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STANISLAUS-STANLEY

patronize the arts and sciences. He wrote some treatises on philosophy, morals and politics, which were published under the title of Euvres du Philosophe bienfaisant' (8vo, 1765).

Stanislaus, or Stanislas II., Augustus, the last king of Poland, son of Count Stanislaus Poniatowski: b. Woczyn, Lithuania, 17 Jan. 1732; d. Saint Petersburg 12 Feb. 1798. In 1752 he first appeared as a deputy in the Polish diet, where he soon attracted attention by his oratory. Augustus III. sent him on a mission to the Empress Elizabeth at Saint Petersburg, and on this occasion he acquired the peculiar favor of the Princess (afterward Empress) Catharine. After the death of Augustus, the influence of Catharine secured the election of her favorite as his successor (Sept. 1764), and he was crowned at Warsaw on the 25 Nov. 1764. Although of excellent ability and noble disposition, he was yet unable to do anything for the good of his country, because he lacked the strength of character necessary to check the license of the nobles, and to withdraw himself from Russian influence. In 1772, when the first partition of Poland was made, Stanislaus in vain protested against it, while his resistance to the second partition of Poland had only this consequence, that after the capture of Warsaw the Empress Catharine caused him to be brought to Grodno, where he was compelled to sign the treaty for the third partition of Poland, and on the 25th of November 1795, also to sign his own abdication. After the death of Catharine, Paul I. brought him to Saint Petersburg, where he lived for the rest of his life on a pension allowed him by the emperor. Consult, Memoires secrets et inédits de Stanislas (1862).

Stanley, stǎn'li, Arthur Penrhyn, English Anglican clergyman; b. Alderley, Cheshire, 13 Dec. 1815; d. London 18 July 1881. He was educated first at Rugby, where he conceived an abiding love and veneration for Dr. Thomas Arnold (q.v.), and gained a unique position in the school. In 1834 he entered Balliol College, Oxford, where he had a brilliant career, and in 1838 was elected a fellow of University College. He took deacon's orders in 1839 and priest's in 1843, became a college tutor in 1843, and was appointed in 1845 preacher to Oxford University. In that capacity he preached four sermons, which were published as 'Sermons on the Apostolic Age, in 1847, at a critical time in the religious history of Oxford. In these Stanley stood aloof from both the evangelicals and the high churchmen, taking, rather, a rationalistic position. He was presented to a canonry of Canterbury in 1851, and shortly afterward traveled extensively in Palestine and Egypt. In 1856 he was appointed professor of ecclesiastical history at Oxford and canon of Christ Church, and in 1823 was made dean of Westminster. In this position, as the acknowledged head of the Broad Church party, he exercised an important influence, though the width, of his sympathy and his tolerant spirit exposed him to attacks from many of narrower views within the Anglican Church. In 1863 he married Lady Augusta Bruce, daughter of the 7th Earl of Elgin (died 1876), to whom he owed much of his social popularity. He visited this country in 1879 and showed especial courtesies to American visitors to Westminster Abbey. He was the author of numerous works, among which are: 'Life of

Arnold (1844); Memoir of Bishop Stanley,? his father (1850); Memorials of Canterbury Cathedral' (1854); Commentary on the Epistles to the Corinthians' (1855); Sinai and Palestine' (1856); Three Introductory Lectures to the Study of Ecclesiastical History) (1857); Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church' (1861); 'Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church (1863-76); 'Sermons in the East' (1863); Memorials of Westminster Abbey' (1868); Essays, on Questions of Church and State (1870); The Athanasian Creed' (1871); 'Lectures on the History of the Church of Scotland' (1872); 'Addresses and Sermons delivered at St. Andrews' (1877); 'Addresses and Sermons delivered in the United States and Canada' (1879); 'Christian Institutions' (1881). The breadth and tolerance characteristic of Stanley's religious views were well shown in his attitude towards Bishop Colenso, whom the Pentateuch, and in his article on the famous he supported without endorsing his opinions on

Essays and Reviews' contributed to the Edinburgh Review of April, 1861. Consult: Bradley, Recollections of Arthur Penrhyn Stanley Dean Stanley (1893), and 'Letters and Verses (1883); Prothero, 'Life and Correspondence of of Dean Stanley) (1895).

Stanley, David Sloane, American soldier: b. Chester, Ohio, 1 June 1828. He was graduated from West Point Military Academy 1852. As an officer in the Federal army he took an active part in the Civil War, especially in the battle of Corinth and in the battles of the Atlanta campaign. He was promoted brigadier-general U. S. A. in 1884, and was retired 1892.

Stanley, SIR Henry Morton, Anglo-American explorer: b. near Denbigh, Wales, 28 Jan. 1841; d. London 10 May 1904. His name was originally John Rowlands and at 3 he was placed in the poorhouse at Saint Asaph, where he remained for 10 years, making such progress that when he left the institution he was engaged as an instructor for other children at Mold, Flintshire. In 1857 he sailed as cabinboy on a vessel bound for New Orleans, where he was adopted by a merchant who gave him his name, but who died without making a will, thus leaving his adopted son_penniless. At the outbreak of the Civil War Stanley entered the Confederate army but was shortly afterward taken prisoner, and when discharged volunteered in the United States navy and later became acting ensign on the ironclad "Ticonderoga." At the close of the war he went to Turkey and Asia Minor as a newspaper correspondent, and in 1867-8 was engaged as special correspondent for the New York Herald on the Abyssinian expedition, winning a reputation as a journalist by sending his account of Lord Napier's victory to London in advance of the official despatches. He represented the same paper in Spain during the Carlist war in 1868 and in 1869 accepted the mission from the proprietor of his paper "to go and find Livingstone," from whom no tidings had come for more than two years. He was given full control of the expedition and after attending the opening of the Suez Canal, visiting Constantinople, the Crimea, Palestine, the valley of the Euphrates, Persia, and India, he set sail from Bombay, for Africa, 12 Oct. 1870. He reached Zanzibar on the eastern coast of Africa in January 1871, organized

STANLEY-STANOVOI MOUNTAINS

an expedition of 192 men, divided them into five
He found
parties, and set out on 21 March.
Livingstone at Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika, 10
Nov. 1871, and remained with him four months,
after which, the veteran explorer refusing to
abandon his enterprise until it was completed,
Stanley furnished him with supplies and re-
turned to England. In 1874 Stanley set out on
a second African expedition under the auspices
of the New York Herald and the London Daily
Telegraph. Reaching Zanzibar in the autumn of
that year, he learned of Livingstone's death, and
resolved to shape his course to the northwest.
He explored the equatorial lake region, circum-
navigated for the first time Victoria Nyanza,
proving it to be the largest fresh-water lake in
the world instead of a series of lagoons, discovered
the Shimeeyu River, and afterward, continuing
to the westward discovered that Albert Nyanza
was not connected with Lake Tanganyika as had
been supposed. He returned to England in 1878
having on his return journey traced the Kongo
River from its source to its mouth. In 1879 he
again set out for Africa on the Belgian enter-
prise, which resulted in the development of the
Kongo Free State. He visited the United States
in 1886 on a lecturing tour and in 1887 organized
the relief expedition in search of Emin Pasha
whom he met on the Albert Nyanza 28 April
1888 and escorted him to the east coast, dis-
covering the Ruwenzori Mountains south of
Albert Nyanza on the return trip. He reached
England in 1890, visited the United States and
Australia, on lecturing tours in the following
year and in 1895-1900 sat in Parliament for
North Lambeth. He was knighted in 1899. His
publications include: How I Found Livingstone>
(1872); Through the Dark Continent' (1878);
The Congo, and the Founding of its Free State'
(1885); In Darkest Africa (1890); Through
South Africa (1898); etc.

HARRIET BRUNKHURST,
Editorial Staff, 'Encyclopedia Americana.
Stanley, Thomas, English scholar: b. Com-
berlow, Hertfordshire 1625; d. London, 12 April
1678. He was graduated at Cambridge in 1641,
but held also a master's degree at Oxford. He
entered the Middle Temple and practised law all
his life, but is best known as a scholar. His
works include translations from the Greek,
Latin, French, Spanish, and Italian poets; the
"History of Philosophy (1655-62), dealing with
the Greek philosophers; and an edition of
Eschylus (1663-4), with Latin translation and
commentary. These two works long remained
standards, the latter being translated into several
languages.

Stanley Falls, Kongo Free State, a cataract and an important trading station on the Kongo River about 1,400 miles from its mouth; also an administrative district of the Kongo State.

Stanley Pool, Kongo Free State, a lake-
like expansion of the Kongo River 325 miles
from its mouth, and about 80 square miles in
area. It was discovered in 1877 by Stanley, who
founded here the station of Leopoldville, which
became the principal base for trade and explo-
ration in the Kongo Basin. Stanley Pool is also
the name of an administrative district of the
Kongo State.

Henrietta Eliza
Stannard, stǎn'ard,
Vaughan Palmer ("JOHN STRANGE WINTER,

"VIOLET WHYTE"), English novelist: b. York,
England, 13 Jan. 1856. She was married to Ar-
thur Stannard in 1884. She has been a prolific
writer since her first appearance in print in
1874, her novels numbering above 50. She was
the first president of the Writers' Club in 1892.
Among her works, chiefly tales of army life, are:
Cavalry Life' (1881); Bootles's Baby' (1885)
'A Blaze of Glory); Uncle Charles,' etc.
A Siege Baby) (1887); 'Heart and Sword';

Stan'naries, mines from which tin-bearing
The most noted stannaries are
ore is dug.
those of Devon and Cornwall in England.
Around the mines of these two counties there
has arisen a body of law and customary usage
peculiar to the locality and not imitated or
duplicated in any other mines in England. By
early usage the prerogative of the crown was
extended so as to cover these tin mines, although
elsewhere it reaches only to gold and silver.
King John in a charter to the tinners gave them
the privilege of mining and working anywhere
in the two counties and this was confirmed by
subsequent monarchs, until Edward III. created
his son Duke of Cornwall with the stannaries
as a perpetuity of the duchy. The Duke who
is now always the Prince of Wales is represented
by a warden and vice wardens. In former
times representative assemblies of the tinners
(called parliaments) were summoned by the
warden for the regulation of the stannaries and
redress of grievances: the last of them was
held in 1752. The Stannary Courts are courts
of record held by the warden and vice-warden
(of the same limited and exclusive character as
the courts-palatine), in which the tinners have
the privilege of suing and being sued. They
were remodeled and regulated by a series of
acts of Parliament. Appeals from them are now
taken to the Court of Appeals, and finally to the
House of Lords.

Stan'nite, or Tin Pyrites, a metallic mineral frequently bronze-like and therefore called "Bell Metal Ore" by the miners of Cornwall, England, its chief locality. It was only known massive until recently discovered in small tetrahedral crystals in Bolivia. Its hardness is 4; specific gravity 4.3 to 4.5; streak blackish; color steel-gray to iron-black. It is a sulphide of tin, copper, iron and some zinc. It contains 27.5 per cent of tin, and 29.5 per cent of copper and Stanovoi (stä-no-voi') Mountains, Siberia, is therefore valuable as an ore of these metals. a mountain range traversing eastern Siberia from the northern_boundary of Mongolia to the Berafter traversing the Transbaikal district and ing Strait. Its general course is northeast, but Amur district, it skirts the shores of the Sea running along the northern boundary of the of Okhotsk in a large zigzag. It terminates in East Cape on the Bering Strait. Its total length is about 2,600 miles. The southwestern portion, which is known as the Yablonoi Mountains, is less regular than the northern branch and spreads out into numerous parallel chains and transverse spurs. This part is heavily forested, while the forests disappear north of the 60th parallel. The Stanovoi range proper is a steep mountain-wall with rugged peaks reaching a height of over between the Arctic and Pacific oceans, and feeds 8,000 feet. The whole range forms the divide the Yenisei, Lena, Indigirka, Kolyma and Amur rivers.

STANTON

Stanton, Edwin McMasters, American statesman and jurist: b. Steubenville, Ohio, 19 Dec. 1814; d. Washington, D. C., 24 Dec. 1869. His paternal ancestors were Quakers originally from Massachusetts but later settled in North Carolina, and his mother was a Virginian. At the age of 13 upon his father's death he began to work, and at 17 entered Kenyon College but was obliged to leave after two years for lack of means. After three years of study he was admitted to the bar in 1836 and married.

He joined the Democratic party on the issue of nullification, and in 1837 was elected prosecuting officer of his county. After serving for two years he returned to private practice, and in 1847 he moved to Pittsburg where he soon took rank among the leaders of the Pennsylvania bar. In 1856 he changed his residence to Washington, and in 1858 was sent to California as special counsel of the United States in the cases growing out of land grants made by the Mexican Government before the treaty of 1848. He added greatly to his reputation by his conduct of this litigation. During these years he took no part in politics but sympathized with the Free-soil wing of the Democratic party and favored the Wilmot Proviso. In 1856 he supported Buchanan, and in 1860 voted for Breckenridge, believing that the election of Lincoln would imperil the Union.

When Buchanan's cabinet divided in December 1860 and Cass, the secretary of state, resigned, Attorney-General Black took his place and Stanton was made attorney-general 20 Dec. 1860, the day when the ordinance of secession was adopted in South Carolina. At his first cabinet meeting the question was presented whether Major Anderson should be ordered back to Fort Moultrie. Floyd, the secretary of war and his Southern associates insisted that this should be done, while Stanton with Black and Holt vigorously opposed them, threatening to resign if such orders were issued. Their attitude drove the secessionists from the cabinet and redeemed the close of Buchanan's administration. During the remainder of the administration he was active in studying the plans of the secessionists and considering how to defeat them and protect Washington. He feared insurrection or assassination to prevent Lincoln's inauguration, and his influence helped to persuade President Buchanan that regular troops should be ordered to Washington.

The attack on Fort Sumter found him a strong supporter of the national authority and outspoken in calling upon all loyal men to stand by the Government. On 13 Jan. 1862, Mr. Lincoln appointed him secretary of war in place of Simon Cameron. Stanton had criticized Lincoln severely, and had not even met him since his inauguration, but Lincoln selected him for his ability and because he was a representative of the Democratic Unionists, whose support was essential. The wisdom of the choice was signally vindicated. The whole system of the War office was inefficient, and reorganization was imperatively demanded. Stanton brought to his work great executive ability, prompt decision and a strong will which made itself felt through the whole military service. He had scant patience with men who were seeking personal advantages, or with frivolous calls upon his attention. Hence his manner was brusque, impatient, and decided, and he made many enemies. His

spirit found expression two days after he took office when in an order announcing the victory of Mill Spring, he said: "The purpose of this war is to attack, pursue and destroy a rebellious enemy and to deliver the country from danger menaced by traitors. Alacrity, daring, courageous spirit and patriotic zeal on all occasions, and under every circumstance are expected from the Army of the United States."

He advised the passage of a law authorizing the President to take possession of all the railroad and telegraph lines of the United States, and this was at once enacted. He ordered that all contracts for supplies and munitions be in writing, appointed a commission to investigate and determine what valid contracts were outstanding, and waged vigorous war upon fraudulent contractors. By an order of 14 February he directed the release of all persons who had been arrested on suspicion of disloyal practices, with certain exceptions, upon their giving their parole not to aid the rebellion. From that time such arrests were made only under military authority, which was exercised on the theory that all doubts were to be resolved in favor of the country. His view of his relation to the Army was expressed in an early letter to Assistant Secretary Scott, "the great purpose being to pursue and destroy the rebels wherever they can be found, to capture their cities and strong places, drive them from every State and restore the authority of the Government, I would leave the method of accomplishing that purpose to the generals operating in the field; undertaking to supply every want so far as might be done by the whole power of the country, and rejoicing to reward alacrity and success with every honor at the disposal of the Government." when within a month after he took office General Grant captured Forts Henry and Donelson, Stanton promptly recommended his promotion to be a major-general of volunteers, which was as promptly made. The public inclined to ascribe the credit for these victories to Stanton, but in a public letter he disclaimed at once all share in the glory, which he gave to the men who fought the battles.

Hence

Secretary Stanton entered office with entire confidence in General McClellan, and seems to have retained this in spite of McClellan's delay, vacillation and irresolution, till the end of the Peninsular campaign. Yet from an early day various newspapers apparently inspired from McClellan's headquarters charged him with trying to thwart and embarrass that general. Stanton's course was attributed to personal ambition and fear of McClellan's rivalry, but he bore these charges in silence lest any reply should injure the public welfare, and both President Lincoln and he did all in their power to help McClellan to the victory which both so ardently desired. Even after the battle of Fair Oaks Stanton telegraphed him on II June:

"Be assured, General, that there never has been a moment when my desire has been otherwise than to aid you with my whole heart, mind and strength since the hour we first met. *** You have never had and never can have any one more truly your friend or more anxious to suport you or more joyful at the success which I have no doubt will soon be achieved by your arms."

No part of Stanton's career shows more clearly his self-abnegation and devoted loyalty

STANTON

to his country than his patience with McClellan during the first six months of 1862, but the latter's delay in moving his army to the support of Pope, his disregard of orders, and his whole conduct during the critical weeks which preceded Lee's invasion of Maryland at length satisfied Stanton that he should be removed, and in the last days of August he tried to unite the cabinet in recommending this step, but Mr. Lincoln felt that McClellan's popularity and the political situation made it necessary to give him the command of the army. Stanton disapproved this action as did Mr. Chase, but the President took the responsibility. McClellan's conduct of the Antietam campaign, his inexcusable delays and almost direct insubordination increased Stanton's feeling and at length convinced the President, and McClellan was dismissed from active service.

Taking office as a Democrat, Stanton early felt the importance of emancipation as a war measure, and when on 22 July 1862, Mr. Lincoln laid before the Cabinet a proclamation declaring that all slaves in the seceded States should be free on a fixed day, Stanton and Bates, the attorney-general, were in favor of issuing it at once, while Seward and Chase opposed it. Stanton approved the issue of the proclamation after Antietam, and in his annual report made a powerful argument in support of the measure. When in the next year after the defeats of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, Lee a second time crossed the Potomac, Hooker was rehieved and Meade appointed to the command by Stanton's advice, and during the critical summer and autumn of 1863 he met every emergency successfully.

When it was apparent that General Rosecrans was not in a condition to retain the command, Stanton summoned Grant from New Orleans to Louisville, himself met him there, and after a full conference placed him in command of the Western armies, giving Thomas command at Chattanooga. The immediate success of General Grant in his new command with the crushing defeat of Bragg's army made the whole military situation much clearer, and General Grant's appointment to the command of the army and his removal to Virginia followed as a matter of course. After Appomattox General Sherman agreed upon terms with General Johnston, which provided not only for the surrender of the latter's army but for the settlement of vital political questions, and the agreement was disapproved by the Administration. Stanton stated the reasons in a dispatch to General Dix that the public might understand why General Sherman was overruled. His statement was clear and pungent and while it reflected on General Sherman's discretion in consenting to such an arrangement, the General himself was not criticised. Sherman held Stanton especially responsible for the action of the Government and became very hostile to him.

Nothing in the history of the Civil War is more remarkable than the speed with which the vast armies of the United States were dissolved. On 1 May 1865, a million men were on the rolls of the army. In hardly more than 60 days nearly 700,000 of them were returned to their homes. The grand review of the two great armies held in Washington 22 and 23 May 1865 showed the military force of the United States at its greatest. In little more than a month

most of that force was engaged in the labors of peace. Stanton had made this possible.

Stanton remained in the cabinet of President Johnson, and in the struggle between the President and Congress over the policy of reconstruction, sympathized with Congress. He felt that the President's policy meant the return of the disloyal element to power in the Southern States and he could not contemplate such a result without indignation. The partisans of the President demanded his resignation, while the leading Republicans besought him to remain feeling that his presence in the war department was an insurance against violence. His position was extremely disagreeable, but he held it with persistent courage, taking no part in the discussion, and making no public expression of his views. He simply remained at his post and discharged his duty. The Tenure of Office Act had been passed in part to prevent the removal of Stanton. He opposed its passage, advised the President to veto it and desired its defeat after the veto.

This act and the provision that the President should issue orders to the army only through the general of the army, effectually took the control of the army away from the President, and he wished to regain it. When Congress adjourned in the summer of 1867 the President sounded General Grant as to removing Stanton from office. Grant counselled him against it. Thereupon the President asked for Stanton's resignation, which was refused, and the refusal was applauded by the Republican leaders. A week later the President suspended him from office without stating any cause and directed him to turn over all public records and property to General Grant, whom he appointed secretary ad interim. Stanton in reply denied his right to suspend him without legal cause, but under protest obeyed the order. When Congress reassembled in December 1867 the Senate refused to concur in the suspension, and Stanton was thus reinstated. The President was very much irritated and after an interval spent in endeavoring to persuade General Sherman to accept the position, removed Stanton on 21 Feb. 1868 and appointed Lorenzo Thomas secretary of war ad interim. Stanton declined to obey this order, the Senate by resolution denied the President's power to remove him, and the House voted to impeach the President. The trial of the President followed and ended on the 26th of May, and during its progress General Schofield had been nominated to the Senate as secretary of war. When the Senate failed to convict the President, Stanton at once retired and the nomination of Schofield was confirmed.

He left the office which he had held for more than six years a comparatively young man, but broken in health by the unremitting toil and anxiety which he had undergone. His income which had been considerable when he took office had been so reduced that he had nothing but his house in Washington, and he was obliged to resume the practice of his profession. He argued several important cases, but his powers were exhausted, and he gradually failed. His last argument was made at a hearing in his own library in December 1869, and he never left the house again. The approaching resignation of Judge Grier made a prospective vacancy on the Supreme Bench and on the recommendation of the leading men in both

STANTON-STANWOOD

Houses of Congress President Grant nominated Stanton to the place on 20 Dec. 1869. His nomination was at once confirmed and he lived to feel the pleasure of receiving the only office which he ever desired, but his work was done and he died four days later. A sincere, unselfish, patriotic man, the result of the Civil War was due in no small part to his labors. MOORFIELD STOREY,

Author Life of Charles Sumner.

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, American reformer: b. Johnstown, N. Y., 12 Nov. 1815; d. New York, 26 Oct. 1902. She was graduated from Emma Willard Seminary, Troy, N. Y., in 1832 and was married to Henry Brewster Stanton (q.v.) in 1840. Her attention was first attracted to the disabilities of her sex when at 15 she was prepared to enter college and found none in which she could obtain the education which her brothers received. She afterward studied Blackstone, Story, and Kent, and while in London, in 1847, met Lucretia Mott, with whom in the following year she issued the first call for a woman-suffrage convention to be held in her home at Seneca Falls. From that time her career was one long struggle for equal rights for both sexes. The general principles for which she strove were equal educational advantages, equal rights of suffrage and of property, and more intelligent divorce laws. She addressed the New York legislature on the rights of married women in 1854 and again in 1860, advocating divorce for drunkenness. In 1866, she offered herself as a Congressional candidate and for 25 years annually addressed congressional committees in the endeavor to gain a constitutional amendment granting enlarged privileges to women. She was president of the Woman's Loyal League in 1861 and of the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1865-93. She traveled and lectured in all parts of the United States and also made addresses in England, Scotland, and France. Throughout her entire career Mrs. Stanton's personal life was a model of the fulfilment of the duties of a wife and mother, her public career never operating to the neglect of her social and home life. While it can not be said that the purposes for which she contested have been entirely achieved, and while the changes which have been wrought can not definitely be declared the result of the exertions of Mrs. Stanton and her fellow workers, a great change certainly came about in her lifetime. The education within the reach of her brothers but unattainable for herself in her girlhood is now within the reach of any determined girl, and

the changes in legislation are even more noticeable. The laws which placed a woman's property absolutely at her husband's disposal have been replaced by those which give her equal rights with him, or possibly superior, since the law recognizes no claim on the woman for family support, and her earnings are her own. The suffrage question is not so far advanced. Four states grant full and nearly 20 partial suffrage but the general indifference and in many cases hostility of women as a class to the use of the suffrage practically nullifies the effect of the laws. Her intellect, energy and perseverance, and her womanly traits made her generally respected, and she accomplished much for her cause. She presided over the first International Council of Women held in Washington in 1888.

was one of the founders and afterward editor of 'The Revolution,' and a frequent contributor to English and American magazines. She published: Eighty Years and More' (1895); and was joint author of The History of Woman Suffrage) (1881-6) and edited "The Woman's Bible) (1895).

Stanton, Frank Lebby, American journalist and poet: b. Charleston, S. C., 1857. He has been connected with Atlanta, Ga., journals for many years, and it now on the editorial staff of the Atlanta Constitution. He has published (Songs of the Soil'; 'Comes One With a Song) (1898); Songs from Dixie Land' (1900); and 'Up from Georgia' (1902).

Stanton, Henry Brewster, American abolitionist: b. Griswold, Conn., 29 June, 1805; d. New York, 14 Jan. 1887. He was prominent in the anti-slavery movements of 1837-41. In 1847 he was admitted to the bar and achieved a high reputation in patent law. In 1858-60 he assisted in the reorganization of the Republican party, and from 1868 was on the editorial staff, of the New York Sun. He has published (Sketches of Reform and Reformers in Great Britain and Ireland' (1849); Random Collections' (1886).

Stanton, Oscar Fitzalan, American naval officer: b. Sag Harbor, N. Y., 18 July 1834. He was graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1855, and was in command of the U. S. S. Tioga in the special West India squadron and of the U. S. S. Panola in the Western Gulf blockading squadron, during the Civil War. Passing through regular grades, he was promoted to rear-admiral, and went on the retired list in 1894.

Stanton, Robert Brewster, American civil engineer: b. Woodville, Miss., 5 Aug. 1846. He was graduated from Miami University in 1871, was resident engineer for the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, 1874-80; division engineer for the Union Pacific Railway 1880-84; chief of survey through the Grand Canyon of the Colorado 1889-90. He is the author of The Canyons of the Colorado River, for Railway Purposes (1892); The Great Landslides of the Canadian Pacific Railway, etc. (1898); and of monographs and lectures on the Grand Canyon.

b. 1690; d. Irish Channel December 1766. He Stanwix, stǎn'wiks, John, English soldier: entered the army in 1706, was made lieutenant colonel, 1745; and governor of Carlisle 1752. After General Braddock's defeat Stanwix was sent to America in command of a battalion of the Royal Americans, and in 1758 was made brigadier and sent up the Hudson to the Oneida portage, where he built Fort Stanwix. In 1759 while Wolfe Pennsylvania, rebuilt Fort Duquesne, was prcwas storming Quebec, he was in command in moted to major-general, and returned to England in 1760. He was made lieutenant-general in 1761 and governor of the Isle of Wight in 1763.

Stanwood, stǎn'wud, Edward, American editor and author: b. Augusta, Maine, 16 Sept. 1841. He was graduated from Bowdoin College in 1861 and was assistant editor of the Boston Daily Advertiser 1867-82 and editor 1882-3. He has been managing editor of the Youth's Companion' since 1884 and has published 'History of Presidential Elections'; (1884); History of the Presidency) (1898).

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