changes which would not at the same time reduce its nutritive content. A reduced consumption of coffee and soups is, however, suggested; fruit, dried apples, prunes, etc., are recommended as a substitute. Fish, which is relatively inexpensive, could take the place of the more expensive meats; the use of milk could be limited, and potatoes and more cereals substituted. Also, to be considered is the use of the soja bean, rich in protein and fat.

The author does not favor a vegetarian diet; he considers meat an absolute necessity.

1

The fourth monograph relates to the prevention of anthrax poisoning in tanneries and in factories manufacturing horse hair and other hair products. It is the work of Drs. O. Borgmann and R. Fischer, medical inspectors in the districts of Schleswig and Potsdam, respectively.

Dr. Borgmann suggests, as the result of his study on chromate poisoning in tanneries, the following: (1) Promotion by the authorities of all possible efforts to encourage the invention of a reliable method for the disinfection of hides and skins. As one method of encouraging this he suggests the giving of prizes for such an invention, but at the same time he considers it necessary to secure international agreements requiring the use of such method, if invented, because of the increased price which it would bring about in the cost of hides and skins generally. (2) Establishment by the tanning interests of an experimental laboratory for the study of the problems in the tanning industry, along the lines of the one established by the explosive industry. (3) The use of recent methods of treatment of anthrax recommended by physicians as, for example, the use of the serum of Sclavo and of Sobernheim, as well as the Salversan of Ehrlich; a study and investigation of the various methods should be carried on in those hospitals where treatment is given for anthrax poisoning. (4) Enforcement of special preventative regulations for the trade in hides and skins. Besides enforcing these regulations in the interest of the workmen, there should be employed in the handling of hides and skins the required "soaks" and "lime pits". Nail brushes should be supplied to the workmen in toilet rooms and wash rooms, and separate wardrobes should be maintained for a change of clothing. The wardrobes for the clothing should be located in the wash room, which should in turn be so situated as to form the only means of access to the workrooms by the employees. (5) Scientific investigation of the problems as to whether tannery effluents may be utilized for agricultural purposes and preventative methods adopted in case of such use. Until the results of such an investigation have become known it should be required to mix fluids coming from the "soaks" with those from the "lime pits" with abundant

1 Die Bekämpfung der Milzbrandgefahr in gewerblichen Betrieben von Drs. 0. Borgmann und R. Fischer. Berlin, 1914. 47 [48] pp.

additions of quicklime, these to be composted for about three months before being used for agricultural purposes. (6) Disposal by means of irrigation of all effluents of tanneries which work up raw sheep and goat skins and which dry imported hides, should be a condition for the granting of a license; furthermore, all tanneries should be granted only a revocable form of license.

Dr. Fisher recommends the following requirements to meet the dangers of anthrax in horsehair spinning mills and similar establishments: (1) Active work by the veterinary authorities in preventing anthrax in animals; (2) incinerating completely the carcasses of animals afflicted with anthrax or suspected of having been so afflicted; (3) more stringent inspection of slaughterhouses and similar establishments; (4) the disinfection of all animal hair intended to be worked up into any products of manufacture. Such disinfection should be carried on under strict license and through the public authorities, in accordance with regulations issued in each instance; (5) examination and testing of all new methods of disinfection actually in practice to test their adequacy; (6) careful inspection of all disinfection apparatus by the district physicians and industrial inspectors; (7) instruction of workmen as to the dangers of anthrax by means of inspection, distribution of pamphlets, etc. Special instruction should be given to the workmen regarding the danger of irritating their skin; (8) the summoning of medical assistance whenever symptoms of the disease appear and removal of the patient for hospital treatment; (9) furnishing of suitable work clothes for the workmen, made of washable, tightly woven material; also furnishing of towels, soap, disinfectants, nail brushes, etc.; provision for special bathing facilities and separate lunch room; the infliction of fines for failure to use the protective appliances provided; (10) prohibition of the employment of workmen under 18 years of age in handling material which has not been disinfected; (11) prevention and removal of dust collected in storage and workrooms by means of proper ventilation; (12) organization of a movement for an international agreement for the protection of workmen against the dangers of anthrax.

Not only in tanneries, storage houses for raw material, hide and skin dealers' establishments, horsehair spinning mills, establishments for the working up of hair and bristles, brush factories and related establishments, establishments for the keeping of animals and flaying houses, but also in factories for the manufacture of bone manure, fertilizer, belts, shoes, leather goods, furs, harness and saddles, ragsorting establishments, shoddy factories, paper factories, felt factories, and haircloth mills, cases of anthrax infection were found to have occurred. Official inspectors should call attention to the danger of anthrax in these establishments and suggest measures for combating it.

OFFICIAL REPORTS RELATING TO LABOR RECEIVED FROM JANUARY 1 TO MAY 31, 1915.

In the following pages the various State and foreign reports relating to labor have been listed, and a brief note or statement made in regard to the character of the report or its contents, and in certain cases a brief summary of the more important facts presented in the report. It will be the purpose of this REVIEW to present such lists monthly, adding wherever the material seems to demand it more extended abstracts of the contents.

UNITED STATES.

Arizona.-State Mine Inspector. Third Annual Report for the year ending November 30, 1914. 64 pp.

Contains statistics of mines showing number of employees, character of ore, method of operation, and tonnage for each mine. Particulars of each fatal, serious, and minor accident are given. The report shows that among the men employed at last inspection-surface, 1,917; underground, 7,505-the number of fatal accidents was 62; and of serious and minor accidents, 758. No definition is given of the accidents classified as serious and minor.

California.-Bureau of Labor Statistics. Sixteenth Biennial Report, 1913 and 1914. 1914. 328 pp.

Contains a review of the bureau's activities in enforcing labor laws, special reports on the lumber industry in California, the Portland cement industry in California, and statistical tables in regard to hours and rates of wages of organized labor, and employees and wages in manufacturing industries. The bureau's activity in conducting prosecutions during the last two years is shown by the following statement:

PROSECUTIONS CONDUCTED BY BUREAU DURING TWO YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1914.

During the period covered by the report, the bureau collected 7,117 claims for wages, amounting to $147,362.62. Claims against employment agencies, based on 1,402 complaints, secured the return of fees and expenses to the amount of $3,712.75.

The bureau reports especially interesting results from its investigation of the collection of hospital fees by employers from employees, made in May, 1914. The investigation had the definite object of eliminating the evils connected with hospital fees, particularly the practice of hiring the men for one or two days and deducting

hospital fees of $1 from their wages for that time. The importance of the subject is indicated by the bureau's estimate that hospital fees collected by companies from their employees in the State amount to over $600,000 a year.

Industrial Welfare Commission. First Biennial Report, 1913 and 1914. 1915. 123 pp.

Describes the organization of the commission established to administer the California minimum-wage law, and gives results of investigations of wages, hours, and conditions in mercantile establishments, laundries, manufacturing industries, and telephone and telegraph companies. The cost of living investigation included returns from self-supporting women in San Francisco and Los Angeles. No minimum-wage determinations had been made at the time of the report, the work of the commission having been devoted to acquiring a thorough knowledge of conditions preliminary to the fixing of wages.

State Board of Education. Report of the Commissioner of Industrial and Vocational Education for the year ending June 30, 1914. 47 pp.

Reviews situation in elementary high schools as related to the need for vocational education; contains recommendations in regard to the establishment and maintenance of vocational education, and gives digests of laws of States that provide State aid.

Colorado.-Bureau of Labor Statistics. Fourteenth Biennial Report, 1913 and 1914. Denver, 1914. 248 pp.

Reviews work of bureau, including factory inspection, operation of State's four free employment offices, the licensing and regulating of private employment offices, and the enforcement of State labor laws. A section devoted to the wages of women workers gives the result of investigations made with the object of assisting the State minimumwage board. It covers telephone employees, and wages and cost of living in various other occupations in Denver, Colorado Springs, and Pueblo. The report also gives statistics of labor organizations and railroads, and an account of the Colorado coal strike and of the efforts of the State bureau toward its settlement.

Bureau of Mines. Thirteenth Biennial Report for the years 1913 and 1914. Denver, 1914. 228 pp.

Largely a description of metal mines and mining activities and development during 1913 and 1914. Report as to accidents in metal mines may be summarized as follows:

EMPLOYEES ABOVE AND UNDER GROUND.

State Wage Board. First Report for the biennial period ending November 30, 1914. Denver, 1914. 28 pp.

Report was summarized in Bulletin No. 167, page 40. Connecticut. Board of Compensation Commissioners. First Annual Report for the year ending September 30, 1914. Hartford, 1914. 32 pp.

A brief report of the operation of the Workmen's Compensation Act for the year shows 18,054 accidents reported, most of them, however, resulting in short disabilities. The agreements entered into by employer and employee and approved by the commissioners numbered 3,444, and the hearings where the formal finding and the award were made numbered 106. Recommendations are made for amendment of the law.

Bureau of Labor Statistics. Twenty-sixth Report for the two years ending November 30, 1914. Hartford, 1914. 78 pp.

Contains report of new factory and tenement house construction, occupational diseases as reported under the Connecticut law, work of five free employment bureaus, private employment agencies, a record of strikes, lockouts, and trade agreements, and a directory of labor organizations in the State. The report shows that only 25 cases of occupational diseases, 18 of which were lead poisoning, were reported to the bureau between December, 1912, and November 30, 1914.

Bureau of Labor Statistics. Report on the conditions of wage-earning women and girls, by Charlotte M. Holloway. Hartford, 1914. 138 pp.

Report will be summarized in the September issue of the REVIEW.

Factory Inspector. Fourth Biennial Report for the two years ending September 30, 1914. Hartford, 1914. 107 pp.

Covers industrial accidents reported, inspection of bakeshops, mercantile elevators, tenement houses, factories, home work, mercantile establishments, and contains sections on welfare work and new legislation, and a list of Connecticut manufacturers and their products. A number of illustrations show proper methods of safeguarding, and the equipment of typical emergency rooms in Connecticut factories.

Convict Labor Commission. Report of the General Assembly, 1915. Hartford, 1915. 90 pp.

Report of a commission to investigate convict labor in Connecticut and in other States and foreign countries. Describes methods in various States and in foreign countries and submits recommendations.

Idaho.-Inspector of Mines. Sixteenth Annual Report for the year 1914. 1915. 55 pp. Devoted chiefly to the mining, development, progress, and resources of the State. The products of the Idaho mines are lead, zinc, silver, copper, and gold. The inspector estimates the number of men exposed to the hazards of the mining industry during 1914 as 5,200. The accidents reported were 27 fatal, 79 serious, and 312 minor. Of the 27 fatal accidents 4 were shaft accidents, 20 were underground other than shaft accidents, one was a milling accident, one a power-plant accident, and one a placermill accident.

Illinois.-Bureau of Labor Statistics. Seventeenth Biennial Report. Child labor. Springfield, 1915. 131 pp.

The investigation was undertaken upon the recommendation of the board of labor commissioners to obtain information as to the advisability of enacting a 16-year minimum-age law. The purpose was to ascertain the number of employers favorable to a 16-year minimum age, the extent of education, the apparent physical and mental condition of the children, their reasons for working, and the income of the children and of the families to which they belong. The report consists almost entirely of statistical tables.

In the investigation 2,365 children employed in 139 industries were interviewed, all except about 100 of whom were residents of Chicago. The employers of 912 children were in favor of making 16 years the minimum working age. Those of 1,003 children were opposed to the 16-year minimum, while the employers of 50 children were in favor of a Federal 16-year minimum-age law. The wages received varied greatly, from less than $2 per week in three cases to $10 or more in six cases. Twenty-six per cent were receiving between $4 and $4.50 per week. Of the children interviewed, 76 per cent reported that they left school to earn money to help provide for themselves and families. Nearly 82 per cent of the children left school at 14 years of age, while 5 per cent left at an earlier age. Over 13 per cent left school before reaching the fifth grade, while 14 per cent were in that grade when they left school. Slightly over 25 per cent were in the eighth grade or in the high school when they left school.