the regard, the support, and the protection of a virtuous, intelligent, and educated people.

Our limits, we are sorry to perceive, will not allow us to say what we intended, of the very able and eloquent discourses which have suggested the speculations we here offer to our readers As far as the principles we have advanced coincide with the opinions of the authors of these masterly addresses, we feel happy and proud of the coincidence. Where they differ, (and they who take the trouble to compare them, will perceive that in some respects they differ most essentially,) it is with unaffected deference, on our part, to different opinions, and with full knowledge that the sincerest love of truth is no security against a constant liability to error. The principles involved in the great question of the influence of government on the minds, habits, manners and morals of a people, are too interesting not to justify a frequent recurrence to the subject; and we accordingly propose, at some future opportunity, to develop more at length the doctrines which we here have undertaken to establish and defend.

NOTICE.

THOSE of my readers, who have not yet subscribed to the Newgate Magazine, will find the two last numbers, or the two first of Vol. II. admirable. In the first number, there is an article on Craniology or Phrenology, which is the best brief description of and comment on that science, that I have any where read. In the second number, there is an article on Political economy, and a recommendatory and instructive article on the study of mathematical science, to which I can proudly and justly give the same character. I am very cautious of praise, and I will stake my reputation, on this head, on my praise of those articles. The first, I am informed, is the sole work of William Campion, the other two of Richard Hassell. Mr. Perry's moral and political essays will also bear the most minute criticism. Indeed, I feel honoured by this publication. But for their prosecutions, and I may add my own, we should have counted but as shrewd men among the multitude: now, we intend to take a lead among the leaders of that multitude. And, Lord Eldon and Mr. Peel, you may just raise up as many more characters of the kind as you please. They were very much wanted, and this unintentional good is the greatest, perhaps, the only good that you have ever done to the community which you assist in governing.

Mr. Clarke has accomplished, in his letters to Adam Clarke, all that I promised for him. He has gone on visibly improving, and is about to correct and reprint his first sheets. He has also succeeded in upsetting Doctor Box and his man, Jorgenson; of his charges against whom have been printed in the Morning Chronicle and Examiner Newspapers. After many challenges for an enquiry before a Gaol Committee, Mr. Peel ordered it. The Lord Mayor and Alderman Wood attended, and it was proved, that a scandalous neglect of duty had existed on the part of Dr. Box, and that his assistant, Jorgenson, who is a convicted felon, and to whom the sick of Newgate has been entirely left, have been guilty of the most gross abuses, of the most scandalous exactions, and of filthinesses towards the sick of the most wanton kind. He was proved a drunkard, a gamester,

who encouraged gambling throughout the prison by his access to all parts, and a man coarse in language and of the most filthy habits. He is to be sent to the hulks. And Dr. Box, at least ought to be boxed out of his office of five hundred a year.

When the Morning Chronicle first published, as a letter from Mr. Clarke, a string of accusations against this Jorgenson, he answered, that the accusations were false, and that they were maliciously invented; because, he Jorgenson, was a religious character and about to publish a work entitled, "The Religion of Nature to be found in the religion of Christ!" He may now finish his religious work on board the hulks: though I should not be surprised to find him religiously pardoned, in consequence of the irreligious character of his accuser. There is a strong sympathy between. all these religious men, and vice weighs nothing against it. I went so far, of late, as to pronounce William Haley a fickle character. I might have said more at that time; but I wished to reclaim him, if possible, or whilst there was the least hope of making any thing good of him, to say nothing painful of him or to him. By his intimacy with this Jorgenson, and by a series of other base acts, he has completely developed his character, which I have no hes. itation to say is, that of a villain: and having said this, it is necessary to state how he came among us.

He knew nothing of my publications, and was not known to any person that did know anything of them, before he came to the shop. It will be recollected, that he appeared at the moment when the battle of May 1824, at 84, Fleet Street, was at the hottest, and at such a moment, he was accepted, without enquiry as to who or what he was. He was soon taken out of the shop, and his manners before the Alderman made me suspicious of him. His air and general manners were those of an intelligent dandy; but his dress was disgracefully ragged, or looked like one of the cheapest suits that could be picked up in Petticoat Lane, something worse than that if possible. On entering the prison, and with the others who had been arrested before him, he could give no account of himself, nor a single reason why he had joined them he had read nothing of the publications which he had undertaken to defend and knew nothing of the principles which his fellow prisoners had so warmly espoused; and further, he exhibited an indifference about every thing but tobacco and intoxicating liquor. Clarke who was with him from the first, soon saw through him, and some of the others, willing to encourage him occasioned breaches of the peace. However, Haley was soon cunning enough to vow himself in raptures with republicanism and Materialism; and having been well educated at Christ Church School as a boy, and with a few days instruction from his fellow prisoners, he made an able defence; though we have had since, every proof, that he cared no more about the principles, as principles, than a dog would have cared about them. In the midst of all this, there were frequent threats, that he would not be considered as one of us; and but a day or two before the Enemy to Persecution" sent them £25. to newgate, Haley had written to me to say, that from a sort of suspicion of him, he would not partake of any subscriptions. But five pounds were not a thing for Master Haley to reject, and all at once, he again became an enthusiast. Thus, matters have continually gone on, and he has been the occasion of many brawls, among his fellow prisoners, one part denouncing, the other upholding him. He began to write in the Newgate Magazine, and displayed a growing ability, though, even I thought it prudent to check his rashness, and cautioned him not to make strong assertions and personal attacks upon matters and persons of which he knew nothing. Several individuals complimented him upon his boldness and ability, and the poor upstart soon began to think, that writing in the Magazine was beneath him! Before he had given himself time to sift or to understand any thing in politics, religion, or morals, nothing would do but he must begin to write books, as an accomplished author! His first advertisement was something about "Blackstone and the Constitution," a subject that required the years, the study and the head of a Bentham, to have meddled with it in a becoming manner. The first sheet of something about "Blackstone and the Constitution" was printed, and though I had, as I felt in duty bound, offered to publish for him, I could neither find beginning, middle or end, nor subject, in his writing; and, consequently, I did not recommend it to my readers, as I should have done, if it had been good

for any thing. This was a damper to Master Haley: no one praised his performance and his consequence was at a fault: nor did any one buy it; but those few, who expect to find something peculiar in what I do publish. I wished "Blackstone and the Constitution" farther; for, I felt the thing was a disgrace to me. No more sheets of " Blackstone, &c." came forth; but " A Word for Ireland" was the next performance, which would have been a very pretty pamphlet in Ireland : but was quite superfluous in England. Here, again, I could find nothing to praise or to recommend. simply announced that such sheets had been printed. Very little sale took place, and Master Haley, in the dumps, began to find that Republicans and Republicanism, Materialists and Materialism were the wrong things for him, and he would turn and write against them. This the fellow began to do; but could get nothing printed. In the midst of this fit came the notice that Amicus had put him down at £300. in his will. This made the gentleman pause a moment; but feeling that he had gone too far and that he was despised by his fellow prisoners, he soon broke through all restraint, and has since been incessant in his abuse of all Republicans and their principles; and this frequently over wine procured by money borrowed from those who correspond with him, or raised upon such books and other things as he could get from them to pledge. In short, Haley proved himself nothing better than a common thief, a drunkard and a blackguard of the lowest description, and I heartily wish, and so do his fellow prisoners, that Mr. Peel would liberate him; for he is both a nuisance and a disgrace to them. Last week, he sent in a pretended recantation to Mr. Peel; but the fellow never held any principles, in common with us, which he ́ could recant.

It would have been a matter of greater pleasure to have had something to say in his praise, after he had thrown himself among us; but his fellow prisoners have called upon me for an exposure, and from a duty I never will shrink. Thomas Thurtell, Snowden, and this convict Jorgenson, have been his favourite companions in Newgate; so, henceforth, I beg all my friends not to recognise William Haley as a man persecuted for the advocacy of free discussion, or any other good principles. He is a disgrace to us, or would be so if he could.

Dorchester Gaol, Oct. 3, 1825.

RICHARD CARLILE,

Printed and Published by R. CARLILE, 135, Fleet Street.-All Correspor→ dences for “The Republican" to be left at the place of publication.

No. 15, Vol. 12,] LONDON, Friday, Oct. 14, 1825. [PRICE 6d.

TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS

THE DUKE OF SUSSEX, GRAND MASTER OF THE ASSOCIATION OF FREEMASONS, KNIGHTS, TEMPLARS, &c.

LETTER II.

Dorchester Gaol, October 8, A. T. SILLY SIR KNIGHT, 1825, A. L. (to Royal Masons) 1. As there are several degrees of Knighthood and as Knights Errant sprung from the real Knights Templars, we must suppose, that masonic knighthood falls into the scale below Knight Errantry. To complete the climax of your absurdities, you want a masonic order of Knights Errant. Here is room for some wit to exercise his powers, in the drawing up of a ceremony for such a degree. I confess, that the task is not to my taste, or, what, perhaps is nearer the truth, that I have not wit enough for it. I delight in the exposure of existing absurdities; but not in extending them. We have found devils in the Rosicrucian degrees; and the transition to giants castles and castellated ladies, with the silly Sir Knights engaged in their rescue, will be easy and pleasant to the greatness of a masonic mind, to that part and parcel of the grand architect of the universe!

The chief part of my comment, in this my last letter on masonry, is to be a series of proofs, that the words Jesus Christ were never the name of a real person, and that they are only the name of the hero, of a fable, a name descriptive of the character of the hero, just as are all the names of the Old Testament, or of that part of it which treats of matters said to have been done before the Babylonian Colonization of the Jews. That part of the Old Testament, I take to be a fable, got up by these colonized Jews, to make themselves the descendants of the first of mankind; a com

Printed and Published by R. Carlile, 135, Fleet Street.

mon practice with the writers of Asia, and, indeed, of all other quarters, before the art of criticism arose.

That the story of Jesus Christ is a fable, we have the following proofs:

First, as to name.

The two words, Jesus Christ, are synonimous in their meaning, and each expresses chief, saviour, liberator, annointed as a leader or general.

Jesus is a corruption of Isse to Jesse, Jesu, Jesus, a Hebrew or common Asiatic word, for either of the above titles, and which has also been written Joshua Jeshua Jehoshua: and even the word Joseph, I take to be a variation of the same word. The inhabitants of western Asia used the letter Y where we use J, and spelt Jehovah or Jao, as Yahouh or Yao. Our word Joseph is still called Yussef among the Persians and others. All these changes must have arisen, by foreigners to a language putting into letters a pronunciation which they did not rightly understand. Indeed, this is, and must have been the only source of variation in language; and upon this ground, we may trace all the modern languages into those which have preceded them. Now that we have printed books, grammars, lexicons, &c. these changes will be much more slow, as there will be a standard to revert to and to gather round.

Christ is a Greek word of precisely the same meaning among the Greeks as Jesus or Isse or Yesse or Yesu was among the Jews and their neighbours of Asia. Therefore, such a name had never been adopted by those who understood the meaning of both words. It is a tautology which no people have adopted in the way of title, if we except a few names among ourselves, where the christened name and the surname are made alike. Had Jesus been a real name of a real person, his Jewish Disciples had never called him Jesus Christ, nor the Christ.

Again, we are told, that all his disciples were Jews and yet among these disciples, we find but one Jewish name, or Levi, and that a sort of second or adopted name. The names are all Grecian. There is not a Jewish name among the first preachers of Christianity; and, verily, I do believe, that there was never a genuine Jewish convert to the Christian Religion.

We have another proof, that these first preachers of Christianity were all Grecians, in the fact, that save the Toldoth Jesu, an avowed Jewish production of the second century, there has not been handed down to us a single Christian