ciation; People's Party; Peo-
ple's Party of Erie, Pennsylva-
nia; People's Party of Wiscon-
sin; Progressive Democracy;
Progressive Labor Party; Rad-
ical Labor Party; Revolution-
ary Socialist Party; Social
Democratic Party; Social Dem-
ocratic Party of North Amer-
ica; Social Party; Socialist
Labor Party; United Labor
Party; Working Men's Party;
Workingmen's Party of Califor-
nia; Workingmen's Party of the
United States.

Pomeroy, Mark, editor Pomeroy's
Democrat, II, 246.

Pools, in eighties, II, 360.

Populist movement, see People's
Party.

Portsmouth, trade society, I, 72.
Post, Louis F., II, 451, 459.
Powderly, Terence V., II, 56, 163n,
166, 345n, 347, 351, 352,
370,
372, 374, 378, 379, 384, 408n,
412, 419, 427, 430, 431, 452, 464,
469, 483n, 491, 494.
Powers, Richard, II, 318, 321, 322,
323, 327, 328.

Prices, bread assize, I, 52, 53; build-

ing associations, I, 574; Civil
War, II, 5; conflict, I, 49; com-
petition, I, 63, 64; co-operation,
II, 37; coopers, I, 56; employ-
ers' associations, II, 27; fluctu-
ating, I, 11; II, 6; greenback-
ism, II, 121; in 1835, I, 348,
349; in 1836, I, 396, 397, 398,
435; in 1853, I, 488; labour
cust theory of exchange, I, 510;
legal tender acts, 1862, II, 14,
15; merchant-capitalist, I, 102,
106; merchants' associations, I,
133; price bargain dominates
wage bargain, I, 70; regulation,
I, 7, 50-52, 58-61, 68, 69; rents,
I, 491; term, I, 50; unionism,
I, 488; wages, I, 150, 396, 415,
416, 435, 582, 600; II, 15, 110;
Warren's time stores, I, 511;
Weitling's bank of exchange, I,

514.

Price-wage bargain, I, 22-36.
Printers, collective bargaining, I,
122; employer membership, I,

118; grievances, I, 114; locals,
I, 112, 113, 135, 136; organise,
I, 109; prices, I, 112.

See also, Typographical Societies.
Prison Labour, see Convict La-
bour.

Prison Reform, Auburn model, I,
346; in twenties, I, 345.
Producers' Exchange Association, I,
96.
Production, Brisbane, I, 499; cheap

methods, I, 154, 155; Engels'
theory, I, 27-29; foreign com-
petition, I, 72; Hobson's the-
ory, I, 28; inventions, I, 76, 77;
market theory, I, 26-29; mar-
kets, I, 6, 71; Marxian theory,
I, 26-29; merchant-capitalist,
I, 338-340; methods improved,
I, 76; sweat shop, I, 102-104;
Vandervelde's theory, I, 26-

29.

Progressive Democracy, established,
II, 454; named United Labor
Party, II, 455.
Progressive Labor Party, platform,
II, 460; nominate Swinton, II,
461.

Property, in business, II, 505, 506;
factor in industrial evolution,
I, 28, 29.

Property rights against personal
rights, I, 12.

Property values, influenced by immi-
gration, I, 10.

Prosperity, see Industrial Cycles.
Protectionism, I, 10, 17; apprentice-
ship, I, 56; arguments, I, 42;
bounties, I, 37, 38; capitalistic
system, I, 44; courts favour
manufacturers, I, 149; domestic
and Tradesmen, I, 72, 81;
General Society of Mechanics
and Tradesmen, I, 72, 81;
guilds, I, 46-48; Homestead
strike, II, 497n; limited, I, 43,
44; manufacturers' monopolies,
I, 40; non-importation agree-
ments, I, 40, 41, 72; Pennsylva-
nia Society to Encourage Manu-
factures, I, 74; producers re-
volt, I, 49, 50; tariff, I, 41-44,
74, 104; II, 220, 237, 294, 295,
298, 324, 327, 329; tariff and
child labour, I, 319; tariff and
factory system, I, 429; tariff
and wages, I, 443; tariff war,
II, 14.

See also, Closed shop; Conspir-
acy; Employers' association.
Providence, Association of Mechan-
ics and Manufacturers, I, 72,
76.
Provident Society of House Carpen-
ters', I, 85.

Pullman Company, strike, II, 502.
Putnam, Mary Kellogg, II, 126,
127.

R

Race problem, I, 10; versus class
problem, II, 252-257, 259.

See also, anti-Chinese Agitation;
Negro.

Radical Labor Party, Chicago, II,
467.

Railroad Brotherhood, II, 309;

Adamson Act, II, 530n; Loco-
motive Engineers, II, 313; Loco-
motive Firemen, II, 313; Rail-
road Conductors, II, 186, 187,
313; theories, II, 309, 310.
Railways, see Markets, Extension of.
Railway Union, American, organ-
ised, II, 500, 501; Pullman
strike, II, 502, 503, 508.
Rand School of Social Sciences, II,
207, 209.

Redpath, James, establishes Pro-
gressive Democracy, II, 454.
Referendum, advocated, 1850, II,
210.

Reid, Whitelaw, Tribune boycott, II,
317.

Representative Assembly of Trades
and Labor Unions, organised in
California, II, 266.
Republik der Arbeiter, on co-opera-
tion, I, 567.

Retail merchant, advantage, I, 102.
Retail-shop stage, competition, I,

57; co-operation, I, 96; jour-
neymen, I, 56-60; price-main-
tenance, I, 60, 61; transition to
wholesale order period, I, 61, 62.
Revolutionary Socialist Party, or-
ganised, II, 292.
Revolutionary War, depression fol-

lowing, I, 83; improvements
following, I, 61; industry pro-
tected, I, 41, 42; Non-Importa-
tion Act, I, 72.
Rhode Island, protective tariff, I,
42; subsidised cloth industry, I,
37; suffrage, I, 319; ten-hour

law, I, 543; unions, 1863-1864,
II, 19.

Riots, anti-Catholic, I, 415; anti-
Chinese, II, 253; dock hands, I,
417; food, 1837, I, 463, 464;
gag law, II, 257, 258; Haymar-
ket Square, II, 392-394; Mar-
tinsburg, II, 187, 188; Milwau-
kee, II, 296; of 1877, II, 276;
Philadelphia coal heavers, I,
377; Pittsburgh, 1877, II, 188-
190; railway construction
hands, I, 416; Tompkins Square,
II, 220.
Robinson, William D., and locomo-
tive engineers, II, 63, 67.
Rochdale plan of co-operation, II,
205; in America, II, 40; Sover-
eigns of Industry, II, 173.
Roney, Frank, II, 258, 258n, 259,
266.

Roosevelt, Clinton, I, 463, 549.
Root, General Erastus, in New York
politics, I, 264-266.

Rosenberg, V. L., socialist leader,
II, 515, 516.

Roy, Andrew, miner, II, 248.
Ryckman, Lewis W., I, 537, 538,
548, 549.

S

Sabotage, early syndicalism, II, 298.
Saffin, William, II, 152, 157.
Sailors, strikes, I, 110, 111.
Samuel, John, co-operationist, II,
25, 25n, 435.

Sand-lot meetings, California, II,
253, 255, 256.
San Francisco Chronicle, organ of
Workingmen's Party of Califor-
nia, II, 256; opposes Working-
men's Party of California, II,

251.

San Francisco, Citizens' Protective
Union, II, 263; municipal elec-
tion, II, 261. 262.

Sanial, Lucien, II, 455, 515, 517,

519.

Sayward, William H., II, 424, 479.
Schäfer, John, political socialist, II,
274.

Schewitsch, Sergius E., socialist, II,

300, 446, 454, 456, 458, 459, 515.
Schilling, George, supports political-
socialists, II, 279, 289.
Schilling, Robert, II, 76, 161, 163,

164, 165, 168, 170, 241, 244, 302,
336.

Schlägel, E., Lassallean, II, 99, 102,
115.

Schmoller, Gustav, I, 20, 26, 27.
Schulze-Delitzsch, system of Co-
operation, see Co-operation.
Schwab, Justus, revolutionary so-
cialist, II, 291.

Schwab, Michael, pardoned, II, 393.
Scranton, elects Powderly mayor, II,
245.

Seamen's Protective Union, under
Roney's leadership, II, 266.
Seamen's Safety Bill, and Richard
Powers, II, 327.

Shaw, Justice, Commonwealth

V.

Hunt decision, I, 411, 412.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act, Danbury
Hatters' Case, II, 530; Debs
case, II, 502, 503, 508; injunc-
tions, II, 505; unions, II, 508,
509.

See also, Conspiracy.
Ship-builders, strike, I, 110.
Ship Carpenters' and Caulkers' Na-

tional Union, and Knights of
Labor, II, 200.

Shoe Industry, cheap labour stage,
I, 103; collective bargaining, I,
121; cordwainers controversy,
I, 58; Lynn, I, 102, 105; organ-
isation, I, 109, 114; retail shop
period, I, 62.

See also, Cordwainers; Shoemak-
ers of Boston; Strikes.
Shoemakers' National Assembly, se-

cede from Knights, II, 486.
Shoemakers of Boston, charter, I,
36, 47; fight competition, I, 45,
46.
Silk and Fur Hat Finishers' Union,

established, II, 313.

Simpson, Stephen, I, 211n, 228.
Siney, John, II, 138, 152, 169, 180.
Single-tax, advocated, II, 327; Cath-

olic Church, II, 456; Henry
George, II, 448; socialism, II,
457-460.
Skidmore, Thomas, agrarian, I, 234--
240, 242, 243-245, 269n, 271,
362.
Socialism, Conditions: Chicago, II,
282, 283; depression, I, 619;
factional struggle, II, 233, 270,
449, 515, 516; Franco-Prussian
War and German movement, II,
225; progress since 1900, II,

532, 533; strikes, II, 253, 276,
277.
Connection with: American Fed-
eration of Labor, II, 512; Com-
munist Club, II, 206, 207; Gen-
eral German Workingmen's
Union, II, 207, 208; Knights of
Labor, II, 519; New York cen-
tral labour bodies, II, 517;
Pittsburgh convention, 1881, II,
322; Progressive Labor Party,
II, 460; Radical Labor Party,
II, 467, 468; Red Interna-
tional, II, 300n; Strasser, II,
309n; trade unions, II, 202,
225, 226, 279n, 281, 308n,
514; United Hebrew Trades,
II, 518; Weydemeyer, I, 617,
618.

Theories: anarchism, II, 290-300;
eight-hour movement, II, 391;
evolution, I, 14, 21; II, 196,
204, 354; German forty-eight-
ers, II, 204; greenbackism, II,
237, 239, 286-289; Henry George
movement, II, 454-457; Las-
salle, II, 205, 206; Marx, II,
205, 214, 215; militarism, II,
280, 281; political action versus
trade union action, II, 218, 219,
271, 272-275, 278-280, 283, 284,
287n, 301-309; voluntary, II,

210.

See also, Becker, Johann; Berger,
Victor; Carl, Conrad; Commu-
nist Club; De Leon, Daniel;
Douai, Adolph; Eberhardt,
Karl; German Workingmen's
Union, General; German So-
cial Democratic Workingmen's
Union; Grottkau, Paul; Las-
salle, Ferdinand; Lassallean-
ism; Marx, Karl; Meyer, Sieg-
fried; National Labor Union;
Rosenberg, V. L.; Social Party;
Sorge, F. A.; Strasser, Adolph;
Weydemeyer, Joseph.
Socialist, established in Chicago, II,
282.

Socialist Labor Party, convention,
II, 284, 285; De Leon, II, 517,
518; ebb, II, 300; factions, II,
291, 450, 516; greenbackism,
II, 286-288; New York Central
labour bodies, II, 517; organ-
ised, II, 278, 519; political ac-
tion, II, 277-290, 401; princi-
ples, II, 278, 279, 446; Red In-

ternational, II, 300n; United
Labor Party, II, 451.
See also, Workingmen's Party of
the United States.
Social Democratic Party, dissatis-
fied, II, 278; factional differ-
ences, II, 271; first labour con-
vention, II, 202; Milwaukee
election, II, 273, 277; organ-
ised, II, 218, 271; Union Con-
gress, II, 270.

Social Democratic Party of North
America, conventions, II, 231,
233, 235, 237, 238; organised,
II, 230; unionism, II, 232.
See also, Sozial-Demokrat.
Social Party, failure and re-or-
ganisation, II, 209; of New
York, II, 207; programme, II,
208.

Social-Republicans,

and General
German Workingmen's Union,
II, 207.
"Society," term for trade union, I,
14.

"Sojourners," in Knights of Labor,
II, 198, 342.
Solidarisme, I, 17.
Sons of Vulcan, Amalgamated Asso-

ciation of Iron and Steel Work-
ers, II, 174; bargaining advan-
tage of puddler, II, 80; growth,
II, 47; sliding scale agreement,
II, 80.

Sorge, F. A., I, 19, 207n, 209, 209n,

210, 211, 214-216, 216n, 221,
270, 276, 302, 304.
Sovereign, James R., II, 494, 495,
519.

Sovereigns of Industry, activities,

II, 173, 174; constitution, II,
173; co-operation, II, 171, 172;
failure, II, 175; Industrial Con-
gresses, II, 163, 175; member-
ship, 1874-1877, II, 173; origin,
II, 172, 196; purposes, II, 172;
trade unions, II, 174.
Sozial-Demokrat, advocates Lassel-

lean platform, II, 234; becomes
Arbeiterstimme, II, 271; Otto
Walster editor, II, 233; party
organ, II, 232.

See also, Arbeiterstimme.
Sozialist, Der, advocates political ac-
tion, II, 449; eight-hour move-
ment, II, 515.

Speyer, Carl, and International La-
bor Union, II, 302.

Speyer, J. G., and Trades and La-
bour Council, II, 226.
Spies, August, anarchist, II, 290,

291n, 294, 296, 387, 392-394.
St. Louis, central labour union, II,
389n; socialism, II, 282;
strikes, II, 367n; tailors organ-
ise, I, 352, 353.

St. Patrick's Benefit Society, I, 85.
Standard, The, and Catholic Church,
II, 456.

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, at Labor
Congress, 1868, II, 127.
Stevens, Uriah Smith, II, 197, 197n,
244, 247, 335, 347.

Steward, Ira, II, 16, 56, 86, 87, 89,
91, 92, 106, 138, 139, 140, 143,
280, 302, 303.
Stiebling, George C., II, 210, 216,
217, 232.

Stone Cutters' Company, established,
I, 69; protects quality of goods,
I, 83.
Stove Founders' National Defense
Association, policy, II, 480, 481.
Stove Manufacturers, National Asso-
ciation of, arbitration, II, 480.
Strasser, Adolph, II, 217, 217, 218,

231, 270, 271, 274, 302, 305, 306,
308, 309, 309n, 325, 400, 403,
404.

Streeter, A. J., II, 468, 469, 490.
Strikes, Conditions: Chinese, II, 146,

149; funds, I, 123, 124, 442; II,
59, 70, 311; immigration, I,
488, 597; injunction, II, 505-
508; markets, I, 440, 441;
store-order payment, I, 488;
violence, I, 412; walking dele-
gates, I, 126.

List: Baldwin Locomotive Works,
II, 9; bakers, 1741, I, 53, 54;
bookbinders, I, 399; bricklayers,
II, 33, 123, 152, 312; Burling-
ton, II, 474, 475, 507; carpen-
ters, I, 69, 127, 128, 158-162,
186-189, 388, 389, 430, 466; II,
476, 477; cartmen, I, 55; cigar
makers, II, 71, 72, 177, 178, 306,
363, 400; closed shop, I, 412;
coal heavers, I, 417; collateral,
I, 126; cordwainers, I, 105, 109,
128, 140, 144, 398, 399; during
Civil War, II, 23; early, I, 25,
109, 111; eight-hour, II, 156,
385, 476-478; factory opera-
tives, I, 419, 420; freight
handlers, II, 349; general, I,