States, and the chiefs of eleven of the most powerful tribes of the norhwestern Indians, which re-established the Indian boundary line through the present state of Ohio and extended it from Loramie to Fort Recovery, and from thence to the Ohio river, opposite the mouth of the Kentucky river. The rights and titles acquired by the Indian tribes under the foregoing treaties were extinguished by the general government by purchase or subsequent treaties. The Western Reserve tract west of the Cuyahoga river was secured by a treaty formed at Fort Industry, in 1805. The lands west of Richland and Huron Counties and north of the boundary line to the western limits of Ohio were purchased in 1818. The last possession of the Delawares was purchased in 1829, and by a treaty made at Upper Sandusky, March 17, 1842, by Col. John Johnston and the Wyandots chiefs, the last remnant of the Indian tribes in Ohio sold the last acre of land they owned within the limits of the state to the general government, and retired the next year to the far West, settling at and near the mouth of the Kansas river. FIRST TERRITORIAL OFFICERS In the month of October, 1787, Congress appointed Gen. Arthur St. Clair, governor; Maj. Winthrop Sargent, secretary, and James M. Varnum, Samuel H. Parsons and John Armstrong, judges of the territory; the latter, however, declining, John Cleves was appointed in his place. July 9, 1788, Governor St. Clair arrived at Marietta and, finding the secretary and a majority of the judges present, proceeded to organize the territory. The Governor and judges were the sole legislative power during the existence of the first grade of territorial government. Such laws were in force as were in other states, and were such as applied to the people of the territory. THE SECOND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT The Ordinance of 1787 provided that after it should be ascertained that five thousand free male inhabitants actually resided within the territory the second grade of government could, of right, be established which provided for a legislative council, and also an elective house of representatives, the two composing the law-making power of the territory, provided always that the governor's assent to their acts was had. He possessed the absolute veto power in each branch, and nothing could become a law without his sanction. The conditions that authorized the second grade of territorial government, however, did not exist until 1798, and it was not really put into operation until September, 1799, after the first grade of government had been in operation eleven years. EARLY TERRITORIAL LAWS The first law was proclaimed July 25, 1788, and was entitled "An Act for Regulating and Establishing the Militia." Two days thereafter the Governor issued a proclamation establishing the county of Washington, which included all the territory east of the Scioto river to which the Indian title had been extinguished, reaching northward to Lake Erie, the Ohio river and the Pennsylvania line being its eastern boundary; Marietta, the seat of the territorial government, also became the county seat of Washington County. Quite a number of laws were necessarily adopted and published during 1788 and the following year. From 1790 to 1795 they published sixty-four, forty-four of them being adopted at Cincinnati during the months of June, July and August of the year last named, by the Governor and Judges Symmes and Turner. They are known as the "Maxwell Code," from the name of the publisher, and were intended, says the author of Western Annals, "to form a pretty complete body of statutory provisions." In 1798 eleven more were adopted. It was the published opinion of Chief Justice Chase "that it may be doubted whether any colonly, at so early a period after its first establishment, ever had so good a code of laws." Among them was that which provided that the common law of England, and all statutes in aid thereof made previous to the fourth year of James I, should be in full force within the territory. Probably four-fifths of the laws adopted were selected from those in force in Pennsylvania, and others were mainly taken from the statutes of Virginia and Massachusetts. Washington county, embracing the eastern half of the present state of Ohio, was the only organized county of the Northwest Territory until early in 1790, when the Governor proclaimed Hamilton County, which embraced all the territory between the Big and Little Miami rivers, and extended north to the "Sanding Stone Forks," on the first named stream. Undoubtedly Wayne County was the third in order of organization. The Ordinance of 1787, referring to the territory "Northwest of the River Ohio," divided it into three divisions, the "Western", the "Middle" and the "Eastern." Howe, in his "History of Ohio," says: Wayne County was established by proclamation of Governor St. Clair, Aug. 15, 1796, and was the third county formed in the Northwest Territory. Its original limits were very extensive, and were thus defined in the act creating it: "Beginning at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, upon Lake Erie, and with said river to the portage between it and the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum; thence down the said branch to the forks at the carrying place above Fort Laurens; thence by a west line to the east boundary of Hamilton County (which is a due north line from the lower Shawnees town upon the Scioto River); thence by a line west northerly to the southern part of the portage between the Miamis of the Ohio and the St. Mary's River; thence by a line also west northerly to the southwestern part of the portage between the Wabash and the Miamis of Lake Erie, where Fort Wayne now stands; thence by a line west northerly to the southern part of Lake Michigan; thence along the western shores of the same to the northwest part thereof (including the lands upon the streams emptying into the said lake); thence by a due north line to the territorial boundary in Lake Superior, and with the said boundary through Lakes Huron, Sinclair and Erie to the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, the place of beginning." "These limits embrace what is now part of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and all of Michigan, and the towns of Ohio City, Chicago, Sault St. Mary's, Mackinaw, etc." The same is given in the "Hundred Year Book," issued by the state of Ohio in 1902. It will be observed that Hamilton was the second county organized in Ohio. There were situated within its limits, when organized, several flourishing villages that had their origin during the closing months of 1788 and early in 1789. Cincinnati was laid out in 1789, by Col. Robert Patterson, Mathias Denman and Israel Ludlow. Several not very successful attempts had also been made at various points between Cincinnati and the mouth of the Great Miami by Judge Symmes. The early settlers in Hamilton County were mostly from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Kentucky. The Scioto valley was next to be settled, and chiefly by persons from Virginia and Kentucky. The early settlement along the shore of Lake Erie, during the closing years of the eighteenth century, had such representative men as Governor Samuel Huntington and Hon. Benjamin Tappan, and the good words that General Washington said of the New Englanders who settled at Marietta could with a slight modification apply to the pioneers of the aforesaid settlement. EARLY OHIO VILLAGES AND TOWNS The following is a list of the principal villages and towns of the Northwest Territory, started and built up during territorial rule, with the time of surveying the firsts lots, also names of the proprietors: pany. Marietta, laid out in 1788 by Rufus Putnam and the Ohio Land Com Columbia, laid out in 1788 by Benjamin Stites, Major Gano and others. Cincinnati, laid out in 1789 by Robert Patterson, Mathias Denman and Israel Ludlow. Gallipolis, laid out in 1781 by the French settlers. Manchester, laid out in 1791 by Nathaniel Massie. Hamilton, laid out in 1795 by Israel Ludlow and Generals Dayton and Wilkinson. Franklin, laid out in 1795 by William C. Schenck and Daniel C. Cooper. Chillicothe, laid out in 1796 by Nathaniel Massie. Cleveland, laid out in 1796 by Job V. Styles. Franklinton, laid out in 1797 by Lucas Sullivant. Steubenville, laid out in 1798 by Bazaleel Wells and James Ross. Zanesville, laid out in 1799 by Jonathan Zane and John McIntire. St. Clairsville, laid out in 1801 by David Newell. Newark, laid out in 1802 by William C. Schenck, G. W. Burnett and John N. Cummings. At the time the territorial government ended in Ohio, Cincinnati was the largest town within the territory and contained about one thousand population. It was incorporated in 1802. CHAPTER II. INDIAN TRIBES AND MILITARY CAMPAIGNS From the time of the organization of the government of the Northwest Territory, in 1788, until the ratification of the treaty of Greenville, in 1795, the attitude of many of the Indian tribes towards the white settlers was that of extreme and unrelenting hostility. The military or ganizations which had marched against them, before the establishment of civil government in the great Northwest, had signally failed to subjugate them or secure a permanent cessation of hostilities. The disastrous expedition of General Braddock in 1755, of Major Wilkins in 1763, of Colonel Bradstreet in 1764, of Colonel Lochry in 1781 and of Colonel Crawford in 1782, and the disgraceful and murderous expedition against the Moravian Indians on the Tuscarawas in 1782, only tended to inflame the hostile Indians and inspire them with greater courage in their hostile movements and aggressive measures against the white settlers. The fruitless, if not abortive campaigns of Colonel McDowell in 1774, of General Broadhead in 1781, of course led to no salutary results. Even the successful campaigns of Colonel Boquet in 1763-64, of Lord Dunmore and General Lewis in 1774, and of George Rogers Clark in 1788, failed to secure peace with the western tribes. The inhabitants of the Northwest Territory were therefore, from the 7th of April, 1788, when the first immigrants arrived at the mouth of the Muskingum, until the treaty of Greenville was concluded in August, 1795, constantly liable to the stealthy but deadly attacks of the perfidious, merciless savages of the Northwest. But they met their deadly, cruel, relentless foes in the spirit of genuine manhood-of true, determined, unflinching heroism. They were men worthy of the heroic age of the West. Bravely did they bear themselves during those seven years of toil and privations, of dread and apprehension, of suffering and sorrow, of blood and carnage. To secure the speedy termination of these savage atrocities the national government early organized a number of military expeditions, the first of which being that of General Harmar, in 1790, who was then commander-in-chief of the military department of the West. He had a few hundred regular troops under his command, stationed chiefly at Fort Harmar and Fort Washington, which served as the nucleus of his army. The great body of his troops, however, numbering about fourteen hundred, were Pennsylvania and Kentucky volunteers, the former being under the immediate command of Col. John Hardin and the latter of Colonel Trotter. The expedition left Fort Washington and marched to the junction of the St. Joseph and St. Mary rivers (now Fort Wayne, Indiani), where detachments of the army, under command of Colonel Hardin, on the 19th and 22nd of October, encountered the enemy and suffered mortifying defeats. Of course, the campaign failed to give peace or relief from apprehended barbarities. The next year General St. Clair, the Governor of the territory, who had had a Revolutionary record of patriotism and ability, organized an sole purpose of this military movement was to destroy the common enemies expedition, whose strength exceeded somewhat that of General Harmar's. It met with a most disastrous defeat, November 4, 1791, near the headwaters of the Wabash, now in Mercer County, Ohio, the battlefield now being known as Fort Recovery. Of fifteen hundred men in the battle, more than half of them were either killed or wounded, and it was indeed a great calamity to the disheartened and greatly harassed pioneers of the Northwest Territory. Immediately upon the defeat of General St. Clair, the federal government took the preliminary steps to raise a large army to operate |