employed to protect the batteries in the center; but had no part of it been engaged, this reserve would have constituted less than one-sixth

of his army.

Another criticism was that the commander did not renew the battle on the 18th.a

Had the enemy made the attack on the 17th, his silence on the morning of the 18th would have been a confession of defeat, but as he had only fought on the defensive the first day, his presence on the morning of the second-if it meant anything, meant that he was ready to renew the fight on the same terms.

On the afternoon of the 18th, General Meade, commanding Hooker's corps, submitted a field return showing that its "present for duty" was 6,729; before beginning the battle it was reported at 14,856.

This loss in but one of the three corps engaged on the right, indicated the nature of the struggle on the 17th. Official reports afterwards showed that the killed and wounded numbered 11,426,"

This loss in a single day exceeded by 1,809 the losses of the combined Armies of the Ohio and Tennessee in the two days' battle of Shiloh; exceeded the casualties at Fredericksburg by more than 1,000; equaled the four days' losses at Chancellorsville, and fell but 5,000 short of the total of casualties in the three days' battle at Gettysburg.

In addition to caring for the wounded, replenishing ammunition, and expecting large reenforcements, General McClellan, too, has given other reasons for deferring the attack till daylight of the 19th:

At that moment Virginia lost, Washington menaced, Maryland invaded, the national cause could afford no risks of defeat. One battle lost and almost all would have been lost. Lee's army might then have marched as it pleased on Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, or New York. c

As estimated by General Banks, from information collected from prisoners, deserters, and spies, the Confederate army at Antietam numbered 97,445 men." This fact is important, as showing how easy it is for commanders to be deceived, who are not even in the presence of the enemy.

The Confederates claim that their force numbered but 40,000. The Union army in action numbered 87,164. Its total losses, including the missing, were 12,469. The Confederate losses were 3,500 killed, 16,399 wounded; total, 19,899.9 Their other losses during the cam

a However eager he might have been for another attack, this feeling was not shared by all of his subordinates. On the morning of the 18th, General Burnside asked him for a division to assist him in holding his position in case the enemy should attack. The division was sent from the Fifth Corps in reserve, was placed in position, when, without orders, the Ninth Co ps was withdrawn across the Antietam. (McClellan's Report, p. 212.)

Medical History of the War, p. lxiv.

McClellan's Report, p. 211.

d McClellan's Report, p. 214.

C General Lee states, in his report of the battle: "This great battle was fought by less than 40,000 men on our side." (Frank Moore's Rebellion Record, vol. 19, pt. 1.) An estimate of the chief clerk, office of the adjutant-general, Army of Northern Virginia, made in 1865 from memory, gives the total effective strength of the Confederates at Antietam as 41,500. (Taylor's Four Years, p. 158.)

The field return of the Army of Northern Virginia for September 22, 1862, gives present for duty, 36,187. This return appears to exclude the cavalry and artillery, and of course does not include the losses at Sharpsburg. (Campaigns of the Civil War-Antietam to Fredericksburg.)-EDITORS.

McClellan's Report, p. 214.

Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, pt. 1, p. lviii.

paign were 6,000 prisoners (mostly stragglers), 13 guns, and 39 colors." This loss was again offset by the almost treasonable surrender of Harper's Ferry, with its garrison of 12,000. The only part of the garrison which escaped capitulation was 2,000 cavalry, commanded by the loyal Mississippian, Col. Benjamin F. Davis, First U. S. Cavalry. Given permission to effect his escape, he crossed the bridge at 9 p. m. of the 14th, took the road up the left bank of the Potomac, passed through the region occupied by one-half of Lee's army, captured Longstreet's ammunition train of 50 or 60 wagons, and the next morning in safety reached Greencastle, Pa.

While General McClellan has been censured for not engaging the 13,000 men under the command of General Porter, justice requires that we should cast a glance at the situation around Washington. On the 10th of September, he telegraphed from Rockville that the ememy's force, as nearly as could be estimated, ranged from 80,000 to 150,000. men. September 11, he placed the estimate at 120,000, and recommended, at the risk of being considered slow and overcautious, that every available man" be added to his army. The same day he again telegraphed

* *

*

66

Please send forward all the troops you can spare from Washington, particularly Porter, Heintzelman, Sigel, and all the other old troops. General Banks reports 72,500 troops in and about Washington.c

Two hours later the President answered

This is explanatory. If Porter, Heintzelman, and Sigel were sent you, it would sweep everything from the other side of the river, because the new troops have been distributed among them. As I understand, Porter reports himself 21,000 strong, which can only be by the addition of new troops. He is ordered to-night to join you as quickly as possible. I am for sending you all that can be spared, and I hope others can follow Porter very soon.d

At 9 p. m., General Porter's corps alone, of all the troops designated, was ordered to join the army, which was now being urged forward to fight, as was believed, the decisive battle of the war.

It is well known among soldiers that confidence on the part of a commander is indispensable to success. This confidence must result either from superior numbers or discipline, both of which could have been secured to the Army of the Potomac. The commander, as on the Peninsula, sought to place the result of the battle beyond doubt, by asking that every available man be sent forward; yet, at the critical moment when he was censured for not employing his last reserve of 13,000 men, an army stood idle at Washington aggregating present for duty 71,210; present and absent, 107,839. Had 50,000 of these men been sent forward, the raw troops placed in reserve north of the Antietam, the old troops to have joined their veteran comrades in battle, it is fair to infer that little would have been heard of the Confederacy after the Maryland invasion.

a McClellan's Report, p. 212.

Greeley's American Conflict, vol. 2, p. 201. This gallant officer was subsequently killed at the head of his regiment, the Eighth New York Cavalry, while leading a charge at Brandy Station in 1863. McCrea, of North Carolina, killed at Valverde; Terrill, of Virginia, a brigadier-general, killed at Perryville; W. P. Saunders, of Mississippi, a brigadier-general, killed at Knoxville; and B. F. Davis, of Mississippi, a colonel, killed at the opening of the Gettysburg campaign, form a quartette who, no less than the heroic Thomas, deserve a monument to commemorate their loyalty and steadfast devotion to the Union.

с

Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, vol. 1, p. 481 dIbid., p. 492.

FINAL REMOVAL OF GENERAL MCCLELLAN FROM COMMAND.

The restoration of General McClellan to command gave him another opportunity to make himself the hero of the war.

He was no longer called upon to organize a mob, "cowering on the banks of the Potomac," but found himself, beloved by his troops, at the head of a large and well-disciplined army.

In the next three weeks he gained three victories and put an end to all fear of invasion. But unfortunately a spirit of inaction now came over him. The ravages of the battle had been great, and he needed time to repair them; his army had again to be supplied with shoes, ammunition, and clothing; horses, too, were needed for the artillery and cavalry; the old regiments, as a rule, were reduced to a skeleton. But while this was the condition of the Union army, the condition of the Confederates was worse.

On the 1st of October, the President visited and inspected the army, and on the 6th, General Halleck telegraphed as follows:

I am instructed to telegraph you as follows: The President directs that you cross the Potomac and give battle to the enemy, or drive him south. Your army must move now, while the roads are good. If you cross the river between the enemy and Washington, and cover the latter by your operations, you can be reenforced with 30,000 men. If you move up the valley of the Shenandoah, not more than 12,000 or 15,000 can be sent to you. The President advises the interior line between Washington and the enemy, but does not order it. He is very desirous that your army move as soon as possible. ** I am directed to add that the Secretary of War and the General in Chief fully concur with the President in these instructions.

*

No movement being made on account of a deficiency of supplies which it was supposed could be procured in a few days, the President on the 13th wrote:

You remember my speaking to you of what I called your overcautiousness. Are you not overcautious when you assume that you cannot do what the enemy is constantly doing? Should you not claim to be at least his equal in prowess and act upon the claim? As I understand, you telegraphed General Halleck that you cannot subsist your army at Winchester unless the railroad from Harper's Ferry to that point be put in working order. But the enemy does now subsist his army at Winchester, at a distance nearly twice as great from railroad transportation as you would have to do, without the railroad last named. He now wagons from Culpeper Court-House, which is just about twice as far as you would have to do from Harper's Ferry. He is certainly not more than half as well provided with wagons as you are. I certainly should be pleased for you to have the advantage of the railroad from Harper's Ferry to Winchester; but it wastes all the remainder of autumn to give it to you, and, in fact, ignores the question of time, which cannot and must not be ignored.

Again, one of the standard maxims of war, as you know, is "to operate upon the enemy's communications as much as possible without exposing your own." You seem to act as if this applies against you, but cannot apply in your favor. Change positions with the enemy, and think you not he would break your communication with Richmond within the next twenty-four hours? You dread his going into Pennsylvania. But if he does so in full force, he gives up his communications to you absolutely, and you have nothing to do but to follow and ruin him; if he does so with less than full force, fall upon and beat what is left behind all the easier.

Exclusive of the water line, you are now nearer Richmond than the enemy is by the route that you can and he must take. Why can you not reach there before him, unless you admit that he is more than your equal on the march? His route is the are of a circle, while yours is the chord. The roads are as good on yours as on his You know I desired, but did not order, you to cross the Potomac below, instead of above, the Shenandoah and Blue Ridge. My idea was, that this would at once menace the enemy's communications, which I would seize if he would permit. If he should move northward, I would follow him closely, holding his communica tions. If he should prevent our seizing his communications, and move toward

a McClellan's Report, p. 219.

Richmond, I would press closely to him, fight him if a favorable opportunity should present, and at least try to beat him to Richmond on the inside track. I say "try;" if we never try we shall never succeed. If he make a stand at Winchester, moving neither north nor south, I would fight him there, on the idea that if we cannot beat him when he bears the wastage of coming to us, we never can when we bear the wastage of going to him. This proposition is a simple truth, and is too important to be lost sight of for a moment. In coming to us he tenders us an advantage which we should not waive. We should not so operate as to merely drive him away. As we must beat him somewhere, or fail finally, we can do it, if at all, easier near to us than far away. If we cannot beat the enemy where he now is, we never can, he again being within the entrenchments of Richmond. Recurring to the idea of going to Richmond on the inside track, the facility of supplying from the side away from the enemy is remarkable, as it were, by the different spokes of a wheel, extending from the hub toward the rim, and this whether you move directly by the chord, or on the inside arc, hugging the Blue Ridge more closely.

The chord line, as you see, carries you by Aldie, Haymarket, and Fredericksburg, and you see how turnpikes, railroads, and finally the Potomac by Aquia Creek, meet you at all points from Washington. The same, only the lines lengthened a little, if you press closer to the Blue Ridge part of the way. The gaps through the Blue Ridge I understand to be about the following distances from Harper's Ferry, to wit; Vestals, 5 miles; Gregorys, 13; Snickers, 18; Ashbys, 28; Manassas, 38; Chester, 45; and Thorntons, 53. I should think it preferable to take the route nearest the enemy, disabling him to make an important move without your knowledge, and compelling him to keep his forces together for dread of you. The gaps would enable you to attack if you should wish. For a great part of the way, you would be practically between the enemy and both Washington and Richmond, enabling us to spare you the greatest number of troops from here. When, at length, running for Richmond ahead of him enables him to move this way, if he does so, turn and attack him in the But I think he should be engaged long before such point is reached. It is all easy if our troops march as well as the enemy, and it is unmanly to say they cannot do it. This letter is in no sense an order. a

rear.

It was unfortunate for the country that this letter, so earnest and full of wisdom, was not received as an order; but the commander still turned his attention to the wants of his army. It cannot be denied that the supplies asked for were needed. The new troops were suffering from the lack of clothing and tents.

The One Hundred and Twenty-First New York, within a month after it joined the Sixth Corps, had 200 men in hospital and on the sick report. By moving, the health of the command would have improved, while by sending the supplies to Warrenton and Manassas on the lines indicated by the President, two weeks, if not a month's, time might have been gained.

Although during the Revolution, Washington repeatedly ascribed the salvation of our cause to the interposition of Providence; nevertheless, as an eye-witness of grave errors which almost daily demanded such interposition, he did not cease in his correspondence to remonstrate with Congress.

Since the Rebellion, with a fatuity pregnant with future disaster, we have settled down to the conviction that our total neglect of military preparation, our defeats, our sacrifices in blood and treasure, were the predestined features of a war protracted through four long years, in order that the minds of the people might be prepared for the extinction of slavery. These views, so comforting now, were not held during the war.

Upon the President more than any other person, rested the burden of the war. Each week, each day the struggle continued, he could see the vestments of mourning increasing in the land. Death did not come alone in the hospital and the field. The sentences by military

a Raymond's President Lincoln's Administration, pp. 281, 282. 932°-17-25

tribunals brought weekly to his feet the mother pleading for the life of her son, the wife for her husband, the child for its father. Politicians on both sides may be accused of a desire to protract the war, but the breath of slander can never reach the great President. He did not care what soldiers might win the final victory, all he wanted was peace. On the 21st of October, General McClellan telegraphed:

Since the receipt of the President's order to move on the enemy, I have been making every exertion to get this army supplied with clothing absolutely necessary for marching. This, I am happy to say, is now nearly accomplished. I have also, during the same time, repeatedly urged upon you the importance of supplying cavalry and artillery horses, to replace those broken down by hard service, and steps have been taken to insure a prompt delivery. * * *

Under the foregoing circumstances, I beg leave to ask whether the President desires me to march on the enemy at once, or to await the reception of the new horses, every possible step having been taken to insure their prompt arrival.a

General Halleck the same day replied:

Your telegram of 12 m. has been submitted to the President. He directs me to say that he has no change to make in his order of the 6th instant. If you have not been and are not now in condition to obey it, you will be able to show such want of ability. The President does not expect impossibilities, but he is very anxious that all this good weather should not be wasted in inactivity. Telegraph when you will move and on what lines you propose to march.

Construing this telegram to mean that it was left to his "judgment to decide whether or not it was possible to move with safety at that time," he telegraphed to the President on the 27th:

Your Excellency is aware of the very great reduction of numbers that has taken place in most of the old regiments of this command, and how necessary it is to fill up these skeletons before taking them again into action. I have the honor, there

fore, to request that the order to fill up the old regiments with drafted men may at once be issued, c

The same day the President replied:

Your despatch of 3 p. m. to-day in regard to filling up old regiments with drafted men is received, and the request therein shall be complied with as far as practicable. And now I ask a distinct answer to the question: "Is it your purpose not to go into action again till the men now being drafted in the States are incorporated in the old regiments?" d

On leaving Maryland there were two lines of operations for advancing into Virginia, both of which had now become beaten tracks. The first was up the Shenandoah; the other was East of the Blue Ridge, toward the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. In case he chose the first line, he could have from 12,000 to 15,000 reenforcements; if he took the inner line this number would be increased to 30,000.

Comparing this latter number with the aggregate of 71,000 for duty in front of Washington, on the 20th of September, it will be observed that the civil authorities had renounced the error that lay at the root of their original opposition to the Peninsula campaign. Recent events had taught them that an army might advance via the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, and yet not cover the capital. Under no circumstances would it be wise to again permit every man to leave the defenses. They were therefore compelled to adopt the recommendation which General McClellan made in the beginning, viz, to make the capital safe it needed

a McClellan's Report, pp. 228, 229.

McClellan's Report, p. 229.

Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, vol. 1, pp. 551, 552. a Report of the Joint Committee ca the Conduct of the War, vol. 1, p. 552.