our country and countrymen. T- P was even worse than she was in this respect. We never lost our temper on either side, but our warfare was continual. One rather chilly evening T— P— and I were seated by the open fire-place in the cabin. Wishing to stir the coals, T—————— P— asked me to pass him the tongues, pronouncing as I spell. "The what?" I asked. "The tongues," he repeated. "The tongs you mean," I said. out the whole story being written out; it is true it is never so long a story. Certain trades are more distinctly subdivided in London than here. The butcher, poulterer, fishmonger, cheesemonger, grocer, and greengrocer, never interfere with each other. Scotland the butcher is a flesher, a very disagreeable word to me. In There is a large number of familiar words and expressions peculiar to each country. "Suspenders" here are braces there. "Pantaloons" "Ridiculous," he replied; "tongues is the here are more frequently called trowsers there. proper pronunciation." "Shall we ask Mrs. P-s?" I rejoined. "Well, we will do so; only we will not tell her who is for tongs and who for tongues, for if we should she would be sure to decide against me." We ascended to the deck, where Mrs. Ps was with her husband. I asked her the question in the most impartial manner. She burst into a laugh, and, turning to me, said, "You don't mean to say that you say tongues in America!" T-P used to talk about starring with cold. I believe this is peculiarly Lancashire, although you occasionally hear it throughout England, and I am not certain that there is not good authority for the expression. Most kinds of what we call "shoes" they call boots. They never speak of a lady's "hat." "Lumber" has two entirely distinct meanings in the two countries. An American kitchen maid in distress would say, "What shall I do ?" Her English sister would exclaim, "Whatever shall I do?" I could give many more examples, but these are enough. There are very many words indeed in common usage in this country which are obsolete in England, and yet very good English. They are usually set down as Yankeeisms. I will give a single instance. A muss in the mouth of a New York rough means a "row." You seldom or never hear this word in England, and yet you find it in Beaumont and Fletcher, and contemporary writers. It is a curious circumstance how words survive in a colony after becoming obsolete in the mother country; and not only words but forms of expression, and even pronunciation. The Greek colonies of Asia Minor speak a language much nearer the ancient Greek in all respects than do the cities of Greece proper. The Span There is nothing more puzzling to a stranger than to know how to pronounce correctly many English proper names. That "Thames" is Tems we all know. That "Pall Mall" is Pell Mell you have to go to London to find out. I once ordered a cabman to drive me to the "Seven Oaks" railway station. He did not understand what I meant. "Seven Oaks" is called Sen-ish language is nearer the Latin than is the ner; "Cholmondeley" is Chumley; "Beauvoir" is Beaver; "Cockburn" is Coburn. There is an infinitely greater variety of surnames in England than we have in the States. Some of them are rather odd. The Portwines are one of the best families in Devonshire or Cornwall, I forget which. The curious names which Dickens has given many of his characters are, I am confident, not creations of the imagination, but taken from London signs. I have met with many of them myself. Quilp is in St. Martin's Lane, not very far from the church, on the other side. Speaking of London signs, they never say "Smith, successor to Brown" as we do, but "Smith, late Brown." The English are greater economists of words than we. I remember a tobacconist near Westminster Bridge whose sign reads "Till Late Darke." The first time my eye fell carelessly upon it, I construed it to mean that the shop was kept open until a late hour in the evening. The firms of English commercial houses, and particularly of bankers, are sometimes formidably long. Longman's publishing house is an example in point. If the title is "Smith, Brown, Robinson, Jones, and Smith," people simply say "Smith and Co." Checks on the private bankers are drawn in this abbreviated form. Here they would not be honored with Italian. The Dutch resembles the old German more closely than does the new German. It is a noticeable fact that although nearly all English men and women of education speak French, you will find ten Americans who speak it with a good accent for one Englishman who does so. The reason of this is obvious to my mind. The English speak their own tongue very distinctly and with great emphasis. We, on the contrary, speak it in a loose, slovenly, monotonous way. Consequently we slide much more easily into a foreign pronunciation than they do; we have less that is strong and positive to overcome. Besides, the nasal articulation of the French is natural to us. I never in my life knew but two Englishmen who spoke French like natives. The one was an officer in the Austrian service, the other a merchant in Paris. I have known many Americans who could pass readily for Frenchmen among cultivated people. You It is amusing to notice the difference in the way of speaking of Frenchmen and Germans who have learned their English in the States and those who have learned it in England. can distinguish between them in a moment. The only Frenchman I remember who speaks English with absolute purity is the Marquis de Lavalette. But he spent all his childhood and youth in England. following day. We give an abstract of its leading features:-Our Foreign Relations have occasioned profound solicitude. A nation which endures factious divisions at home is exposed to disrespect abroad; one or both parties is sure to invoke foreign intervention, and other nations are not always able to resist the temptation thus presented. But the disloyal citizens of the United States have met with less encouragement than they expected. Even if foreign nations were disposed to act solely for the speedy restoration of commerce, including especially the acquisition of cotton, they do not as yet appear to have seen their way more clearly through the destruction than through the preservation of the Union. They can not have failed to perceive that the Union has made our foreign as well as our domestic commerce; and one strong nation promises more durable peace, and a more extensive and reliable commerce than can the same nation when broken into fragments. Still the integrity of our country depends upon ourselves, not upon foreign nations, and as foreign dangers attend domestic difficulties, the President recommends the ample maintenance of our national defenses, especially those of our sea-coast, lakes, and great rivers.-He urges that Congress should provide for the speedy construction of a Military Railroad, connecting the loyal portions of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Kentucky with the other faithful parts of the Union.-He recommends that for the Protection of our Commerce, especially in the Eastern Seas, commanders of sailing vessels be authorized to re-capture prizes which may be made by pirates, and that the consular courts be empowered to adjudicate respecting such prizes, where this is not objected to by the local authorities.-He sees no good reason why we should longer refuse to recognize the independence of Hayti and Liberia, and suggests the appointment of a Chargé d'Affairs at each of these States.-The operations of the Treasury have been conducted with signal success. The patriotism of the people has placed at the disposal of Government the large sums demanded by the public exigencies. The following is a summary of the receipts and expenditures: Revenne from all sources, including loans, for the financial year ending June 30, 1961.... Expenditures, including payments on account of public debt.. Leaving balance, June 1, 1861 Revenue for the first quarter of the present financial year, including the above bal ance.. Expenditures for this quarter. $86,835,900 27 84,578,034 47 $102,552,509 27 Leaving balance, October 1, 1861.. $4,232,776 18 -The estimates for the Treasury and the Statistics of the Army and Navy will be found in the Reports of the Secretaries for those departments.-In the Supreme Court are three vacancies, two by the decease of Justices Daniel and M'Lean, and one by the resignation of Justice Campbell. No nominations have been made to fill these, since two of them occur in the revolted States, and they could not now be filled in those localities, and the President is unwilling to make all the appointments Northward, disabling himself from doing justice to the South on the return of peace. He suggests, however, that the transfer of one of these to the North would not, with reference to territory and population, be unjust. Various sug- "Under and by virtue of the act of Congress, entitled 'An Act to Confiscate Property used for Insurrectionary Purposes,' approved August 6, 1861, the legal claims of certain persons to the labor and service of certain other persons have become forfeited, and numbers of the latter, thus liberated, are already dependent on the United States, and must be provided for in some way. Besides this, it is not impossible that some of the States will pass similar enactments for their own benefits respectively, and by the operation of which persons of the same class will be thrown upon them for disposal. In such case I recommend that Congress provide for accepting such persons from such States, according to some mode of valuation, in lieu protanto of direct taxes, or upon some other plan to be agreed on with such States respectively, that such persons, on such acceptance by the General Government, be at once deemed free; and that in any event steps be taken for colonizing both classes, or the one first mentioned, if the other shall not be brought into existence, at some place or places in a climate congenial to them. It might be well to consider, too, whether the free colored people already in the United States could not, so far as individuals may desire, be in cluded in such colonization." The Message embodies a brief dissertation upon the views as to Labor and Capital which are involved in the present struggle. It is assumed, says the President, on the one side, that labor is available only in connection with capital; that nobody labors unless some one who owns capital induces him to do so; then it is considered whether it is better that capital shall hire laborers, inducing them to dea, forcing them aither case it behe condition of a lathe President combats he says is prior to and esrves the higher conyixed position of laborer ajority of citizens, both South, neither work for others vlcsalig for them; many both labor hands and hire others to labor for in the laborer of to-day is not acumployer of to-morrow. This sysio way to all, and gives hope to all. No e worthy to hold political power than d up from poverty; let them beware of political power which they possess. concludes thus: a force of 500,000 men. The cavalry force is found to be larger than is required, and measures will be taken for its reduction. The Secretary gives a condensed history of the enlistment of the army, and shows that it may easily be raised to any required number. He says that, at one time during the Revolution, Massachusetts, with a population of 350,000, had in the field 56,000 troops-more than one-sixth of her entire population. Should the loyal States furnish troops in like proportion, which they would do if the emergency demanded, we could put into the field an army of over three millions.A summary is given of affairs in the "Border States." In Delaware the good sense and patriotism of the people has triumphed over the schemes of the traitors; in Kentucky the people early pronounced themselves at the ballot-box in favor of the Union; in Maryland, notwithstanding the events in Baltimore, when the opportunity of a general election was afforded, the people, under the lead of their brave and patriotic Governor, rebuked those who would have led the State to destruction; in Missouri a loyal State Government has been established, troops have rallied to the support of the Federal authority, which have forced the enemy to retire into an adjoining State; in Virginia the Government established by the loyal portion of her population is in successful operation. The Secretary believes that "the army now assembled on the banks of the Potomac will, under its able leader, soon make such a demonstration as will re-establish its authority throughout all the rebellious States."The Report contains many practical suggestions in respect to the arms, munitions, clothing, and organization of the army. Aggre- It recommends that "the advancement of merit gate. should be the leading principle in all promotions, 4,689 14,636 and the volunteer soldier should be given to under2,775 stand that preferment will be the sure reward of intelligence, fidelity, and distinguished service."— 20,763 The two closing paragraphs of this Report embody 15,000 suggestions of such grave importance that we give 15,007 them in full: 7,000 30,195 het taking of our national census to the last years, and we find our population at the end ied eight times as great as it was at the beginThe increase of those other things which men deem ale has been even greater. We thus have, at one what the popular principle, applied to government the machinery of the States and the Union, has cd in a given time, and also what, if firmly mainied, it promises for the future. There are already agus those who, if the Union be preserved, will live to ve at contain 250,000,000. The struggle of to-day is not ether for to-day. It is for a vast future also. With la reliance on Providence, all the more firm and earneshtus proceed in the great task which events have devolved upon us." *་ The Report of the Secretary of War presents the following estimate of the strength of the army, both volunteers and regulars: 84,941 23,331 4,160 2,500 1,000 "The geographical position of the metropolis of the nation, menaced by the rebels, and required to be defended by thousands of our troops, induces me to suggest for con31,486 sideration the propriety and expediency of a reconstruction 10,379 of the boundaries of the States of Delaware, Maryland, and 12,410 Virginia. Wisdom and true statesmanship would dictate 110,3SS that the seat of the National Government, for all time to 91,441 come, should be placed beyond reasonable danger of seiz113,959 ure by enemies within, as well as from capture by foes 7,183 from without. By agreement between the States named, 8,780 such as was effected for similar purposes by Michigan and 12,779 Ohio, and by Missouri and Iowa, their boundaries could be 14,945 so changed as to render the capital more remote than at 5,000 present from the influence of State Governments which 1,000 have arrayed themselves in rebellion against the Federal authority. To this end the limits of Virginia might be so altered as to make her boundaries consist of the Blue Ridge on the cast and Pennsylvania on the north, leaving 3,823 those on the south and west as at present. By this ar 718,512 rangement two counties of Maryland (Alleghany and Washington) would be transferred to the jurisdiction of Virgini All that portion of Virginia which lies between the Blue Ridge and Chesapeake Bay could then be added to Maryters of the Chesapeake and the Atlantic, now jointly held land, while that portion of the peninsula between the waby Maryland and Virginia, could be incorporated into the State of Delaware. A reference to the map will show that these are great natural boundaries, which, for all time to come, would serve to mark the limits of these States. make the protection of the capital complete, in considera568,353 tion of the large accession of territory which Maryland 59,398 would receive under the arrangement proposed, it would 24,685 be necessary that the State should consent so to modify her 8,395 Constitution as to limit the basis of her representation to 107 her white population. In this connection it would be the 660,971 part of wisdom to reannex to the District of Columbia that portion of its original limits which, by Act of Congress, was retroceded to the State of Virginia. Total..... -To the number of volunteers for the war, 640,637, add the estimated strength of the regular army, including the new enlistments, under the Act of July 29, 1861, which is 20,334, and our entire military force now in the field will be 660,971; the several arms of the service being distributed as follows: Volunteers. Regulars. Aggregate 557,208 11,175 51,654 4,744 4,308 Infantry. Cavalry Artillery. Rifles and Sharp-shooters.. Engineers Total.. 20,380 - For the ensuing year appropriations are asked for Το "It is already a grave question what shall be done with those slaves who are abandoned by their owners on the advane of our troops into Southern territory, as at Beaufort district, in South Carolina. The number left within our control at that point is very considerable, and similar cases will probably occur. What shall be done with them? Can we afford to send them forward to their masters to be by them armed against us, or used in producing supplies to maintain the rebellion? Their labor may be useful to us; withhelt from the enemy it lessens his military resources, and withholding them has no tendency to induce the horrors of insurrection, even in the rebel communities. They constitute a military resource, and being such, that they should not be turned over to the enemy is too plain to discass. Why deprive him of supplies by a blockade, and voluntarily give him men to produce supplies? The dispedition to be made of the slaves of rebels after the close of the war can be safely left to the wisdom and patriotism of Congress. The representatives of the people will unquestionably secure to the loyal slaveholders every right to which they are entitled under the Constitution of the country." The Report of the Secretary of the Nary furnishes a comprehensive statement of the condition of this branch of the service, and of its operations since last July. When the vessels now building and purchased of every class are armed, equipped, and ready for service, the strength of the navy will be: Tonnage. 16,094 16,031 539 342 -The operations of the navy have been directed to the following objects: 1. Blockading the insurgent ports along a coast of nearly 3000 miles; 2. The organization of combined naval and military expeditions to operate upon the Southern coast, and upon the Mississippi and its tributaries; 3. The pursuit of cruisers which might have escaped the blockading force. In all 153 vessels have been captured while attempting to violate the blockade. Vessels laden with stone have been sent to be sunk in the channels of Charleston harbor and the Savannah River; this, if effectually accomplished, will interdict commerce at those ports.-The operations in the neighborhood of Hatteras and Port Royal are described at length in the Report. The escape of the Sumter, and the "feeble pursuit" made of her is mentioned; an investigation into this affair has been ordered.-The action of Captain Wilkes in capturing Messrs. Slidell and Mason is thus referred to: "The prompt and decisive action of Captain Wilkes on of the Department, and if a too generous forbearance was this occasion merited and received the emphatic approval exhibited by him in not capturing the vessel which had these rebel emissaries on board, it may, in view of the special circumstances, and of its patriotic motives, be excused; but it must by no means be permitted to constitute a precedent hereafter for the treatment of any case of similar infraction of neutral obligations by foreign vessels engaged in commerce or the carrying trade." -In answer to inquiries from naval commanders as 6,340 to the disposition of fugitives who have sought refuge 21,460 on our ships, the Secretary has directed that 11,953 8,003 "If insurgents, they should be handed over to the cus 7,533 tody of the Government; but if, on the contrary, they 2,405 were free from any voluntary participation in the rebel1,808 lion and sought the shelter and protection of our flag, then 599 they should be cared for and employed in some useful manner and might be enlisted to serve on our public vessels or 105,271 in our Navy-yards, receiving wages for their labor. If such employment could not be furnished to all by the navy, they might be referred to the army, and if no employment could 26,680 be found for them in the public service they should be allow20,403 ed to proceed freely and peaceably without restraint to seek 9,998 a livelihood in any loyal portion of the country." 5,324 Guns. 504 350 342 12 3 Store-ships 7 6 Receiving ships, etc... 106 6 Screw frigates. 992 6 First-class screw sloops 109 4 First-class side-wheel steam sloops.. 46 6 Second-class screw sloops 45 5 Third-class screw sloops 23 tioned, this general direction is evidently intended 71,297 to apply to them. The Report of the Secretary of the Interior fur16,757 nishes some interesting details. The decline of busi11,661 ness has seriously affected the operations of the Gen8,400 eral Land Office. Sales of land have been almost 4,600 wholly suspended; the net income from this source 41,448 will for the present fiscal year hardly amount to $2,000,000.-Indian Affairs are in a very unsatisfactory state. The Cherokees, Chickasaws, and Choctaws have ceased all intercourse with the agents of the United States. The payment of their annuities has been suspended. The tribes on the Pacific slope of the Rocky Mountains have manifested a turbulent spirit. In New Mexico trouble has been experienced from depredations committed by some -Making a total of 264 vessels, 2557 guns, and 218,016 tons. The aggregate number of seamen in the service on the 4th of March last was 7600. The number is now not less than 22,000. The amount appropriated at the last regular session of Congress for the naval service of the current fiscal year was $13,168,675; to this was added at the special session of last July $30,446,876-making an aggre gate for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1862, of $43,615,551. To this must be added: For vessels purchased and alterations to fit For the purchase of additional vessels... Add previous appropriations.... tribes. In Kansas and Nebraska the tribes are advancing in the arts of civilization.-The Patent Office has suffered greatly by the insurrection. Dur$2,530,000 ing the year, from January 1 to September 30, 1861, 2,000,000 12,000,000 the expenditures exceeded the receipts by $82,785. $16,530,000 To meet this deficiency thirty employés have been 43,615,551 discharged, and the salaries of the remainder have been reduced- -Many persons who have been in the receipt of Pensions have joined the insurgents; payments to them have been suspended.The returns of the Census are being condensed for publica$41,096,530 1,105,657 tion as rapidly as possible. Total for year ending June 30, 1962..... $60,145,551 -The estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1863, are as follows: For the navy proper For the marine corps For miscellaneous objects. 2,423,478 The Report of the Postmaster-General shows that Total for fiscal year ending June 30, 1863 $41,625,605 the expenditures of the Department for the year were $13,606,759, being more than a million and a quarter less than for the preceding year, while the receipts fell short only $168,771. The deficit is $4,651,966, nearly a million and a half less than was estimated. The appropriation asked to supply deficiencies for 1862 is $3,145,000, more than two and a quarter millions less than was asked in 1861. This difference arises from the fact that the Department is not now burdened with supplying mails to the Southern States, where the expenses greatly exceeded the income. green teas to 20 cents; and on coffee to 5 cents; be yond these he thinks no change should at present be made in the tariff. The direct tax should be so modified as to produce $20,000,000 from the loyal States, the income-tax to produce $10,000,000; and a tax producing $20,000,000 to be imposed upon stills, distilled liquors, tobacco, carriages, bank notes, paper evidences of debt, etc.: making the whole amount of direct taxation $50,000,000.—But the most important suggestion of the Secretary refers to the establishment of a uniform National Currency. There are, he says, in circulation in the loyal States $150,000,000 of bank notes, which is a The Report of the Secretary of the Treasury furnishes an elaborate statement of the financial condition of the Government. The following tables pre-loan without interest by the people to the banks. sent in a condensed form its principal points for the financial year ending June 30, 1862: $36,809,731 24 197,242,588 14 75,449,675 00 20,000,000 00 $329,501,994 38 Estimated receipts from customs, lands, $98,239,733 09 This loan may be transferred to the Government, with advantage to the people. Two plans for effecting this have been suggested. The first contemplates the gradual withdrawal from circulation of the notes of private corporations, and the issue in their stead of United States notes, payable in coin on demand. This, which is partially adopted in the issue of the "Demand Notes" of the Treasury, while it offers many advantages, is, in the opinion of the Secretary, liable to inconveniences and hazards. The plan which he recommends contemplates the preparation and delivery to institutions and associations of notes prepared for circulation under national direction; these notes to be redeemed by the institutions to which they may be delivered for issue; this redemption to be secured by the pledge of United States stocks and an adequate provision of specie; the notes to be receivable for all Governthe opinion of the Secretary, form the safest curment dues except customs. These notes would, in would be of equal and uniform value in every part rency which this country has ever enjoyed; for they of the Union. In a year or two the whole circulating medium of the country, whether notes or coin, would bear the national impress, and its amount, being easily ascertainable, would not be likely to be $360,159,986 61 increased beyond the wants of business. This plan, in its essential features, has been tried in New York and one or two other States, and has been found practicable and useful. The probabilities of success would be increased by its adoption under national sanction for the whole country. to a close before mid-summer, in which case the revenue from sources suggested by him will be amply sufficient without resorting to new loans; but in case of the continuance of the war on its present scale, the estimated expenditures for the year ending June 30, 1863, are: For the War Department For Civil List, etc.... For Interior Department Total expenditures for 1863.. 45,164,994 18 23,086,971 23 The estimated receipts from all sources for For the fiscal year 1862, under existing For the fiscal year 1862, under laws to be enacted, about.. For the fiscal year 1863, also under laws to be enacted.. Making an aggregate of..... $75,442,675 00 200,000,000 00 379,531,245 51 $654,980,920 51 The statement of the Public Debt, on the basis of the foregoing estimates is: $64,769,703 08 90,567,828 68 517,372,802 93 897,372,802 93 On July 1, 1860, it was.. On July 1, 1861, it was.. On July 1, 1862, it will be. On July 1, 1863, it will be.. --In round numbers, if the war continues till July, 1863, the Public Debt will be $900,000,000, which, the Secretary says, the country can pay in thirty years as easily as it did, in twenty years, the debt of $127,000,000 which existed in 1816, at the close of the war. In order to raise the revenues as estimated in the foregoing statements, the Secretary advises that the duties on brown sugars be raised to 2 cents per pound; on clayed sugars to 3 cents; on Our Record closes on the 11th of December. The proceedings of Congress, though mainly preliminary, are of importance as showing the feelings of the members. Messrs. Breckinridge and Burnett of Kentucky, and Reed of Missouri were expelled on account of their connection with the insurrection.—— In the Senate, Mr. Saulsbury, of Delaware, proposed the appointment of a commission consisting of Messrs. Fillmore, Pierce, Everett, Crittenden, Taney, and five others to confer with a similar commission from the so-called Confederate States, with a view to the restoration of peace and the preservation of the Union; and that during the deliberations of the joint commissioners active military operations should cease. This proposition was promptly laid on the table. In the Senate, Mr. Trumbull of Illinois offered a bill "for confiscating the property and giving freedom to the slaves of rebels." It provides for the absolute forfeiture of all property belonging to persons beyond the jurisdiction of the United States or beyond the reach of the usual civil process who shall take up arms against the United States, or in any way aid the rebellion; the proceeds of the property to be held for the benefit of loyal creditors, and for loyal citizens who shall have been despoiled, and to defray the expenses of the war. The bill also |