by the society, will give it 162 copies of the Voree Herald, out of 180 issued, and 72 copies of the Northern Islander, out of 90 issued. Mr. Watson has also loaned to the society, for the purpose of copying, the records of the church at Voree for the years 1844 to 1849.

Among recent acquisitions by the Minnesota Historical Society are the archives of the surveyors general of logs of Minnesota for the Ist and 2nd districts, 1854-1917. The archives of the governor's office previously received have been arranged and filed, for the period from the organization of Minnesota territory in 1849 to the close of the Civil War. Of personal manuscripts the society has received a three-volume narrative of the Civil War compiled by Col. J. C. Donahower of the 2nd Minnesota Volunteers, and a series of letters of Brig.-Gen. Le Roy Upton, commander of the 9th Infantry at Château-Thierry and the 57th Brigade in the campaign north of Verdun in 1918.

In the February number of the Minnesota History Bulletin Professor Guy S. Ford, writing under the title America's Fight for Public Opinion, presents some of the most significant phases of the work of the Committee on Public Information. The Twentieth Biennial Report of the Minnesota Historical Society (1917-1918) is issued as a supplement to this number of the Bulletin. The May number contains a sketch of General William Le Duc (1823-1917), by Gideon S. Ives, and a paper by Herbert C. Varney, entitled the Birth Notices of a State.

Articles in the July number of the Iowa Journal of History and Politics are: an Historical Survey of the Militia in Iowa, 1838–1865, by Cyril B. Upham, and the Movement of American Settlers into Wisconsin and Minnesota, by Cardinal Goodwin.

In the July number of the Missouri Historical Review (Columbia) the secretary of the State Historical Society, Mr. Floyd C. Shoemaker, presents the sixth of his miscellaneous articles on Missouri and the War. A veteran editor, E. W. Stephens, relates the interesting history of the Missouri Intelligencer and Boon's Lick Advertiser, the first American newspaper published west of St. Louis, whose centennial was celebrated last spring. George A. Mahan gives a biography of Rear-Admiral Robert E. Coontz of Hannibal. R. J. Britton continues his papers on Early Days on Grand River and the Mormon War. The October number of the review will begin a series of reprints from the excessively rare Shelby's Expedition to Mexico (Civil War period).

The July number of the Southwestern Historical Quarterly contains a study of Texas Annexation Sentiment in Mississippi, 1835-1844, by James E. Winston; the résumé of a history of the Apache in the Southwest, 1846-1886, by Bertha Blount; a brief paper upon John H. Fonda's Exploration in the Southwest (1819-1824), by Cardinal Goodwin; and a translation, by Mattie Austin Hatcher, of two papers relating to Texas

in 1929, one of them being the report of Juan Antonio Fadila so the barbarous Indians of the province of Texas, the other being instructions of the constitutional ayuntamiento of the city of San Fernando de Bexar to its provincial deputy,

Charles A. Gulick, jr., is editing the papers of Gen. Mirabeau B. Lamar, second president of the Republic of Texas, for the Texas State Library, These papers are now in that library, having been purchased from Mrs. Loretta Calder, daughter of President Lamar, some years ago.

Mr. Benjamin M. Read of Santa Fe prints and publishes a pamphlet of eighteen pages entitled A Treatise on the Disputed Points of the History of New Mexico,

The Washington Historical Quarterly for July has papers by J. A. Meyers on the half breed fur-trader Jacques Raphael Finlay, on Reindeer in Alaska by C. L. Andrews, a continuation of Professor Meany's account of the origin of geographic names in the state, and a portion (March to September, 1849) of the journal kept at Fort Nisqually.

The Negro Trail Blazers of California, by Delilan L. Beasley, is described as a compilation from records in the Bancroft library at the University of California, and from diaries, papers, and conversations of California pioneers (Los Angeles, the author).

CANADA

The Historical Section of the Canadian General Staff has in preparation a History of the Organization, Development, and Services of the Military and Naval Forces of Canada from the Peace of Paris in 1763, to the Present Time. Vol. I., which has just appeared, contains two chapters, the first of which is devoted to a rapid historical survey of the Local Forces of New France from the founding of the colony to 103; the second chapter deals with the Militia of the Province of Quebec, 1703 1705, and is accompanied by some ninety illustrative

documents,

Naturally retarded by the war, the excellent Review of Historical Publications relating to Canada, edited by Messrs. G. M. Wrong, H. H. Langton, and W. S. Wallace, and published by the University of Toronto, now combines in one volume (vol. XXII., pp. 203) the product of two years, 101" and 1018. It is evident that less Canadian history was published in Canada than during most periods of two years in the time pwwwling the war, but that the national zeal for Canadian history con Pinces unadated The reviews in the volume have the careful and competent gosta which marked its predecessors.

De la gest attempt at & prompt Canadian war history is Canada in 2 to be written by various authorities and published The fist Toronto, Morang, pp. viii, 380`, by Messrs.

E. J. Chambers, L. J. Burpee, T. G. Marquis, and Charles HanburyWilliams, is devoted to the military history of Canada from 1608 to the declaration of war against Germany in 1914.

The third volume of Canada in France (Toronto, Hodder and Stoughton, 1918, pp. xiv, 144) is not, like its predecessors, written by Lord Beaverbrook, but by Maj. Charles G. D. Roberts. The volume deals with the period from the arrival in France of the Fourth Canadian Division, in August, 1916, to the end of the fighting on the Somme in the late autumn of that year, and is of course well written.

Volume XIX. of the Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society (Halifax, 1918, pp. xxiii, 128) contains biographies of Hon. John William Ritchie, first president of the society, and of Samuel Cunard, founder of the Cunard Line, and a valuable paper on the early post office in Nova Scotia, 1733-1867, by Mr. William Smith of the Public Archives of Canada.

Mr. E. O. S. Scholefield, archivist of British Columbia, has edited and published the Minutes of the Council of Vancouver Island, 18511861 (Victoria, the King's Printer, 1918, pp. 93) and the Minutes of the House of Assembly, 1856-1858 (ibid., pp. 78), the council having been the legislative authority in the colony till 1856, and the first legislative assembly having been established then.

AMERICA SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES

The May number of the Hispanic American Historical Review opens with an article on Factors in the Historical Evolution of Mexico, by Señor T. Esquivel Obregon, chiefly devoted to the explanation of present conditions. Dr. C. H. Haring shows the historical data to be derived from the Ledgers of the Royal Treasurers in Spanish America in the Sixteenth Century. Professor Bolton presents documents on the introduction of Iturbide's rule into California. An article by Professor Herbert I. Priestley presents a great wealth of information respecting Mexican books on the recent years of revolution.

The Hispanic Society of America has brought out through G. P. Putnam's Sons Cubans of To-day, edited by William Belmont Parker. The volume contains some 220 brief biographies of representative living Cubans, together with portraits of 88 of them.

In no. 25 of the Boletín del Centro de Estudios Americanistas de Sevilla the leading historical matter is a Relación Geográfica y Descripción de la Provincia de Carácas y Gobernación de Venezuela, dating from 1585.

Noteworthy articles in periodicals: C. E. Chapman, Cortes and California (Grizzly Bear, August); M. W. Jernegan, Compulsory Education in the Southern Colonies (School Review, June); L. M. Sears,

AM. HIST. REV., VOL. XXV. — 12.

Jefferson and the Law of Nations (American Political Science Review, August); V. P. Squires, Joel Barlow: Patriot, Democrat, and Man of Letters (Quarterly Journal of the University of North Dakota, July); W. R. Thayer, Chapters of Roosevelt's Life: the President and the Kaiser (North American Review, July); E. Schulze, Die Tatsächliche Grösse der Kriegslieferungen der Vereinigten Staaten (Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft, LXXIII. 1); W. G. Leland, Reconstruction in the United States (Quarterly Review, July); Abbé A. Gosselin, La Constitution de 1791 et le Clergé Canadien (Le Canada Français, May, June); F. P. Renaut, L'Organisation Constitutionelle du Brésil (Revue d'Histoire Diplomatique, XXXIII. 1); Frederico Sommer, Die Deutschen in São Paulo und in den Brasilianischen Mittelstaaten (German American Annals, September-December, 1918); Alfredo Hartwig, Die Politische Stellungnahme der Südamerikanischen Staaten im Weltkriege (Deutsche Rundschau, December, 1917).

The

American Historical Review

FALLACIES IN HISTORY

O science has come out of the Atrocious War more discredited than has psychology as taught and practised by the Germans. Until recently the world regarded it as their especial science. They printed numberless investigations into the psychology of the erotic and the neurotic, of the sane and the insane. They thought that in psychology they had the key which would easily open to them. dominion over all peoples. The war proved that they were woefully mistaken; their key unlocked to them only the hidden labyrinthine springs of the German people. They thought that their policy of frightfulness would cause foreigners to give up defending themselves in their terror, and to cringe and whimper before the oncrushing Teutonic hosts. That is apparently what the Germans would have done if the situation had been reversed. But the Belgians did not cringe or whimper; the French did not lay down their arms in terror; the staunch and stolid British not only did not feel or act scared, but seemed for a long time to underrate the great peril which threatened them.

This revelation of the utter inability of German psychology to understand any other race except the German, must vitiate their psychological interpretations in history and in biography, which the German Gelehrten have been foisting upon us during the last halfcentury. This is another reason, I think, why we should be on our guard against history that has been made in Germany. Perhaps I may give this warning with more propriety, for I have protested ever since I began to write, more than thirty years ago, against the German method of writing history. I saw that any method which dehumanizes the subject-history--which should be the most human. of all, because it deals entirely with human passions, and actions, and motives, and must be concrete, because men and women are not abstractions, was inevitably a wrong method. I saw, too, that the (179)

AM. HIST. REV., VOL. XXV.—13.