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weight of his military establishment against France. He used the six weeks, he won many battles and drew near to Paris, but the close of the period saw him in retreat, his time exhausted, his blow parried; the Russian menace in the east, no longer to be neglected entirely, destined to make ever-growing demands upon him until he was forced to go east and seek what he found-victory and the destruction of Russia. In March 1918, the kaiser's new commander could count not upon six weeks but on something like six months in which to bring home the victory. Russia's collapse gave him back the advantages of the first weeks of the war. But again he had to win in the time fixed, for by the end of six months America's aid would begin to become effective and if he failed in the campaign of 1918 to put one of his great foes out he would automatically lose the initiative, the offensive, the chance for victory in the next campaign, when the American hosts had arrived. And now, in late July, we see German armies again retiring from the Marne after a severe defeat the extent of which is still unrevealed. No disaster may come now, as none came in 1914. The German may presently gather up his strength and strike against the British, as he struck in October, 1914. Defeated at the Marne, he may, for a second time, seek compensation in a new effort to open the road to Calais. But the road to Calais ends at the channel and it was not by taking Calais but by beating down French or British armies, one at least, both if possible, that the kaiser in his grandois campaign of the present year was to achieve a victorious peace. It seems to me, then, that the fourth anniversary of the outbreak of the war will see the substantial failure of the German's campaign of 1918. He has used up the time and the resources he derived from the Russian collapse and he has won only territory, booty and prisoners; early successes have been followed by at least one smashing defeat. America, like Blucher, has come. And so a long and bitter year is having a glorious ending."

How different the tone of a second article from the pen of the same critic, written October 24th, less than three months later. It was published under the head, "Foch's 100 Days," and is as follows:

"It was on July 15 that Foch accepted the German challenge and engaged in what was to be the second battle of the Marne. Today then, we have arrived at the end of the "Hundred Days" of the French marshal. In an equal period Napoleon landed from Elba, regained France, fought and lost Waterloo and took the final step which led to St. Helena. It may be doubted if any other hundred days since that famous and fatal period have equaled the latest. In this period Foch has accom

lished three things by three great battles. In the second Marne he defeated the Germans, wrested the initiative from Ludendorff and brought to an end the German advance, which had lasted from March 21 until July 18. In the third Somme he broke the German resistance upon the lines of the old struggles of 1916 and compelled a hurried retirement to the Hindenburg line, with the evacuation of substantially all of the ground conquered in the German offensive of the year. This third Somme opened on August 8; it closed in the middle of September. Last of all has been that grandiose struggle which, for want of a better name, may be called the battle of the Hindenburg line, the last phases of which are still in progress. In this battle, which began with the AngloBelgian offensive in Flanders and the Franco-American thrust in Lorraine on September 26 and culminated in the gigantic and magnificent British thrust between Cambrai and St. Quentin on October 8, Foch broke the German hold upon France, shattered their whole colossal defense system and compelled a retreat which has already released Laon, Lille, St. Quentin, Cambrai, Douai, and cannot now terminate before practically all of France has been liberated and not less than two-thirds of Belgium. In this period the armies fighting under Foch's supreme command have captured upward of 400,000 prisoners and not less than 5,000 guns. They have already liberated more than 8,000 square miles of French and Belgian territory. More than this, in winning the battle of the Hindenburg line they have won the war, won it on the confession of Germany herself. All that now follows will be the exploitation of the victory to the hour of the final surrender.

"Nor is this all. Not only has there been a supreme victory in the west, but in Syria a British army, acting in strict co-ordination with western operations, and also under the command of Foch, has broken the military power of Turkey and liberated Syria, Mesopotamia, Arabia -has sealed the doom of the Osmanli empire. Again, in Macedonia, another army, commanded by a French general, but composed of contingents from many nations, has achieved a tremendous battlefield success, compelled the surrender without condition of Bulgaria, abolished Mitteleuropa, and is advancing to the Danube, sweeping before it the last vestiges of German control in the Balkans and carrying with it the doom of Austria-Hungary. In sum, the whole gigantic German conception, the colossal German scheme, which for four long years has threatened civilization and democracy with ever-growing might and with ever-expanding frontiers, has been abolished. German armies are retreating and leaving behind them the wrecks of that world empire which was for a moment well-nigh realized, but is now and forever destroyed.

"So much for the material side. But there is an even more impressive moral aspect to the achievement of Ferdinand Foch. He has shattered the German legend of invincibility. He has broken the prestige of the German military machine, which, from the victories of Sadowa and of Sedan to the present hour, has weighed heavily upon the world. A simple French soldier, the soldier of a republican nation, has broken, smashed, utterly demolished not alone the German army but the legend of German militarism. In a very real sense Foch has liberated mankind, because he has on the battlefield and with the chosen weapons of the enemy demonstrated that wrong, however strongly armed; force, however well prepared, cannot in the end conquer right and justice. It takes something more than a colossal standing army, infinite skill in preparation and ruthless brutality in operation to conquer the free peoples of the world. The superman has proved vulnerable and mortal; thus revealed he becomes harmless and almost pitiable. On the military side we have seen in the last three weeks the greatest battle of all history, fought on a front twice as wide as the first Marne, fought by not less than 5,000,000 men, resulting in a decisive victory. Before that we saw long weeks, and even months, of patient preparation, waiting for the hour and the moment, but waiting with a plan ever maturing, with nothing left to chance.

"It is less than seven months ago that Ferdinand Foch took command of all the allied armies. He came in on the morning of the ter rible defeat of March 21, with Amiens in danger and the severance of the British and French armies still a possibility. Before he could grasp the reins a German victory in Flanders seemed to open the way to the channel. On this day, six months ago, we were all talking of the clear possibility that Ludendorff would reach Calais and take Paris. And now we are discussing the terms of German surrender as beaten German armies flow back toward the Rhine, with France liberated and Belgium emerging from the wreck of German occupation.

"Is it too much to believe that, on the military side, Ferdinand Foch will hereafter rank with Caesar, Frederick and Napoleon, and on the moral side surpass them all, since he has done for humanity and civilization what the others did for themselves, did in pursuit of power? In combining the military genius of Napoleon with the patriotic loyalty of Washington, Foch has written a new and splendid chapter in military history, imperishable henceforth."

At the time the above was written, pleas were coming thick and fast from Germany, asking for an armistice. The armies of France, of England and of America, began to advance even more rapidly. German

morale and German resistance was crumbling. The American forces, fighting their way through the Champagne, found their foes suddenly give way after weeks of tremendously hard fighting. The Yanks made faster progress, and on November 2nd the enemy started its real retreat northwest of Verdun. In the meantime the Italian offensive, which had been launched in October, had developed into a great victory, and an Austrian debacle. Austria, as Bulgaria and Turkey had done, laid down her arms, and accepted the terms of the allies, which amounted to surrender. The armistice with Austria was signed November 4th. This left Germany fighting alone. Her armies were everywhere in retreat, and she had been deserted by her last ally. Red revolution loomed large, not only in Berlin, but in every section of Germany. The kaiser and his military chiefs were soundly whipped. Might had been crushed by right. On November 10th the kaiser fled from army headquarters at Spa, and the Crown Prince hurriedly left his army headquarters. Both went to Holland where they remained during the following weeks. The armistice, signed by German delegates went into effect at 11 a. m. November 11th, but not before the American troops had crowned their previous glorious record by occupying the city of Sedan, where Prussianism triumphed over France in 1871.

Under the terms of the armistice the allies occupied all of the German territory west of the Rhine River, as well as bridgehead positions at Coblenz, at Mayence and at Cologne. The occupation of this territory was completed before the end of the year, the American, French and British forces following immediately upon the heels of the defeated Germans. The allies, through the terms of the armistice, also secured possession of a considerable portion of the German submarine fleet, and many warships. The military supremacy of the victors was complete. The war crushed military domination, and the spirit of autocracy. It brought freedom's triumph, and eliminated from power the head of the Hohenzollern family, who, during his long reign had deliberately planned an assault upon the world, having boasted to his fellow-conspirators that he had considered the mistakes of Alexander, of Caesar and of Napoleon, and that while they all failed to gain world dominion, he too, was going to try, and he was going to succeed.

Yet this man, absolute ruler of a nation of 70,000,000 people, fiftyone months after he set the world on fire, was a hopeless outcast, for whom the world demanded a trial and punishment for his misdeeds. His country was torn by revolution, menaced by Socialism and Bolshevism, impoverished by the burdens of war, thoroughly beaten and shackled, and forced to accept whatever terms the victors chose to impose.

Below are given the dates of the principal events of the great war, those of 1917 and 1918, the period of participation by the United States, being given in more detail:

June (1914) 28-Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Aus trian throne, murdered at Sarajevo.

July (1914) 5-Kaiser's crown council at Pottsdam resolves upon war; 23-Austria sends ultimatum to Serbia; 28-Austria declares war on Serbia; 31-Russia mobilizes her armies.

August (1914) 1-Germany declares war on Russia and invades Luxemberg and Belgium; 3-Germany declares war on France; 4-Gt. Britain declares war on Germany; 20-Germans occupy Brussels; 23Japanese bombard Tsingtan; 25-Germans burn Louvain.

September (1914) 2-Russians capture Lemberg; 5-Great Britain, France and Russia sign agreement to make no separate peace, Japan and Italy adhering later; 6-9-Battle of the Marne, in which the French turned back the tide of invasion and forced the Germans to retreat to the Aisne; 11-Australians capture New Guinea and Bismarck archipelago; 16-Russians under Rennenkampf retreat from East Prussia; 22-British cruisers Aboukir, Hague and Cressy sunk by submarines in North sea.

October (1914) 9-Germans occupy Antwerp; 14-Allies occupy Ypres, halt Germans on the Yser.

November (1914) 1-British cruisers Monmouth and Good Hope sunk in action off the Chilean coast; 5-Great Britian declares war on Turkey and annexed Cyprus; 7—Japanese capture Tsingtan; 10-German cruiser Emden caught and destroyed at Cocos Island by British.

December (1914) 2-Austrians capture Belgrade; 8-British naval victory off the Falkland Islands South African rebellion collapses; 14 -Serbians recapture Belgrade; 17-Egypt declared a British protectorate; 24-First German air raid on England.

January (1915) 24-British naval victory in North Sea off Dogger

Bank.

February (1915) 18-German submarine blockade off Great Britain begun; 19-Anglo-French squadron begins attack on Dardanelles.

March (1915) 1-British order in council issued to prevent commodities of any kind reaching or leaving Germany; 17-Russians capture Przemysl.

April (1915) 17-Second battle of Ypres begun. Gas used by Germans for first time; 26-Allies land at Gallipoli.

May (1915) 2-Russians defeated in battle of the Dunajec begin retirement in Galicia; 7-The Lusitania sunk by submarine; 23-Italy declares war on Austria.

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